64-706: Dionisio Capulong Magat Salamat Phelipe Salonga Maria Poloin Martin Lakandula Lakandula ( Baybayin : ᜎᜃᜈ᜔ᜇᜓᜎ , Spanish orthography : Lacandola ) was the title of the last lakan or paramount ruler of pre-colonial Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in the Philippines in the 1570s. The firsthand account of Spanish Royal Notary Hernando Riquel says that he introduced himself to
128-815: A First Deliberation to prepare the short list of nominees. A Second Deliberation, which is a joint meeting of the Commissioners of the NCCA and the Board of Trustees of the CCP, decides on the final nominees. The list is then forwarded to the President of the Philippines, who, by Presidential Proclamation, proclaims the final nominees as members of the Order of National Artists. (1932–2021) ^1 In May 2006, under
192-593: A gift much appreciated by the Spaniards, who were running low on ammunition. Soon after, the Lakan Dula and his sons were baptized as Catholics. Bunao Lakan Dula took on the name "Don Carlos Lacandola" after Charles I of Spain . To celebrate the event, the Spanish discharged Manila's artillery and arquebuses as part of the ceremony. When the Spaniards first came to Manila they were kindly accepted, but over time
256-484: A great grandson of Lakan Dula (through Dionisio Capulong's son Juan Gonzalo Capulong), aided the Spanish authorities in suppressing the 1660 Maniago revolt , the 1660-61 Malong revolt , and the 1661 Almazan revolt , performing his role as Master-of-Camp and Datu of Arayat. In 1758, A Gremio de Lakandulas was created to safeguard the rights and privileges of the Kapampangan descendants of Lakan Dula as assured by
320-635: A number of living members of the Order–protested that the proclamation politicised the title of National Artist, and made it "a way for President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to accommodate her allies." Specific protests were raised regarding the nomination of Guidote-Alvarez, who was also executive director of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, because it was purportedly a breach of protocol and delicadeza (propriety), and of Caparas, on
384-532: A result, early Filipino historians such as Gregorio Zaide could only definitively say that he was born of noble heritage - presumably somewhere in or near Tondo. Luciano P.R. Santiago 's paper, " The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda And Soliman (1571–1898) ", published by the Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society Journal in 1990, established that Magat Salamat was of at least five children (at least four of whom were male) of Lakandula. From
448-487: A satisfactory explanation, since static family names were introduced to the Filipino culture much later, by a decree issued by Governor General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa on November 11, 1849. Alternatively, rather than a surname per se, Dula may have referred to a family group or clan, but there does not neem to be any historical evidence to support this postulation. Historian Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino, theorized that "Dula"
512-593: A single word, Gatdula ). Historically, the prefix Gat , a shortened version of the Tagalog honorific "Pamagat" , meant "nobleman." Hence, Gatdula would literally read "Nobleman of the Palace", meaning essentially the same thing as the Kapampangan version, Lakandula. This leaves the matter of the addendum "dula" to be settled. While this could not have been a family name such as Filipinos use today, this may not be
576-534: A type of seacraft capable of carrying 300 men each, which, as Dery points out, were common in Maritime Southeast Asia . Lakandula's close association with the Spanish continued despite Legazpi's death on August 20, 1572, and his replacement as governor by Guido de Lavezares , who had been the colony's treasurer. The possession of the Islands was unsuccessfully disputed by a rival expedition under
640-460: A very young age, Magat Salamat had already witnessed and experienced the abuses of the Spanish invaders firsthand. As a boy, he was there the moment Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Manila in 1571. His father, Rajah Soliman (although recent research would list Lakandula as his biological father) led the resistance against the Spaniards, which would end unsuccessfully due to the superior firepower of
704-591: Is an order bestowed by the President of the Philippines on Philippine nationals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art . Members of the order are known as National Artists . Originally instituted as an award , it was elevated to the status of an order in 2003. The order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcos 's Proclamation No. 1001 of April 2, 1972, and
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#1732771956942768-480: Is presumed to be of native birth ," with mixed Sinaunang Tagalog (Dumagat) and Kapampangan ancestry. Joaquin adds that " He was said to be a descendant of King Balagtas. " Joaquin further speculates on the Lakan Dula's religious beliefs: " Tondo's Lakan Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor Muslim. This was indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign [Muslim] title Rajah. Lakan dula can be presumed . . . to have been reared in
832-739: The BRP Magat Salamat (PS-20) as part of its naval fleet. Originally named as the USS Gayety under the United States during 1942 and renamed to BRP Magat Salamat (Bapor ng Republika ng Pilipinas) when it was acquired by the Philippine Navy in 1976. After almost 12 years since it was first commissioned, the BRP Magat Salamat is still in part of the fleet of the Philippine Navy. Aside from his participation in
896-570: The Battle of Bangkusay Channel . (The similarity of names has caused some confusion between these two leaders, but Tarik Sulayman and Rajah Sulayman were different individuals – one survived the battle, and the other did not.) Lakandula had refused to join Macabebe and Sulayman's coalition, but among the prisoners taken by the Spaniards after the battle were two of his nephews and a number of his officers. When questioned, they said that they had been on
960-543: The National Commission for Culture and the Arts . The first award was posthumously conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo . The order of the highest state honor is conferred on individuals deemed as having done much for their artistic field. Deserving individuals must have been recommended by both the Cultural Center and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts prior to receiving
1024-581: The award . Such people are then titled, by virtue of a Presidential Proclamation, as National Artist ( Filipino : Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ), and are inducted into the order. Categories under which National Artists can be recognized originally included: However, National Artists have since been honored under new categories. The NCCA created the category of National Artist for Fashion Design when it nominated Ramon Valera, but subsumed that category under "Architecture, Design and Allied Arts". President Fidel V. Ramos issued an executive order creating
1088-508: The " Lacandola Documents ") and from the works of earlier historians such as Cesar Adib Majul , who documented the tarsila genealogies of Sulu and Maguindanao, and has since become considered a seminal work on the genealogy of the noble houses of Manila and Tondo. National Artist of the Philippines The Order of National Artists of the Philippines ( Tagalog : Orden ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas )
1152-485: The Arroyo administration, the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCCA) already conferred the award to Poe but the late actor's wife, Susan Roces refused to acknowledge it. President Aquino has approved and signed Proclamation 435 affirming the previous proclamation of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declaring the late movie icon Fernando Poe Jr. a National Artist, posthumously. The Poe family finally accepted
1216-737: The Chinese directly, but only through the Lakan Dula, who made a considerable profit as a result. William Henry Scott notes that Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi reported that the Tagalogs were " more traders than warriors ", and elsewhere notes that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods. When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived at Manila Bay in May 1571,
1280-474: The Cultural Center of the Philippines and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts does not reveal their deliberations and list of candidates received. The following list features noted personalities nominated for their respective fields: In August 2009, the conferment of the Order of National Artists on seven individuals by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became controversial when it
1344-468: The Filipino people, such as Catholicism. For Salamat, the idea of adopting this new religion was completely reprehensible, and he refused to do so. These events would become so commonplace throughout Magat Salamat's life that it would eventually manifest in the form of an intense hatred for the Spaniards, and this hatred would lead to Magat Salamat forming a secret society in Tondo, in the hopes of overthrowing
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#17327719569421408-451: The Filipino word "si", a grammatical article that precede personal names, from recorded names during this era because Spanish writers had not yet learned the local languages and often mistakenly included "si-" in Filipino names. Sibunao thus should be interpreted as "[Ako] si Bunao" = "[I am] Bunao". Historians thus take this to mean that the Lakan introduced himself as "Bunao Lakandula." At
1472-425: The Lakan Dula was there to meet him. The two first met on May 17, the day after Legazpi's arrival on the bay, when Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula boarded Legazpi's ship to discuss terms with him. Part of these discussions specified that the Spaniards would not land in Tondo, and would instead land in Manila, which had been burned to the ground the year before. Joaquin suggests that Lakan Dula would " have seen that Legaspi
1536-418: The Lakan Dula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, he would trade these goods with peoples further upstream, the end result being that other locals were not able to buy anything from
1600-507: The Lakandula's name has come to be written in several ways. However, according to the firsthand account written in Spanish by Hernando Riquel, the royal notary who accompanied Miguel López de Legazpi , the Lord of Tondo specifically identified himself as " Sibunao Lacandola, lord of the town of Tondo " when he boarded Legazpi's ship with the lords of Manila on May 18, 1571. According to Riquel,
1664-468: The Philippines. The Japanese would also attempt to secure aid from areas such as Borneo , Laguna , and Batangas , but it is unknown as to whether or not they were successful. Finally, Martin Pangan , gobernadorcillo of Tondo at the time, also pledged to support the cause, and with their band assembled, a plan came into fruition. Some days prior to the plot's execution, Magat Salamat accidentally revealed
1728-540: The Reyes - Lacandola was married into a Macapagal. Dery, Scott, and Santiago recount that the privileges accorded to the descendants of Lakan Dula had been discontinued for a while in the aftermath of Lakan Dula's death, because some of the descendants came into conflict with the Spanish authorities. According to Dery, the Balagtas document recounts that these privileges were restored when a Juan Macapagal, who claimed to be
1792-400: The Spanish as " Sibunao Lacandola ". While his given name has since been interpreted as being "Bunao", the historic meaning of the word Lakan, was a title equivalent to prince or paramount ruler, meaning he was the principal Datu or Prince of his domain. Along with Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman , Lakan Bunao Dula (or Lakan of Tondo), was one of three rulers who played significant roles in
1856-475: The Spanish conquest of the Pasig River delta polities during the earliest days of the Philippines under Spanish colonial period . While it is questionable whether "Lakandula" represented a single titular name during his own lifetime, a few of his descendants in the first few generations after his death came to refer to themselves as the "Lakandula of Tondo", taking that name on as a noble title. Over time,
1920-573: The Spanish crown. During the British invasion of 1762–64, the descendants of Lakan Dula, concentrated in the province of Pampanga, formed a company of volunteers to fight the British and were granted autonomy by Governor General Simon de Anda. Magat Salamat Datu Magat Salamat was a Filipino historical figure best known for co-organizing the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587 . He was one of at least four sons of Lakandula , and thus held
1984-444: The Spanish regime. "These people (Spaniards) came to our country as friends. But they are not behaving like friends." Salamat chose to involve himself in the Tondo Conspiracy because, being the chief or Datu of Tondo, wished to recapture it from the Spanish, in turn also recovering his heritage and birthright. Their aim was to restore the freedom they once had prior to the arrival of the Spanish , but they also sought to restore
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2048-403: The Tagalogs and Pampangos saw that he had given obedience to His Majesty, they would give it also." The account continues: " Lacandola agreed to go, and served with two ships provided at his cost, and distinguished himself by performing much service for His Majesty, and went along so the said Pampangos would give him obedience, as in fact they did. " These boats were joangas ( karakoa ),
2112-522: The Tondo Conspiracy of 1587, few definite facts about Magat Salamat's life were documented in 20th Century history textbooks until historian Luciano P.R. Santiago 's paper, " The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda And Soliman (1571–1898) " was published by the Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society Journal in 1990. The paper drew from the genealogical documents kept in the Philippines' National Archives (collectively referred to by historians as
2176-413: The anito cults. One guess is that he converted to Islam, then changed his mind and returned to his native faith. " Joaquin also expounds on the economic context of the Lakan Dula's reign over Tondo: " Tondo had replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry on Manila Bay. Tondo was right on the seaside. This was the advantage it had over Namayan, which was upriver inland. So the merchant ships that came into
2240-617: The attacks on Borneo in 1578–1579, letters to the king from royal auditor Melchor de Avalos, Reports by later Governors General, passing details in sworn testimony about Augustinian activities (the latter two recorded in Blair and Robertson), Correspondence of Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada , the Relacion accounts of Miguel de Loarca and Juan de Plasencia , and the Boxer Codex , which "can be dated to 1590 on internal evidence." Lakan Dula
2304-470: The bay preferred to unload their goods at the port of Tondo. And now it was the king of Tondo who was responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the lakeside communities, there to be traded for local products. Tondo was thus the distributing center, or entrepot, on the delta... At the time of [the last] Lakan Dula [in the 1570s], Tondo was at the height of its career as an entrepot…. " According to Scott (1982), when ships from China arrived at Manila Bay,
2368-692: The category of National Artist for Historical Literature before conferring the honor to Carlos Quirino . The National Artists of the Philippines is based on broad criteria, as set forth by the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts: Nominations are then submitted to the National Artist Secretariat which is created by the National Artist Award Committee; experts from different art fields then sit on
2432-622: The command of Limahong , a Chinese pirate, who had been outlawed by the Celestial Emperor of China. Lakandula was on hand to help repel Limahong when he came to try and sack Manila in 1574. Lakandula was able to raise a rebellion against the Spaniards. The natives of Mindoro Island revolted too but all these disorders were solved by a detachment of soldiers. Mentions of Lakandula's death are few, but Scott indicates that he died in 1575, " three years after " Legazpi and Rajah Matanda, who both died in 1572. Lakandula's role as ruler of Tondo
2496-625: The conferment on 16 August 2012. . ^2 Aguilar Alcuaz, Francisco, and Conde were all proclaimed in 2009 but the conferment of the order was delayed due to a controversy. The order was finally bestowed in a ceremony at Malacañang Palace in November 2013. Since the establishment in 1972 of the order for artists who have contributed largely in their respective fields, government and non-government cultural organizations and educational institutes have nominated candidates deemed eligible and worthy of such recognition. Unfortunately,
2560-404: The fact that Lakandula was a title, and refer to the last Lakan of Dula (or Lakan of Tondo) as "Lakandula" as if it had been his name. All things considered, the most accurate way to style the historical person's name and title would be "Bunau, Lakan Dula" or "the Lakan of Tondo". While he has been erroneously referred to as Rajah Lakandula , the terms "Rajah" and "Lakan" actually have practically
2624-454: The foreign invaders, concluding with Soliman being killed along with his troops in battle. The Spanish were then able to enter Soliman's village, where they burned and pillaged the neighborhood, including Salamat's own home. Eventually, Salamat also became a chief just like his father before him, specifically the chief of Tondo. As the Spaniards continued to strengthen their grip on the Philippines, they introduced new elements meant to subjugate
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2688-456: The form of Dionisio Fernandez , a Japanese Christian who reached out to one of his contacts known as Juan Gayo , a Japanese sea captain, in an attempt to secure both manpower and supplies. Gayo would recruit Japanese warriors to assist in the fight against the Spaniards, and in exchange for their assistance, Salamat and the others promised the Japanese half of the tribute to be collected from
2752-604: The identities and life stories of some of the descendants of Lakan Dula, mostly based on the " Lacandola Documents ," a collection of legal documents held by the Philippine National Archives. Another Filipino historian, Luis Camara Dery, in his 2001 book "A History of the Inarticulate", notes that a purported 1539 document called the " Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas ," which, although its exact provenance has been determined to be doubtful, corroborates
2816-470: The information from the Lacandola documents. The Lacandola of Arayat came from one of the grandchildren of Lakan Dula of Tondo named Dola, who is from San Luis, Pampanga. When Dola married, she insisted to use the surname Lacandola for her children to maintain connection with his grandfather from Tondo and partly, to hide from Spanish authorities.She was married to a Spanish mestizo surnamed Reyes.Eventually,
2880-515: The leadership and power they had as well. Alongside Salamat were others who shared his ambition, such as the chief of Bulacan, Felipe Salonga , chief of Polo, and Pedro Balinguit , chief of Pandacan, and he was also joined by other chiefs of Tondo, namely Juan Banal and Pitonggatan . Being a family affair as Tondo was his birthright, Salamat was also joined by a few relatives: Agustin de Legazpi , nephew of Lakandula, Salamat's father, and Geronimo Basi , brother of Agustin. Their final ally came in
2944-805: The lords of Manila introduced themselves as " Rajah Ache the Old and Rajah Soliman the Young, lords and principals of the town of Manila " In page 13 of "Cracks in the Parchment Curtain", preeminent historian William Henry Scott quotes Riquel's original text, which he found in the Spanish archives under " Archivo General de Indias Seccion Patronato leg. 24, no 24." The relevant part of the text read: ...declaracion llamarse Raha Ache el Viejo y Raha Solimane el Mozo, senores y principales del pueblo de Manila, y Sibunao Lacandola, principal del pueblo de Tondo ...(emphasis added) Modern historians routinely remove
3008-542: The natives understood that it had meant subservience to them. It was not long before Spanish power in Luzon was challenged. A first battle took place on May 24, 1570, where the natives were defeated. A month later, Tarik Sulayman of Macabebe attacked Manila, convincing Rajah Sulayman to join the battle against Legazpi. Macabebe and Sulayman's forces were defeated, and the Datu of Macabebe was killed in what history would record as
3072-422: The peoples of what are now the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga , particularly the territories of Lubao with Macabebe , Guagua on September 14, 1571. One month later they conquered Calumpit and Malolos in November 14 of the same year. Legazpi conceded these settlements under Spanish rule. He sent Lakandula and Sulayman with him, because, as one account has it, "if so great a chief should go with him, when
3136-494: The plot arrested, with several of them including Magat Salamat being hanged and executed while others were either fined heavily or exiled to Mexico. The Magat Salamat Elementary School or Paaralang Magat Salamat was erected in the city of Manila to honor the last Datu to rule Tondo. The school is located in the 1st District of Manila, along the streets of Sta. Maria, Pavia, and Perla in Tondo, Manila . The Philippine Navy also has
3200-501: The plot to Antonio Surabao , a native of Cuyo who was posing as a supporter of their plot. After he had learned of it, Surabao brought what he had heard to his master, Pedro Sarmiento , the Spanish encomendero of Calamianes, who then scampered to Manila on October 26, 1588, and reported it to the Governor-General at the time, Santiago de Vera . It was then after the revelation of the plot that de Vera had all those involved in
3264-462: The same meaning. In Tondo, the native Lakan title was used, making the use of both "Rajah" and "Lakandula" at the same time both redundant and erroneous. and Filipino historian and national artist for literature Nick Joaquin takes pains to point out that the term Lakan , not Rajah , was used by the rulers of Tondo. Little is known about the early life of Banaw, Lakan Dula, before the arrival of Legazpi. According to National Artist Nick Joaquin " he
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#17327719569423328-459: The scene only as observers, not as combatants. Legazpi let them go to demonstrate his confidence in Lakandula. Joaquin notes that this was a wise choice on Legazpi's part: " If he had been playing a double game before, Lakan Dula now became earnest in supporting the Spanish. It may be he who persuaded the fugitive Soliman to surrender and return to the good graces of Legazpi. " Later that year, Legaspi sent Martin de Goiti to spread Spanish rule to
3392-559: The shore and fronted by fishermen's dwellings. According to local oral histories, this site eventually became the site of the Sto Niño of Tondo Parish church. Primary documentary sources about Lakandula are sparse, so much so that there has been debate about the actual name of the Lakan. Dery identifies three types of sources regarding Lakandula: In his " Bibliographic Essay " at the end of his book " Barangay:Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society ", William Henry Scott identifies
3456-399: The sovereignty of Spain over the islands and proclaimed themselves to be vassals of Spain. On the following day, May 19, Legazpi landed in Manila and took ceremonial possession of the land in the presence of Soliman, Matanda, and Lakan Dula. Lakan Dula helped establish a house for Legazpi and build a fort for the Spaniards, giving them fourteen pieces of artillery and twelve jars of gunpowder,
3520-485: The three accounts directly detailing the events of Lakandula's lifetime: Scott singles this third account out as particularly useful, because it includes careful observations of the islands and people contacted . Scott also identifies other accounts that do not directly refer to that occasion, but provide additional information about conditions at the time. These include two accounts of the Magellan voyage, reports from
3584-436: The time, Lakandula was assumed to be a regnal name , but as noted below, it was actually his title. His title "Lakan" denoted a " paramount ruler " (or more specifically, " paramount datu ") of one of the large coastal settlements (known as a "bayan" or "large barangay ") of the Tagalog people . In its current Tagalog form, means "gentleman". Another common variation of the name is Gat Dula ( alternatively spelled as
3648-399: The title of Datu under his cousin and co-conspirator Agustin de Legazpi , who had been proclaimed paramount ruler ( ruler over other datus ) of the indianized kingdom of Tondo after the death of Lakandula, although the position soon became little more than a courtesy title . For a long time, not much was known about Magat Salamat outside of his participation in the Tondo Conspiracy. As
3712-562: Was being practical. Burned down and emptied, Maynila would be a better spot to fortify, being more strategic. " In fact, Manila was not conquered, but it was occupied through a peace pact that joined Legazpi and the three kings: the Lakan Dula, the (older) Rajah Ache and the (younger) Rajah Sulayman. On May 18, 1571, the native nobility from the House of Dula of the Lakanate of Tondo -- Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, and Lakan Dula -- acknowledged
3776-478: Was killed in the 1603 Chinese rebellion, fighting the Chinese rebels. Local folk legends recount that Mexico-born conquistador Juan de Salcedo fell in love with an 18-year-old noblewoman called "Dayang-dayang Kandarapa ", who was said to be the niece of Lakandula. In 1990, Filipino historian Luciano P. R. Santiago wrote an article for the Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society which details
3840-410: Was not a personal name at all, but a local word that meant something akin to "Palace". While he may not have ruled from a literal palace, this would have indicated the Lakan's seat of power. As such, the "Lakandula" would have been the local language title for the "Lord of the Palace" and ruler of Tondo. Analogously, contemporary Rajah Ache was referred to as Rajah Matanda (Old Rajah), while Rajah Sulayman
3904-488: Was revealed that musician Ramon Santos had been dropped from the list of nominees short-listed in May that year by the selection committee, and that four other individuals had been nominated via "President's prerogative": Cecile Guidote-Alvarez (Theater), Carlo J. Caparas (Visual Arts and Film), Francisco Mañosa (Architecture), and Pitoy Moreno (Fashion Design). Members of the Philippine art community–including
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#17327719569423968-480: Was sometimes referred to as Rajah Muda or Rajamora (Young Rajah). Historians such as Dery and Scott explain that his given name was Banaw, but they also continue to refer to him by his title, Lakandula or "the" Lakandula. On the other hand, Joaquin explains that the Lakan's given name was Banaw, and proceeds to call him Lakan Dula (separate words) or "the" Lakan Dula throughout his "Manila, My Manila" manuscript. In any case, many contemporary historians continue to ignore
4032-489: Was the head of the House of Dula and the most prolific of Luzon's ancient rulers. His descendants are spread out all across the Kapampangan Region during the Spanish colonial era. Genealogical research by Filipino historian Luciano P. R. Santiago indicate that Lakan Dula fathered at least five children: Other documentary sources also mention a "Don Luis Taclocmao" (or "Salugmoc"), a supposed son Lakandula of who
4096-576: Was then taken up by his grandnephew, and Rajah Soliman's adopted son, Agustin de Legazpi . Agustin de Legazpi, who was married to the cousin of Sultan Bolkiah , would lead Tondo as a territory under Spanish rule until he rose up against them in 1587–1588 Revolt of the Lakans , and was deposed and killed as a result. According to Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in "Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1565–1615", as cited by Kimuell-Gabriel (2013), Lakandula had ruled Tondo from an elevated site near Manila bay, facing
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