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89-790: The lake runs through classic East Texas Piney Woods forests. Water quality is generally good, with an average depth of 20.5 feet (6.2 m), and a maximum depth of 75 feet (23 m). The controlling authority of the lake is the San Jacinto River Authority . The City of Houston owns a two-thirds interest in the lake; the SJRA owns one-third. The lake extends about 21 miles (34 km) in length and covers 20,118 acres (81.41 km) with 5,000 acres (20 km) in Sam Houston National Forest and capacity of 430,260 acre-feet (530,720,000 m). Lake Conroe

178-484: A geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard. Since there are many different reference ellipsoids , the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that "without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates (that is latitude and longitude) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst". This

267-560: A 300-by-300-pixel sphere, so illustrations usually exaggerate the flattening. The graticule on the ellipsoid is constructed in exactly the same way as on the sphere. The normal at a point on the surface of an ellipsoid does not pass through the centre, except for points on the equator or at the poles, but the definition of latitude remains unchanged as the angle between the normal and the equatorial plane. The terminology for latitude must be made more precise by distinguishing: Geographic latitude must be used with care, as some authors use it as

356-582: A 40.6% Hispanic or Latino population. East Texas and Southeast Texas in particular, which had been areas of cotton plantation before the Civil War, have a significant African-American population, ranging to nearly 20% in some counties. East Texas is often considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South . The predominant cultural influence comes from customs and traditions passed down from European American and African American Southerners who settled

445-1043: A native of nearby Shreveport, Louisiana , was raised in Kilgore . Kilgore College houses the Van Cliburn Auditorium on its home campus. Many high-school bands in East Texas continue the tradition of military-style marching, unlike other parts of the state. These bands compete in the National Association Of Military Marching Bands. As with other parts of Texas, high school football is the most popular local sport venue in East Texas. Residents of East Texas towns and rural communities fill high-school stadiums in support of their local teams, cheerleaders, bands, etc. Many East Texas high-school teams have won Texas state championships, along with producing many collegiate and professional football players. Earl Campbell ,

534-772: A range of music that is influenced by gospel , bluegrass , blues , rock , country , soul , rhythm and blues , Cajun , etc. Texas blues originated in East Texas, with many legends having been born in the region, including Lightnin' Hopkins and T-Bone Walker . East Texans enjoy live music at many of the region's fairs and festivals, including the Texas Rose Festival in Tyler , the East Texas Yamboree in Gilmer , and Longview's Great Texas Balloon Race . East Texas also has many venues included in what

623-873: A star running back for the Minnesota Vikings , played high-school football in Palestine . Many other high-school sports are popular in East Texas, including basketball , baseball , volleyball , softball , and track . A significant number of East Texan youths participate in Little League Baseball , soccer , and softball . Church leagues are quite common in providing opportunities for basketball and softball for youth and adults alike. In recent years, cowboy churches have grown in number and offer rodeo events for their youth. East Texans also enjoy collegiate athletic competition. Most residents support collegiate teams located in other regions of

712-495: A survey but, with the advent of GPS , it has become natural to use reference ellipsoids (such as WGS84 ) with centre at the centre of mass of the Earth and minor axis aligned to the rotation axis of the Earth. These geocentric ellipsoids are usually within 100 m (330 ft) of the geoid. Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid, the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid: one cannot exactly specify

801-555: A synonym for geodetic latitude whilst others use it as an alternative to the astronomical latitude . "Latitude" (unqualified) should normally refer to the geodetic latitude. The importance of specifying the reference datum may be illustrated by a simple example. On the reference ellipsoid for WGS84, the centre of the Eiffel Tower has a geodetic latitude of 48° 51′ 29″ N, or 48.8583° N and longitude of 2° 17′ 40″ E or 2.2944°E. The same coordinates on

890-499: A volunteer staff since 1978. Currently the Flotilla is commanded by Jeff Huhs. East Texas 31°52′N 94°55′W  /  31.867°N 94.917°W  / 31.867; -94.917 East Texas is a broadly defined cultural, geographic, and ecological region in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas that comprises most of 41 counties. It is primarily divided into Northeast and Southeast Texas . Most of

979-564: Is also home to the Angelina National Forest , Davy Crockett National Forest , Sam Houston National Forest , Sabine National Forest , Big Thicket National Preserve , Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge , Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge , and McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge . Historically, the East Texas economy has been led by lumber , cotton , cattle , and oil . Prior to the discovery of

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1068-411: Is also used in the current literature. The parametric latitude is related to the geodetic latitude by: The alternative name arises from the parameterization of the equation of the ellipse describing a meridian section. In terms of Cartesian coordinates p , the distance from the minor axis, and z , the distance above the equatorial plane, the equation of the ellipse is: The Cartesian coordinates of

1157-1024: Is commonly referred to as the Texas country music circuit, although the majority of such venues are located in Central/South/West Texas and the metropolitan areas of the state. Many notable music artists have East Texas roots, including: George Jones ( Saratoga ), Miranda Lambert ( Lindale ), Kacey Musgraves ( Mineola ), Jamie Foxx , ( Terrell ), Neal McCoy (Longview and Jacksonville ), Lee Ann Womack (Jacksonville), Janis Joplin ( Port Arthur ), UGK ( Port Arthur ), Don Henley ( Linden ), Ray Price ( Perryville ), Johnny Horton ( Rusk ), Johnny Mathis ( Gilmer ), Tex Ritter ( Panola County ), Jim Reeves (Panola County), Mark Chesnutt (Beaumont), Tracy Byrd ( Vidor ), Clay Walker (Beaumont), T-Bone Walker (Linden), Chris Tomlin ( Grand Saline ), and Michelle Shocked (Gilmer), among many others. Worldwide-acclaimed pianist Van Cliburn ,

1246-484: Is determined by the shape of the ellipse which is rotated about its minor (shorter) axis. Two parameters are required. One is invariably the equatorial radius, which is the semi-major axis , a . The other parameter is usually (1) the polar radius or semi-minor axis , b ; or (2) the (first) flattening , f ; or (3) the eccentricity , e . These parameters are not independent: they are related by Many other parameters (see ellipse , ellipsoid ) appear in

1335-453: Is determined with the meridian altitude method. More precise measurement of latitude requires an understanding of the gravitational field of the Earth, either to set up theodolites or to determine GPS satellite orbits. The study of the figure of the Earth together with its gravitational field is the science of geodesy . The graticule is formed by the lines of constant latitude and constant longitude, which are constructed with reference to

1424-466: Is of great importance in accurate applications, such as a Global Positioning System (GPS), but in common usage, where high accuracy is not required, the reference ellipsoid is not usually stated. In English texts, the latitude angle, defined below, is usually denoted by the Greek lower-case letter phi ( ϕ or φ ). It is measured in degrees , minutes and seconds or decimal degrees , north or south of

1513-451: Is the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface at that point: the normal to the surface of the sphere is along the radial vector. The latitude, as defined in this way for the sphere, is often termed the spherical latitude, to avoid ambiguity with the geodetic latitude and the auxiliary latitudes defined in subsequent sections of this article. Besides the equator, four other parallels are of significance: The plane of

1602-421: Is the meridional radius of curvature . The quarter meridian distance from the equator to the pole is For WGS84 this distance is 10 001 .965 729  km . The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection. It can be evaluated by expanding the integral by the binomial series and integrating term by term: see Meridian arc for details. The length of

1691-522: Is within the Black Belt region, the fertile area that was the center of cotton culture and enslaved African-American labor. East Texas has the largest Black population in the state. Unlike Texas's total state racial demographics, only two counties in East Texas outside of Greater Houston 's sphere had a majority minority . Jefferson County in the Golden Triangle and Titus County have

1780-611: The Houston Press stated in an article, "some say natural gas has surpassed crude as king in East Texas." Latitude In geography , latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north – south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from −90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pole, with 0° at the Equator . Lines of constant latitude , or parallels , run east–west as circles parallel to

1869-522: The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he proved that a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid. (This article uses the term ellipsoid in preference to the older term spheroid .) Newton's result was confirmed by geodetic measurements in the 18th century. (See Meridian arc .) An oblate ellipsoid is the three-dimensional surface generated by

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1958-500: The Ark-La-Tex , the area where Arkansas, Louisiana, and East Texas meet. According to the 2010 U.S. census , these 41 East Texas counties had a total population of 2,057,518 residents. This represented 8% of the total state population of Texas. Per the 2023 census estimates, the five most populous counties were: Per the 2022 census estimates, the ten most populous East Texas cities outside of Houston's metro area were: In 2010,

2047-772: The Deep East Texas Council of Governments , and the South East Texas Regional Planning Commission . Counties generally included are Anderson , Angelina , Bowie , Camp , Cass , Cherokee , Delta , Franklin , Gregg , Hardin , Harrison , Henderson , Hopkins , Houston , Jasper , Jefferson , Lamar , Marion , Morris , Nacogdoches , Newton , Orange , Panola , Polk , Rains , Red River , Rusk , Sabine , San Augustine , San Jacinto , Shelby , Smith , Titus , Trinity , Tyler , Upshur , Van Zandt , and Wood County, Texas . Harris County and those forming

2136-507: The East Texas Oil Field , cotton, lumber and cattle were the predominant source of economic growth and stability. The needs of local farmers contributed greatly to the establishment of local towns and trading posts. As with many parts of the nation, the chosen paths of railroads often determined the continuation of many towns. At the beginning of the 20th century, the oil fields were discovered and oil became accessible, changing

2225-653: The Greater Houston area, the average population density is around 18–45 per mi (7–12 per km ), with the population density near the Big Thicket dropping below 18 people per mi . East Texas's population total is very large and is centered around the Golden Triangle (Texas) of Beaumont / Port Arthur / Orange in Southeast Texas . Moving north from the coast, Lufkin and Nacogdoches anchor

2314-560: The Greater Houston metropolitan area are sometimes included in varying sources, such as the Texas Department of Transportation , or more generally, Southeast Texas. The three additional East Texas counties that join with other regional government councils are Chambers County (Anahuac), Liberty County (Liberty), and Walker County (Huntsville), all three in geographic proximity to the Houston metropolitan area. Outside of

2403-702: The Piney Woods . These extend more than 23,500 square miles (61,000 km ). The Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine - hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana , Arkansas, and Oklahoma . The Piney Woods area thins out as it nears the Gulf of Mexico. West of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion. The Sabine , Trinity , Neches , Angelina and Sulphur rivers are

2492-582: The Republic of Texas , the state of Texas, or the United States). Well into the first quarter of the 20th century, renegade clans controlled local governments, especially in Shelby County . The area contains two of the oldest towns in Texas; Nacogdoches, the oldest town in Texas, dating from the 18th century, and San Augustine, the oldest "British-American" settlement in Texas, dating from

2581-580: The zenith ). On map projections there is no universal rule as to how meridians and parallels should appear. The examples below show the named parallels (as red lines) on the commonly used Mercator projection and the Transverse Mercator projection . On the former the parallels are horizontal and the meridians are vertical, whereas on the latter there is no exact relationship of parallels and meridians with horizontal and vertical: both are complicated curves. \ In 1687 Isaac Newton published

2670-684: The "Caddo Indian Collection" at the Gregg County Historical Museum in Longview . In the mid-1800s, East Texas cities such as Marshall and Jefferson constituted a sphere of influence that led the entire state into the Confederacy . East Texas was the aread of powerful planters and the most significant numbers of slaveholders. Before that, during the Mexican and Republic periods, Nacogdoches and San Augustine were

2759-737: The "Tyler Rose", played football for John Tyler High in Tyler before playing for the Texas Longhorns and the Houston Oilers . Don Meredith , who famously played for the Dallas Cowboys , played at Mt. Vernon. Dez Bryant , a football player from Lufkin, formerly played wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys before signing with the New Orleans Saints (then getting injured three days afterwards). Adrian Peterson ,

Lake Conroe - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-413: The 1820s. People of English , Scottish , Scots-Irish , and to a lesser extent Welsh ancestry predominate in this region, because of the history of settlement. This is in contrast to West Texas and South Central Texas, where people of Hispanic and German ancestry predominate, respectively. Hispanic settlers are descended from colonists of New Spain, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries. Most of

2937-626: The Baptists, particularly the Southern Baptist Convention (majority white) and National Baptist Convention USA (majority black, formed after the Civil War); Methodists and Presbyterians ; Lutherans and classical Pentecostals ; and others. Roman Catholicism continues to have influence, particularly given the increased Hispanic or Latino American population in recent decades. The largest Catholic jurisdictions in

3026-450: The Earth's orbit about the Sun is called the ecliptic , and the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the Earth is the equatorial plane. The angle between the ecliptic and the equatorial plane is called variously the axial tilt, the obliquity, or the inclination of the ecliptic, and it is conventionally denoted by i . The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to i and the latitude of

3115-671: The East Texas Storm, a semiprofessional football team located in Tyler, competes in the Lone Star Minor League. Typically, northern parts of East Texas tend to support the professional teams from the Dallas/Fort Worth area in North Texas ( Dallas Cowboys , Dallas Mavericks , Texas Rangers , Dallas Stars , FC Dallas ), while southern parts of East Texas tend to support professional teams from

3204-775: The German immigrant ancestors in Central Texas arrived after the Revolutions of 1848 . The Spanish and later Mexican governments did not want settlers from the United States until after Mexico had gained independence. East Texas had been barely settled by Spanish and Mexican colonists, and the government decided to allow immigration from the US to bolster defenses against raiding by the Apache and Comanche. Neither government

3293-695: The Gulf Coast area into a separate region. Another popular, somewhat simpler, definition defines East Texas as the region between the Trinity River , north and east of Houston (or sometimes Interstate 45 , when defining generously) as the western border; the Louisiana border as the eastern border; the Gulf of Mexico as the southern border; the Oklahoma border as the northern border; Arkansas as

3382-896: The Houston area in Southeast Texas ( Houston Texans , Houston Rockets , Houston Astros , Houston Dynamo FC ). As with other parts of Texas and/or the Southern U.S., other popular sporting activities in East Texas include rodeo (including PRCA), hunting , and fishing . Prominent rodeos in East Texas are held in Beaumont, Nacogdoches, Paris, Longview, Gladewater , Huntsville, Lufkin, Athens , Palestine, Lindale, etc. East Texas contains several award-winning lakes for sport fishing, including Toledo Bend Reservoir , Lake Sam Rayburn , Lake Livingston, Lake Fork Reservoir , Lake Tawakoni , etc. East Texas also contains numerous golf courses and avid golfers, as well as NASCAR fans. However,

3471-1166: The Piney Woods has historically been a fiercely contested sports rivalry between the Bearkats of Sam Houston State University in Huntsville and the Lumberjacks of Stephen F. Austin State University (SFA) in Nacogdoches. Both schools long competed as members of the NCAA Division I Southland Conference (SLC), which plays football at the FCS level, but they moved to the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in 2021 , and Sam Houston will move to FBS and join Conference USA in July 2023. The Cardinals of Lamar University in Beaumont left

3560-645: The SLC for the WAC alongside Sam Houston and SFA, but rejoined the SLC a year later. The Lions of Texas A&M University–Commerce joined the SLC in 2022. Other universities and colleges that field athletic teams in East Texas include East Texas Baptist University Tigers in Marshall; University of Texas at Tyler Patriots in Tyler; LeTourneau University Yellowjackets in Longview; and several junior colleges throughout

3649-691: The Sun is overhead at some point of the Tropic of Capricorn . The south polar latitudes below the Antarctic Circle are in daylight, whilst the north polar latitudes above the Arctic Circle are in night. The situation is reversed at the June solstice, when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. Only at latitudes in between the two tropics is it possible for the Sun to be directly overhead (at

Lake Conroe - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-571: The WGS84 spheroid is The variation of this distance with latitude (on WGS84 ) is shown in the table along with the length of a degree of longitude (east–west distance): A calculator for any latitude is provided by the U.S. Government's National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). The following graph illustrates the variation of both a degree of latitude and a degree of longitude with latitude. There are six auxiliary latitudes that have applications to special problems in geodesy, geophysics and

3827-425: The angle subtended at the centre by the meridian arc from the equator to the point concerned. If the meridian distance is denoted by m ( ϕ ) then where R denotes the mean radius of the Earth. R is equal to 6,371 km or 3,959 miles. No higher accuracy is appropriate for R since higher-precision results necessitate an ellipsoid model. With this value for R the meridian length of 1 degree of latitude on

3916-584: The centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator . Planes parallel to the equatorial plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude; these are the parallels. The Equator has a latitude of 0°, the North Pole has a latitude of 90° North (written 90° N or +90°), and the South Pole has a latitude of 90° South (written 90° S or −90°). The latitude of an arbitrary point

4005-423: The coast. All of East Texas lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain . It has less uniformity of climate than the rolling hills in the north and flat coastal plains in the south. Local vegetation varies from north to south, with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana and the northern two-thirds of the region dominated by the temperate forest known as

4094-408: The datum ED50 define a point on the ground which is 140 metres (460 feet) distant from the tower. A web search may produce several different values for the latitude of the tower; the reference ellipsoid is rarely specified. The length of a degree of latitude depends on the figure of the Earth assumed. On the sphere the normal passes through the centre and the latitude ( ϕ ) is therefore equal to

4183-484: The decline of oil production, many small towns closed cafés and gas stations, some of which were replaced with cash loan shops and pawn shops. In 2022, East Texas was highlighted for its diversifying economy penetrating Deep East Texas with the decline in crude oil. Additionally, the region has become home to many patent-holding companies, due to its legal system being particularly friendly to patent holders and hostile to out-of-state tech defendants. In 2009, Paul Knight of

4272-529: The definitions of latitude and longitude. In the first step the physical surface is modeled by the geoid , a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses. The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere , but the geoid is more accurately modeled by an ellipsoid of revolution . The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in

4361-435: The dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous are Cypress Bayou and Buffalo Bayou . Cypress Bayou surrounds the Big, Little, and Black Cypress rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake , and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim and islands of the lake. Deep East Texas is a subregion of East Texas, alongside Northeast and Southeast Texas. According to the Deep East Texas Council of Governments ,

4450-402: The ellipsoid to that point Q on the surrounding sphere (of radius a ) which is the projection parallel to the Earth's axis of a point P on the ellipsoid at latitude ϕ . It was introduced by Legendre and Bessel who solved problems for geodesics on the ellipsoid by transforming them to an equivalent problem for spherical geodesics by using this smaller latitude. Bessel's notation, u ( ϕ ) ,

4539-414: The equator. For navigational purposes positions are given in degrees and decimal minutes. For instance, The Needles lighthouse is at 50°39.734′ N 001°35.500′ W. This article relates to coordinate systems for the Earth: it may be adapted to cover the Moon, planets and other celestial objects ( planetographic latitude ). For a brief history, see History of latitude . In celestial navigation , latitude

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4628-452: The equator. Latitude and longitude are used together as a coordinate pair to specify a location on the surface of the Earth. On its own, the term "latitude" normally refers to the geodetic latitude as defined below. Briefly, the geodetic latitude of a point is the angle formed between the vector perpendicular (or normal ) to the ellipsoidal surface from the point, and the plane of the equator . Two levels of abstraction are employed in

4717-458: The expansive cattle ranching of the plains regions of Texas. But East Texans commonly own and trade cattle. Several "sale barns" exist across East Texas, with weekly and monthly trades, as is common in other parts of the Deep South. In the northern part of East Texas, awareness of the native and historical Caddo Mississippian culture remains significant. Cherokee County is home to the Caddo Mounds State Historic Site . Patrons can also view

4806-438: The following sections. Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface. The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface, which passes through the point on the physical surface. Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute

4895-431: The future of the region. In the decades leading to the new millennium, crude oil production in the East Texas Oil Field, the largest oil field in the United States, somewhat decreased. In turn, the number of high-paying jobs for uneducated workers also decreased. During the 20th century, local groceries, general stores, and cafes were replaced with franchise department stores, retail chains, and fast-food restaurants. Due to

4984-399: The geocentric latitude ( θ ) and the geodetic latitude ( ϕ ) is: For points not on the surface of the ellipsoid, the relationship involves additionally the ellipsoidal height h : where N is the prime vertical radius of curvature. The geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at the equator and at the poles but at other latitudes they differ by a few minutes of arc. Taking the value of

5073-451: The latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used. Many maps maintained by national agencies are based on older ellipsoids, so one must know how the latitude and longitude values are transformed from one ellipsoid to another. GPS handsets include software to carry out datum transformations which link WGS84 to the local reference ellipsoid with its associated grid. The shape of an ellipsoid of revolution

5162-430: The local culture, and losing to varying degrees, their original culture). This assimilation pattern has often historically included conversion from Roman Catholicism, associated with French and Spanish traditions, to Protestant denominations. United States settlers from the Protestant Southeast practiced some discrimination against Cajun and Creole migrants, a cultural attitude that persisted until quite recently. Despite

5251-421: The major rivers in East Texas, but the Brazos and Red rivers also flow through the region. The Brazos cuts through the southwest portion of the region, while the Red River forms its northern border with Oklahoma and a portion of Arkansas. In East Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called bayous and merge with the surrounding forest. Bald cypress and Spanish moss are

5340-538: The meridian arc between two given latitudes is given by replacing the limits of the integral by the latitudes concerned. The length of a small meridian arc is given by When the latitude difference is 1 degree, corresponding to ⁠ π / 180 ⁠ radians, the arc distance is about The distance in metres (correct to 0.01 metre) between latitudes ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }  − 0.5 degrees and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }  + 0.5 degrees on

5429-424: The most developed and influential cities in East Texas. Many East Texans have a mixture of European and Native American ancestry, as seen in East Texan country artists Miranda Lambert and Kacey Musgraves . The Museum of East Texas opened in Lufkin in 1976 under the name Lufkin Historical and Creative Arts Center. East Texas is home to the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame , located in Carthage . East Texans enjoy

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5518-454: The most recent linguistic studies, East Texans tend to pronounce Southern English with the drawl typical of the Lower South . Other parts of Texas are more apt to use the "twang" of the Upper South , or—depending upon demographic influences of the particular area—with some Hispanic and Midwestern traits. East Texas lacks the strong influence of late 19th-and early 20th-century European immigrants from Germany and central Europe. Similarly,

5607-401: The new waves of immigrants since the late 20th century, primarily from India , other Asian nations, and Latin America , and their influences, have been less prevalent in East Texas compared to other Texas regions. East Texans are predominantly Protestant Christians . They are members of many denominations as part of the Bible Belt . The most numerous Christian adherents have included

5696-409: The northeastern border, and extending as far south as Orange, Texas . The East Texas region includes Tyler , Longview , Texarkana , Lufkin , Marshall , Palestine , Henderson , Jacksonville , Mount Pleasant , and Nacogdoches as principal cities in addition to, in its expanded definition, Greenville , Houston, and Beaumont metropolitan statistical areas. Climate is the unifying factor in

5785-407: The polar circles is its complement (90° - i ). The axis of rotation varies slowly over time and the values given here are those for the current epoch . The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt . The figure shows the geometry of a cross-section of the plane perpendicular to the ecliptic and through the centres of the Earth and the Sun at the December solstice when

5874-403: The population center of Deep East Texas . Continuing north from Deep East Texas, Tyler , Longview , and Marshall , in Northeast Texas , along with Texarkana , on the far northeastern border with Arkansas , represent the major population centers in the northern section of East Texas. Eight miles from the Texas border, Shreveport, Louisiana , is considered the economic and cultural center for

5963-510: The population of East Texas counties was 65.93% non-Hispanic white , 17.44% African American , 14.29% Hispanic or Latino American , and 2.34% other (including Native American and Asian). East Texas's most ethnically and racially diverse county was Jefferson County, its largest county. This includes the city of Beaumont, with 44.1% non-Hispanic whites, 34.1% African Americans, 17.7% Hispanic or Latinos of any race, and 4.1% other races or ethnicities (including Native American and Asian). East Texas

6052-448: The reference ellipsoid to the plane or in calculations of geodesics on the ellipsoid. Their numerical values are not of interest. For example, no one would need to calculate the authalic latitude of the Eiffel Tower. The expressions below give the auxiliary latitudes in terms of the geodetic latitude, the semi-major axis, a , and the eccentricity, e . (For inverses see below .) The forms given are, apart from notational variants, those in

6141-547: The region consists of the Piney Woods ecoregion . East Texas can sometimes be defined only as the Piney Woods. At the fringes, towards Central Texas , the forests expand outward toward sparser trees and eventually into open plains. According to the Handbook of Texas , the East Texas area "may be separated from the rest of Texas roughly by a line extending from the Red River in north-central Lamar County southwestward to east-central Limestone County and then southeastward towards eastern Galveston Bay". Most sources separate

6230-413: The region consists of the following twelve counties: Angelina , Houston , Jasper , Nacogdoches , Newton , Polk , Sabine , San Augustine , San Jacinto , Shelby , Trinity , and Tyler . The "Deep" designation comes from the similarity to East Texas (it is similar in culture and topography , being highly forested), but with a location "deeper" (i.e., farther south and towards the Gulf Coast ) than

6319-447: The region does not host professional events in either of those sports. The nearest NASCAR track to East Texas is Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth. East Texans enjoy many Texas state parks , including Caddo Lake , Atlanta , Daingerfield , Lake Bob Sandlin , Tyler , Mission Tejas in Grapeland, Cooper Lake , Lake Tawakoni , Martin Creek , Huntsville , Lake Sam Rayburn , Lake Livingston and Sea Rim among others. East Texas

6408-403: The region during the mid-to-late 19th century. African Americans were first brought to the area as enslaved workers to develop and cultivate commodity crops on plantations. Harrison County had the most plantations and highest number of slaves in the antebellum period. Deep South accent influences are noticeable in the subdialect of Texan English that is spoken throughout the region. According to

6497-624: The region has been the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston in Southeast Texas, and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tyler in the northeastern subregion. Other religious faiths with smaller numbers, but with adherents in East Texas, include Mormonism and Judaism . Significant numbers of people of Cajun and Creole descent have migrated from Louisiana , although most are assimilated partially or completely into East Texas culture (adopting

6586-581: The region's geography; all of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the Southeast, occasionally interrupted by intrusions of cold air from the north. East Texas receives more rainfall, 35 to 60 inches (890 to 1,520 mm), than the rest of Texas. In Houston, the average January temperature is 50.4 °F (10.2 °C) and the average July temperature is 82.6 °F (28.1 °C). However, Houston has slightly warmer winters than most of East Texas due to its lower latitude and proximity to

6675-768: The region, which participate in the Southwest Junior College Conference in Region XIV of the NJCAA. East Texas is also home to the Kilgore College Rangerettes , a world-famous dance team that debuted in 1939. A few professional sports teams are located in the traditionally defined East Texas. The East Texas Pump Jacks, located in Kilgore , play baseball in the Texas Collegiate League . Additionally,

6764-421: The rest of East Texas. "Deep" also refers to the cultural and social characteristics of the area. This is considered synonymous to the " Big Thicket ", an allusion to the dense growth of underbrush in the Piney Woods. It was the earliest area of Texas to be settled by Anglo-Americans from the United States (and one of the last areas to submit to law enforcement—by the governments of New Spain , Mexico ,

6853-569: The rest of the state. Former residents describe living behind the 'Pine Curtain' as a form of escape. The phrase is often used to describe the area; it appeared in a newspaper column in the Palestine Herald-Press , and in a late 20th-century tourist guide by Mike Dougan. East Texas comprises 41 counties, 38 of which collaborate in sub-regional Ark-Tex Council of Governments , the East Texas Council of Governments ,

6942-473: The rotation axis of the Earth. The primary reference points are the poles where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface. Planes which contain the rotation axis intersect the surface at the meridians ; and the angle between any one meridian plane and that through Greenwich (the Prime Meridian ) defines the longitude: meridians are lines of constant longitude. The plane through

7031-417: The rotation of an ellipse about its shorter axis (minor axis). "Oblate ellipsoid of revolution" is abbreviated to 'ellipsoid' in the remainder of this article. (Ellipsoids which do not have an axis of symmetry are termed triaxial .) Many different reference ellipsoids have been used in the history of geodesy . In pre-satellite days they were devised to give a good fit to the geoid over the limited area of

7120-519: The semi-major axis and the inverse flattening, ⁠ 1 / f ⁠ . For example, the defining values for the WGS84 ellipsoid, used by all GPS devices, are from which are derived The difference between the semi-major and semi-minor axes is about 21 km (13 miles) and as fraction of the semi-major axis it equals the flattening; on a computer monitor the ellipsoid could be sized as 300 by 299 pixels. This would barely be distinguishable from

7209-420: The sphere is 111.2 km (69.1 statute miles) (60.0 nautical miles). The length of one minute of latitude is 1.853 km (1.151 statute miles) (1.00 nautical miles), while the length of 1 second of latitude is 30.8 m or 101 feet (see nautical mile ). In Meridian arc and standard texts it is shown that the distance along a meridian from latitude ϕ to the equator is given by ( ϕ in radians) where M ( ϕ )

7298-403: The squared eccentricity as 0.0067 (it depends on the choice of ellipsoid) the maximum difference of ϕ − θ {\displaystyle \phi {-}\theta } may be shown to be about 11.5 minutes of arc at a geodetic latitude of approximately 45° 6′. The parametric latitude or reduced latitude , β , is defined by the radius drawn from the centre of

7387-458: The standard reference for map projections, namely "Map projections: a working manual" by J. P. Snyder. Derivations of these expressions may be found in Adams and online publications by Osborne and Rapp. The geocentric latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and the radius from the centre to a point of interest. When the point is on the surface of the ellipsoid, the relation between

7476-526: The state; the Texas A&;M Aggies , Texas Longhorns , Texas Tech Red Raiders , Baylor Bears , TCU Horned Frogs , etc. Including the city of Houston, its Houston Cougars are another prominent collegiate team. Due to proximity to neighboring states, East Texas has a substantial number of fans of the LSU Tigers , Arkansas Razorbacks , Oklahoma State Cowboys , and Oklahoma Sooners . The Battle of

7565-472: The study of geodesy, geophysics and map projections but they can all be expressed in terms of one or two members of the set a , b , f and e . Both f and e are small and often appear in series expansions in calculations; they are of the order ⁠ 1 / 298 ⁠ and 0.0818 respectively. Values for a number of ellipsoids are given in Figure of the Earth . Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by

7654-409: The tendency toward assimilation, Cajun and Creole cuisine (for example, jambalaya and catfish gumbo ), are popular in the region. Many East Texans, including those without Louisiana roots, are known to be expert at preparing at least some well-known Louisiana dishes. While some East Texans associate with cowboy culture, most identify more with smaller scale farming of the Southern U.S., than with

7743-407: The theory of map projections: The definitions given in this section all relate to locations on the reference ellipsoid but the first two auxiliary latitudes, like the geodetic latitude, can be extended to define a three-dimensional geographic coordinate system as discussed below . The remaining latitudes are not used in this way; they are used only as intermediate constructs in map projections of

7832-499: Was able to exert much control or law enforcement in the area. As a consequence, the "Big Thicket" became a refuge for criminals fleeing the United States and hiding out in a "no man's land" in the pine tree thickets. The early isolation of the region and its links to the Deep South have resulted in the piney woods being described as a 'curtain' that demarcates a certain cultural enclave or bubble that distinguishes East Texas from

7921-630: Was conceived in 1970 as an alternative water supply for the City of Houston. The lake was completed in January 1973; it was filled on October 31, 1973. A few celebrities, such as Rudy Tomjanovich , Roger Clemens , Aaron Gray , Colin Edwards , and Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick , have residences in the Lake Conroe area. United States Coast Guard Auxiliary flotilla 6-9 operates on Lake Conroe with

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