Misplaced Pages

#137862

44-1219: Coordinates : 28°42′N 120°12′E  /  28.7°N 120.2°E  / 28.7; 120.2 (Redirected from Laijia Formation ) Liangtoutang Formation Stratigraphic range : Albian - Cenomanian ~ 105.9–96  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Type Geological formation Unit of Tiantai Group Underlies Chichengshan Formation Overlies Tangshang Formation Thickness About 300 m (980 ft) Lithology Primary Sandstone Location Coordinates 28°42′N 120°12′E  /  28.7°N 120.2°E  / 28.7; 120.2 Approximate paleocoordinates 36°18′N 120°00′E  /  36.3°N 120.0°E  / 36.3; 120.0 Region Zhejiang Country [REDACTED]   China Extent Huzhen Basin [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Liangtoutang Formation (China) Show map of China [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Liangtoutang Formation (Zhejiang) Show map of Zhejiang The Liangtoutang Formation , also referred to as

88-543: A prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used

132-452: A circular fashion, the morphology of the nest is different in smaller and larger species in that the center of the nest is highly reduced in the former species, and becomes significantly larger in the latter species. This nest configuration suggest that whereas smallest oviraptorosaurs probably sat directly on the eggs, a large, Gigantoraptor -sized animal likely sat on the area devoid of eggs. Tanaka and colleagues pointed out that this adaption

176-679: A little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against

220-416: A location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of

264-538: A longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m. On the WGS   84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly,

308-700: A national cartographical organization include the North American Datum , the European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS   84 differs at Greenwich from

352-872: A simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS   84, also known as EPSG:4326 ), the default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by

396-432: A single individual. For example, within a single clutch, the egg lengths can vary by several centimeters. The high amount of variability is probably due to their large size. Macroelongatoolithus has a convoluted parataxonomic history . Several oospecies have been described, but currently they are all considered synonyms of M. carlylei . While it is occasionally classified into a separate oofamily, Macroelongatoolithidae,

440-503: A year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS   80 or WGS   84 spheroid at sea level at

484-586: Is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan ⁡ β = b a tan ⁡ ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS   80 and WGS   84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}

SECTION 10

#1732783315138

528-418: Is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system

572-424: Is an oogenus of large theropod dinosaur eggs, representing the eggs of giant caenagnathid oviraptorosaurs . They are known from Asia and from North America. Historically, several oospecies have been assigned to Macroelongatoolithus , however they are all now considered to be a single oospecies: M. carlylensis . " Oolithes " carlylensis was described in 1970 by James Jensen . In 1998 , O. carlylensis

616-724: Is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Macroelongatoolithus Macroelongatoolithus

660-544: Is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at

704-753: Is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as the French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines

748-405: Is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations

792-730: The Goseong Formation near Tongyeong and from Aphae-do in Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do Province. The presence of Macroelongatoolithus in the United States indicates that there was likely a giant oviraptorosaur present during the Late Cretaceous in North America . Also, the fact that they have been found in both Asia and North America is evidence of an Albian - Cenomanian interchange of fauna between

836-1652: The Laijia Formation is a geological formation located in Zhejiang , China . Its strata date back to the Albian to Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period, between 105.9 and 96 million years ago. The lithology primarily consists of red sandstone . Fossil content [ edit ] Dinosaurs [ edit ] Dinosaurs of the Liangtoutang Formation Genus Species Material Notes Images Yueosaurus Y. tiantaiensis "Partial postcranial skeleton" A neornithischian Jinyunpelta J. sinensis "An almost complete skull" and two partial postcranial skeletons An ankylosaurin ankylosaur [REDACTED] Other fossils [ edit ] Fossil eggs Macroelongatoolithus xixiaensis Pachycorioolithus jinyunensis Testudoolithus jiangi References [ edit ] ^ Liangtoutang Formation at Fossilworks .org ^ Zheng et al., 2012 ^ Zheng, 2018 ^ Jin et al., 2007 ^ Lawver et al., 2016 Bibliography [ edit ] Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Azuma, Yoichi; Wang, Qiongying; Miyata, Kazunori; Xu, Xing (2018), "The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from

880-494: The Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from

924-988: The Wayan Formation of Idaho , the Blackleaf Formation of Montana , the Thomas Fork Formation of Wyoming, and the Willow Tank Formation of Nevada . In China, it is known from the Liangtoutang and Chichengshan Formations in Tiantai County , Zhejiang Province , from the Gaogou , Sigou , Majiacun , and Zoumagang Formations in Henan Province , China . It is known in South Korea from

SECTION 20

#1732783315138

968-414: The egg clutches of numerous oviraptorosaur specimens, including egg clutches of Macroelongatoolithus , in order to correlate the nest configuration and body size to incubation behaviour . Their results showed that eggshell porosity indicates that the eggs of almost certainly all oviraptorosaurs were exposed in the nest without an external covering. Though most oviraptorosaur nests have eggs arranged in

1012-816: The Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club", Scientific Reports , 8 (1): Article number 3711, Bibcode : 2018NatSR...8.3711Z , doi : 10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7 , PMC   5829254 , PMID   29487376 Lawver, D. R.; Jin, X.; Jackson, F. D.; Wang, Q. (2016), "An avian egg from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Liangtoutang Formation of Zhejiang Province, China", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 36 (3): e1100631:1–7, Bibcode : 2016JVPal..36E0631L , doi : 10.1080/02724634.2016.1100631 Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Shibata, Masateru; Azuma, Yoichi; Yu, Fangming (2012), "A new ornithischian dinosaur from

1056-1282: The Cretaceous Liangtoutang Formation of Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, China", Cretaceous Research , 34 : 208–219, Bibcode : 2012CrRes..34..208Z , doi : 10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.001 Jin, X.; Azuma, Y.; Jackson, F. D.; Varricchio, D. J. (2007), "Giant dinosaur eggs from the Tiantai basin, Zhejiang province, China", Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 44 (1): 81–88, Bibcode : 2007CaJES..44...81J , doi : 10.1139/e06-077 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liangtoutang_Formation&oldid=1258344499 " Categories : Geologic formations of China Lower Cretaceous Series of Asia Cretaceous China Albian Stage Cenomanian Stage Sandstone formations Lacustrine deposits Ooliferous formations Paleontology in Zhejiang Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Coordinates on Wikidata Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS )

1100-512: The Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and

1144-405: The basis of their huge size, egg shape and microstructural evidence suggests they are eggs of gigantic oviraptorosaurs (like Beibeilong or Gigantoraptor ). Macroelongatoolithus eggs closely resemble those of oviraptorids ( Elongatoolithidae ), which are largely known for their brooding adult-nest associations, embryonic remains, and unique nests. In 2017 the caenagnathid Beibeilong

1188-572: The continuous layer and the mammillary layer (the inner layer of the eggshell, also called the cone layer) is wavy, but clearly defined. The ratio of the thickness of the two layers varies from 2:1 to 8:1. The surface ornamentation of the eggshells is variable, even on a single egg. It is usually lineartuberculate (nodes forming linear ridges), ramotuberculate (nodes forming irregular, meandering chains), or dispersituberculate (scattered nodes). Macroelongatoolithus specimens are extremely variable in size, shape, and microstructure, even in eggs laid by

1232-416: The eggs forming a ring 2–3.3 metres (6.6–10.8 ft) in diameter. The shell is typically between 1.38 mm and 4.75 mm thick. Like other elongatoolithids , Macroelongatoolithus' s eggshell is divided up into two structural layers, and the outer layer (called the continuous layer) is not divided up into distinct shell units, unlike other oofamilies. In Macroelongatoolithus , the boundary between

1276-464: The far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana ,

1320-435: The general consensus is that it is a member of Elongatoolithidae. Two other oospecies have also been described: M. zhangi and M. goseongensis , but both are now considered synonymous with M. carlylensis . The oogenus and oospecies Megafusoolithus qiaoxiaensis is also a junior synonym of Macroelongatoolithus carlylei. While they were once considered to be the eggs of large tyrannosaurids (like Tarbosaurus ) on

1364-415: The length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get

Liangtoutang Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue

1408-481: The motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on

1452-523: The one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112   m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120   m to 180   m. Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm

1496-402: The parents had two functional oviducts and thus laid two eggs simultaneously. The nests have unusually large volume of eggs compared to the body size of the parents, which could mean that multiple females would contribute to a single nest. Association of other oviraptorids with their eggs suggests extensive parental care was typical for elongatoolithids. In 2018, Kohei Tanaka and team examined

1540-535: The proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and

1584-430: The same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection

1628-664: The same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text

1672-486: The shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using

1716-464: The surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface

1760-445: The width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!} is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }

1804-591: Was beneficial to avoid egg-crushing and could have allowed some body-contact during incubation in these giant oviraptorosaurs. Macroelongatoolithus eggs have been found in the United States , China , and South Korea , ranging in age from Early Cretaceous to Maastrichtian . More specifically, it is known in North America from the Cedar Mountain , Dakota , and Kelvin Formations of Utah ,

Liangtoutang Formation - Misplaced Pages Continue

1848-492: Was described, based on an embryonic specimen (named "Baby Louie") associated with 6 to 8 Macroelongatoolithus eggs and partial nest. The discovery of Beibeilong further concludes that the oogenus Macroelongatoolithus was laid by large oviraptorosaurs, in this case caenagnathids. The gas conductance of the eggshells indicate that Macroelongatoolithus nests were buried in vegetation or sediments. Like other elongatoolithids, Macroelongatoolithus eggs are laid in pairs because

1892-595: Was moved to a new oogenus, Boletuoolithus , which was then classified as a Spheroolithid . Macroelongatoolithus was first described in 1995 by Li et al. , with a single oospecies: M. xixiaensis . It was classified in the oofamily Elongatoolithidae. Later in the same year, Wang and Zhou described Longiteresoolithus xixiaensis , which they placed into a new oofamily, Macroelongatoolithidae. These three oospecies are now considered synonymous , and generally classified in Elongatoolithidae. Since M. carlylensis

1936-454: Was named first, it has priority , but the name was corrected to M. carlylei to follow ICZN provisions. Macroelongatoolithus eggs are most notable for their large size. They are at least 34 centimetres (13 in) long, but the largest specimens are over 60 centimetres (24 in) long. They are also very elongated, usually roughly three times longer than they are wide. They are often found in large clutches of up to 26 eggs, with

#137862