Misplaced Pages

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100-656: The original inhabitants of the region of the North Shore were the Potawatomi . The town of Lake Forest emerged in the area after the violent dispossession of the Potawatomi in the 1830s, the Chicago cholera epidemic of 1854, and the arrival of the railway from Chicago in 1855. The academy (known as "LFA") was founded in 1857 as a key part of plans for Lake Forest more generally. In tune with the religious revivalism of

200-502: A 9-ft table, the playing surface (the dimensions between the noses of the cushions) measures 100 by 50 inches (254 by 127 cm) with a + 1 ⁄ 8 -inch (3.2 mm) margin of error for either dimension. For an 8-ft table , the playing surface measures 92 by 46 inches (234 by 117 cm), with the same + 1 ⁄ 8 inch variance allowed. In the UK as well as a number of other British Commonwealth and European countries,

300-638: A Native American people of the Great Plains , upper Mississippi River , and western Great Lakes region . They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language , a member of the Algonquian family . The Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé , a cognate of the word Anishinaabe . The Potawatomi are part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires , with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In

400-406: A 7-foot table is 76 by 38 inches (193 by 96.5 cm). Pockets, typically rimmed at the back with leather or plastic traditionally have drop pockets , which are small receptacles below each pocket to contain the balls. More modern tables may instead employ ball return pockets , a series of gutters inside the table, which deliver the balls into a collection compartment on one side of the table, in

500-486: A fumigating reviver. Vaccinium myrtilloides is part of their traditional cuisine, and is eaten fresh, dried, and canned. They also use the root bark of the plant for an unspecified ailment. The Potawatomi first lived in Lower Michigan, then moved to northern Wisconsin and eventually settled into northern Indiana and central Illinois. In the early 19th century, major portions of Potawatomi lands were seized by

600-535: A horse stable in the years before the academy when J. Ogden Armour occupied the campus space. Upon the academy's relocation to its current physical plant in 1948, the Board of Trustees dedicated the building to Ezra J. Warner Jr., class of 1895. Warner is located near the football field and with its relatively large number of faculty, has always been a dormitory that epitomizes the strong connection between students and faculty at LFA. Marshall Field House (or simply "Field")

700-548: A member of the Chicago Independent School League and competed against eight other independent schools in Chicago's suburbs in some sports. The following sports are offered: Fall: Winter: Spring: Students at LFA may also partake in non-team P.E. activities such as bowling , curling , salsa dance , jogging , lacrosse , water polo , weightlifting , and yoga , as well as

800-463: A much faster roll to the balls. This "speed" of the cloth affects the amounts of swerve and deflection of the balls, among other aspects of game finesse. Snooker cloth traditionally has a directional nap , upon which the balls behave differently when rolling against vs. running with the direction of the nap. Sights , also known as diamonds (for their traditional shape ), are inlaid at precise, evenly spaced positions along

900-484: A nickname, although a popular athletic cheer at Yale University uses lines from the same Aristophanes play. The cheer dates back to at least 1896, when a student revolt against suspensions of several students led to dozens of students taking the train to Chicago, where upon alighting at Wells Street they wandered the streets and chanted, "Caxy, go wack! Go wack! Go wack! Caxy, go wack! Go wack! Go wack! Hi-O! Hi-O! Paraballoo! 'Cademy! 'Cademy! L.F.U.!!" Move-Up Day began as

1000-469: A quad with the Crown Fitness and Wellness Center and Reid Hall. In addition to housing students, Ferry Hall Dormitory is also the home to four faculty apartments. Atlass is the newest boys' dormitory, and located in the center of campus, it is closest to the academic buildings and dining hall. In addition to generously sized rooms and new furniture, Atlass also sports a comfortable lounge area with

1100-504: A seamless surface, before being covered with the cloth. When several pieces of slate are joined poorly it is possible for the resin to deform and cause an uneven playing surface; it can also be difficult to move once joined. Tables for the home market usually use slate beds as well, but the slate is often thinner, down to about + 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm) . The early table beds were made of cloth-covered wooden boards. Today, inexpensive but not very rigid or durable materials used for

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1200-405: A similar manner to the ball return on a bowling alley . On a coin-operated table, the object balls are deposited inside an inaccessible window until the table is paid again, allowing the balls to be released into the compartment, while the cue ball is usually separated into its own ball return, often utilizing a different sized ball. A possible result of drop pockets is that if too many balls go into

1300-499: A snooker table but with much smaller pockets), and Asian four ball which uses a pocketless 8 ft by 4 ft table. Games such as bagatelle often had more than six holes, including straight through the bed in the middle of the table, a feature still found in bar billiards and bumper pool . There are novelty billiard tables, often for pool, that come in various shapes including zig-zag, circular, and (especially for bumper pool) hexagonal. A circular table featured prominently in

1400-518: A snooker table. One tactical consequence of this design difference is that the jaws of the WPA-type pocket are often used exactly like a horizontal version of the backboard of a basketball goal, to rebound the ball into the pocket; this technique does not work on blackball tables, and even shots down the cushion into a corner pocket are more difficult. For tournament competition under WPA world-standardized rules (and league play under derived rulesets),

1500-602: A table play faster. A heated table is required under international carom rules and is an especially important requirement for the games of three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. A pool table, or pocket billiards table, has six pockets – one at each corner of the table ( corner pockets ) and one at the midpoint of each of the longer sides ( side pockets or middle pockets ). Pool tables come in different sizes, typically referred to as 9-foot (2.7 m), 8.5 ft (2.6 m), 8 ft (2.4 m), or 7 ft (2.1 m) tables. In all cases,

1600-477: A television, sofas, and pool table . Atlass is a two-story building that houses 70 boys and four faculty members in apartments on either north or south end of the dorm. Atlass opened in January, 1999 following a grant from H. Leslie Atlass Jr., class of 1936, in honor of his father (class of 1912). According to the inscription on the dormitory, Atlass Sr. was a "broadcasting pioneer and innovator." The financial gift

1700-536: A tolerance of ± 0.5 in (13 mm), though commonly referred to as 12 ft by 6 ft, the nominal outer dimensions including the rails. Smaller tables, approximately 10 ft by 5 ft down to half size, are also sometimes used in pubs , homes and smaller snooker halls . The height from the floor to the top of the cushion is between 2 ft 9.5 in and 2 ft 10.5 in (851 mm and 876 mm). A snooker table has six pockets, one at each corner and one at

1800-399: A tradition at Ferry Hall in 1906, originally called Ivy Day, commemorating the annual planting of Ivy at the base of Smith Hall. Over time, this tradition would evolve into its current form, usually being held the day before Graduation. Departmental awards and speeches are given, and at the end of the ceremony, each class is invited to "move up" and literally take the place that they will occupy

1900-558: A unique and productive relationship between faculty and students." The campus has been used as a shooting location for several films, among them: Damien: Omen II , Ordinary People , The Babe , and The Package . See List of Lake Forest Academy alumni 42°14′52″N 87°53′29″W  /  42.24778°N 87.89139°W  / 42.24778; -87.89139 Potawatomi The Potawatomi / p ɒ t ə ˈ w ɒ t ə m i / , also spelled Pottawatomi and Pottawatomie (among many variations ), are

2000-406: A winter/spring musical. LFA has a very strong athletic tradition that began in 1859 when Elmer E. Ellsworth , a close friend of Abraham Lincoln who already had become well known in the leading eastern cities by organizing military units called Zouaves , would be hired to drill the students. Ellsworth would be called to Washington, D.C., by Lincoln who made him a colonel. He was the first officer in

2100-524: Is 1 + 7 ⁄ 16 inches (37 mm) while using a regulation 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch (57 mm) ball set. On a carom table, the K-55 profile is used (with a somewhat sharper angle than pool cushions). K-55 cushions have cloth, usually canvas, vulcanized into the top of the rubber to adjust rebound accuracy and speed. Snooker tables use an L-shaped profile, such as the L77 profile. The bed table –

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2200-509: Is Bodéwadmi (without syncope: Bodéwademi ; plural: Bodéwadmik ), a cognate of the Ojibwe form. Their name means "those who tend the hearth-fire," which refers to the hearth of the Council of Three Fires . The word comes from "to tend the hearth-fire," which is bodewadm (without syncope: bodewadem ) in the Potawatomi language ; the Ojibwe and Ottawa forms are boodawaadam and boodwaadam , respectively. Alternatively,

2300-613: Is a Central Algonquian language and is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin. It is also spoken by Potawatomi in Kansas , Oklahoma, and in southern Ontario . As of 2001, there were fewer than 1,300 people who speak Potawatomi as a first language, most of them elderly. The people are working to revitalize the language , as evidenced by recent efforts such as the online Potawatomi language Dictionary created by

2400-521: Is covered with cloth (usually of a tightly woven worsted wool called baize ), and surrounded by vulcanized rubber cushions, with the whole thing elevated above the floor. More specific terms are used for specific sports, such as snooker table and pool table , and different-sized billiard balls are used on these table types. An obsolete term is billiard board , used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Cushions (also sometimes called "rail cushions", "cushion rubber", or rarely "bumpers") are located on

2500-428: Is marked by a baulk line drawn on the cloth across the width of the table at 29 inches (740 mm) from and parallel to the face of the bottom cushion . A semicircle with a radius of 11.5 inches (290 mm) centred on this line within baulk forms the "D" in which the cue ball must be placed when breaking or after the cue ball has been potted or shot off the table. The position of four of

2600-443: Is most often green in colour (representing the grass of the original lawn games from which billiards evolved), and consists of either a woven wool or wool- nylon blend called baize . Most bar tables, which get much use, use the slower, thicker blended felt because it is cheaper. This type of cloth is called a woollen cloth. By contrast, high-quality pool cloth is usually made of a napless weave such as worsted wool, which gives

2700-565: Is not switched off outside operating hours, consumption is 3,500 kilowatt-hour (kWh) per year, costing 525 euros (0.15 EUR/kWh). Switching off a billiard table heater whenever it is not used can save more than 50% in energy consumption and costs; this can be done automatically with timers . Another way to reduce energy consumption and costs is to use synthetic cloth rather than wool cloth, which requires much more energy to warm up. A disadvantage of synthetic cloth may be that certain types of games, such as balkline , may result in damaging

2800-598: Is similar to the house system in the Harry Potter series, and as such the students often debate which LFA house corresponds with that in the series; there is never any consensus on this. Lake Forest Academy is well-recognized as one of the strongest college preparatory schools in the United States. All graduates attend a 4-year college or university, and many of them attend Ivy League schools, " Little Ivies ", and other elite colleges and universities. Ties to

2900-584: Is situated on a wooded 150-acre (0.61 km) campus, which includes a small lake. There are 30 plus buildings on campus, including Reid Hall (formerly the estate of Chicago meat entrepreneur J. Ogden Armour ), Corbin Academic Center, Hutchinson Commons, the Student Union (which houses the dining hall), five dormitories and several faculty housing buildings. The Cressey Center for the Arts (formerly

3000-417: Is the break box . Pocketless carom billiards tables are used for such games as straight rail , balkline , one-cushion billiards , three-cushion caroms , and artistic billiards . Regulation 10 × 5-foot carom billiards tables have a playing surface (measured between the noses of the cushions) of 2.84 by 1.42 metres (9.3 by 4.7 ft) with a 5-millimetre allowance. The standard height range of

3100-538: Is the home to 72 female boarding students. Field is older than the Atlass dorm with its first season of housing students in 1965 but Field House is the closest dorm to the Student Center and has the most spirit of all of the academy dormitories. Marshall Field House was named after Marshall Field , the founder of Marshall Field and Company , the Chicago -based chain of department stores . A substantial donation

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3200-487: Is the outline of the triangle rack behind the foot spot where the balls are racked in straight pool , since the outline of this area is strategically important throughout the game. In artistic pool , lines may be drawn between opposite sights putting a grid on the playing surface. Other grid patterns are used in various forms of balkline billiards . A recent table marking convention, in European nine-ball ,

3300-473: The 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch (57 mm) balls, wider at the side (middle) pockets than the corners. WEPF pool (sometimes informally called "British-style" or "Commonwealth-style") is played with 2 to 2 + 1 ⁄ 8 -in (51–54 mm) balls, and this type of table has smaller, narrow pockets (the width is calculated as the ball diameter multiplied by 1.6, and is consistent at all six pockets), with rounded entrances and nearly parallel sides, like those on

3400-718: The Beaver Wars they fled to the area around Green Bay to escape attacks by both the Iroquois and the Neutral Confederacy , who were seeking expanded hunting grounds. It is estimated that the Potawatomi numbered around 3,000 in 1658,. As an important part of Tecumseh 's Confederacy, Potawatomi warriors took part in Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812 . Their alliances switched repeatedly between United Kingdom and

3500-771: The Citizen Potawatomi Nation or the various resources available through the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians . The Potawatomi language is most similar to the Odawa language ; it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Sauk . Like the Odawa language, or the Ottawa dialect of the Anishinaabe language , the Potawatomi language exhibits a great amount of vowel syncope . Many places in

3600-634: The French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War ). Pontiac's Rebellion was an attempt by Native Americans to push the British and other European settlers out of their territory. The Potawatomi captured every British frontier garrison but the one at Detroit. The Potawatomi nation continued to grow and expanded westward from Detroit, most notably in the development of

3700-506: The Midwest have names derived from the Potawatomi language, including Waukegan , Muskegon , Oconomowoc , Pottawattamie County , Kalamazoo , and Skokie . Billiards table A billiard table or billiards table is a bounded table on which cue sports are played. In the modern era, all billiards tables (whether for carom billiards , pool , pyramid or snooker ) provide a flat surface usually made of quarried slate , that

3800-527: The 1972 film Silent Running . For the home market, many manufacturers have produced convertible billiard tables (in the broad sense) that double as dining tables or as table tennis , foosball , or air hockey , tables, with removable hard tops. Home pool tables, which often lack a ball-return system, are commonly either 4 × 8 ft or 3.5 × 7 ft models, a medium between 3 × 6 ft. bar/pub tables and 4.5 × 9 ft tournament-size models. Low-end tables tend toward

3900-608: The Big Ten and had written the acknowledged standard work on scientific basketball playing. Under his stewardship of LFA's football program during the 1920s, it became more and more difficult for the school to arrange games with secondary schools, and the schedule would be nearly filled against college freshman and junior college teams. In the early 1930s when an ex-player of Jones' bought the Chicago Bears , he would ask Jones to coach them. He did so with distinction, which included

4000-644: The Civil War to give his life for the Union cause. The academy's drill team had been a pet project of Colonel Ellsworth, so that after the Civil War, when President Lincoln's body was brought through Chicago from Washington to Springfield, it would act as escort and guard of honor from Chicago to the State Capitol. Because of the Ellsworth experiment, a gymnasium would be erected in 1864 and physical training

4100-472: The Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi are considered the "youngest brother". Their people are referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi , a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples. In the 19th century, some bands of Potawatomi were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment. In the 1830s the federal government removed most from their lands east of

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4200-749: The Fine & Performing Arts Center, or FPAC) is the site for all-school meetings, concerts and student theatrical productions; the Reyes Family Science Center; and a new student union building was opened in the fall of 2016,housed within it is the Stuart Center for Global Learning . LFA has a variety of athletic facilities, including the David O. MacKenzie '50 Ice Arena, a swimming pool, the Glore Memorial Gymnasium,

4300-523: The James P. Fitzsimmons Athletic Wing, the Crown Fitness & Wellness Center, tennis courts, all-weather track (new as of 2005), and five full-sized playing fields for football, field hockey, and soccer. Approximately three-quarters of the faculty of Lake Forest Academy live on campus. Lake Forest Academy houses its approximately 200 boarding students in five different campus dormitories. The dorms are single-sex and are of varying size. Ferry Hall Dormitory

4400-770: The Mississippi River to Indian Territory - first in Kansas, Nebraska, and last to Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes, in addition to the Potawatomi in Oklahoma. The English "Potawatomi" is derived from the Ojibwe Boodewaadamii(g) ( syncoped in the Ottawa as Boodewaadmii(g) ). The Potawatomi name for themselves ( autonym )

4500-677: The Mississippi River. Often annuities and supplies were reduced, or late in arrival, and the Potawatomi suffered after their relocations. Those in Kansas were later removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma ). The removal of the Indiana Potawatomi was documented by a Catholic priest, Benjamin Petit , who accompanied the Indians on the Potawatomi Trail of Death in 1838. Petit died while returning to Indiana in 1839. His diary

4600-402: The Potawatomi doodems (clans) being: They regard Epigaea repens as their tribal flower and consider it to have come directly from their divinity. Allium tricoccum is consumed in traditional Potawatomi cuisine. They mix an infusion of the root of Uvularia grandiflora with lard and use it as salve to massage sore muscles and tendons. They use Symphyotrichum novae-angliae as

4700-763: The Potawatomi as a single tribe. They often had a few tribal leaders whom all villages accepted. The Potawatomi had a decentralized society, with several main divisions based on geographic locations: Milwaukee or Wisconsin area, Detroit or Huron River , the St. Joseph River , the Kankakee River , Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers , the Illinois River and Lake Peoria, and the Des Plaines and Fox Rivers . The chiefs listed below are grouped by geographic area. The removal period of Potawatomi history began with

4800-515: The Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé (without syncope: Eneshenabé ; plural: Neshnabék ), a cognate of Ojibwe Anishinaabe (g) , meaning "original people." The Potawatomi teach their children about the "Seven Grandfather Teachings" of wisdom, respect, love, honesty, humility, bravery, and truth toward each other and all creation. Each principle teaches the equality and importance of their fellow tribesmen and respect for all of nature's creations. The story that underlies these teaches

4900-656: The Potawatomi. The French period of contact began with early explorers who reached the Potawatomi in western Michigan. They also found the tribe located along the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. By the end of the French period, the Potawatomi had begun a move to the Detroit area, leaving the large communities in Wisconsin. The British period of contact began when France ceded its lands after its defeat by Britain in

5000-740: The St. Joseph villages adjacent to the Miami in southwestern Michigan. The Wisconsin communities continued and moved south along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The United States treaty period of Potawatomi history began with the Treaty of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War and established the United States' interest in the lower Great Lakes. It lasted until the treaties for Indian removal were signed. The US recognized

5100-667: The US government. Following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, by which the tribe ceded its lands in Illinois, most of the Potawatomi people were removed to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. Many perished en route to new lands in the west on their journey through Iowa , Kansas, and Indian Territory, following what became known as the " Trail of Death ". Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen )

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5200-439: The US reduced the size of the reservations under pressure for land by incoming European Americans. The final step followed the Treaty of Chicago , negotiated in 1833 for the tribes by Caldwell and Robinson. In return for land cessions, the US promised new lands, annuities and supplies to enable the peoples to develop new homes. The Illinois Potawatomi were removed to Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi to Kansas , both west of

5300-477: The United States as power relations shifted between the nations, and they calculated effects on their trade and land interests. At the time of the War of 1812, a band of Potawatomi inhabited the area near Fort Dearborn , where Chicago developed. Led by the chiefs Blackbird and Nuscotomeg (Mad Sturgeon), a force of about 500 warriors attacked the United States evacuation column leaving Fort Dearborn. They killed most of

5400-456: The balls to roll better. Queen Victoria (1819–1901) had a billiard table that was heated using zinc tubes, although the aim at that time was chiefly to keep the then-used ivory balls from warping. The first use of electric heating was for an 18.2 balkline tournament held in December 1927 between Welker Cochran and Jacob Schaefer Jr. The New York Times announced it with fanfare: "For

5500-431: The bed of the pocket billiard table must be made of slate no less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick. The flatness of the table must be divergent by no greater than 0.02 inches (0.51 mm) lengthwise and 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) across the width. Some pool tables may feature mechanical scorekeeper on one side, which can be changed to denote points for games such as straight pool or rotation . A table designed for

5600-494: The beds of low-end tables (e.g. for children's recreation rooms ) still include wood, especially medium-density fibreboard and plywood , as well as plastics and other synthetic materials under various trade names. Billiard cloth (sometimes erroneously called felt ) is a specific type of cloth that covers the top of the table's "playing area". Both the rails and slate beds are covered with 21–24-ounce billiard cloth (although some less expensive 19-ounce cloths are available) which

5700-455: The centre of each of the longest side cushions. The pockets are around 86 mm (3.5 in), though high-class tournaments may use slightly smaller pockets to increase difficulty. The amount of undercut (trimmed underside of the rubber cushion's protruding nose at the pocket opening), if any, has a strong effect on how easily a ball is accepted by the pocket (the " pocket speed "). On snooker and English billiards tables,

5800-544: The civilians and 54 of Captain Nathan Heald 's force, and wounded many others. George Ronan , the first graduate of West Point to be killed in combat, died in this ambush. The incident is referred to as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . A Potawatomi chief named Mucktypoke ( Makdébki , Black Partridge), counseled his fellow warriors against the attack. Later he saved some of the civilian captives who were being ransomed by

5900-412: The cloth can affect the run of the balls, especially on slower shots and shots played with sidespin applied to the cue ball . A snooker table traditionally has the nap running from the baulk to the top end and is brushed and ironed in this direction. Other types of billiard tables are used for specific games, such as Russian pyramid which uses a '12 ft by 6 ft' table (similar to

6000-433: The cloth-covered, horizontal playing surface – is, on high-quality equipment, made of solid, smooth slabs of slate , most often from Italy, Brazil or China. Small pool tables may use only one or two pieces of slate, while carom, English billiards and tournament-size pool tables use three. Full-size snooker tables require five. The gap between slates is filled with a hard-drying putty, epoxy or resin, then sanded to produce

6100-408: The colours are marked along the long string (lengthwise centre) of the table, perpendicular to the baulk line: the black spot , 12.75 inches (324 mm) from the top cushion ; the centre spot or blue spot , located at the midpoint between the bottom and top cushions ; the pyramid spot or pink spot , located midway between the centre spot and

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6200-619: The father of the Western Collegiate Football Association, subsequently named "The Big Ten." The academy's football tradition would be carried on by such legendary coaches as Clarence Herschberger and especially Ralph Jones whose teams during the 1920s stood among the finest in the entire country. He had been the University of Illinois' head basketball coach and its freshman baseball and football coach. For eight years he would achieve great success in

6300-438: The festivities. A headmaster's residence was built on campus and named for General Robert E. Wood , the business tycoon whose advocacy for America First before World War II turned into a penchant for Joseph McCarthy in the postwar period. A merger of the boys' and girls' schools formed the coeducational Lake Forest Academy-Ferry Hall School in 1974. The school's name officially became Lake Forest Academy. Lake Forest Academy

6400-666: The first NFL championship. Lake Forest Academy is notable for not being a full member of the Illinois High School Association , the body which governs most sports and competitive activities in Illinois. According to a September 2009 interview with the school's athletic director, "LFA's athletic philosophy and active recruitment of international students conflict with the IHSA and that the Caxys are not eligible to compete for state championships in any sport. And LFA

6500-574: The first time in the history of world's championship balkline billiards a heated table will be used..." An electrically heated table is required under international carom billiard tournament rules 'in order to ensure the best possible rolling', although temperatures are not specified. In tournaments, carom billiard tables have recommended heating temperatures of 33–37  °C (91–99  °F ), while billiard associations may heat their carom tables to as much as 45 °C (113 °F). An average modern billiard heater has an output of 600 watts. If it

6600-415: The full-size model. The playing surface of a good-quality snooker table has a bed of slate and is covered with baize cloth, traditionally green, though many other colours are now available. The thickness of this cloth determines the table's speed (lack of friction) and responsiveness to spin , thicker cloths being longer lasting but slower and less responsive. The nap of

6700-501: The games snooker and English billiards is usually called a snooker table . The playing area of a tournament snooker table, as standardized by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) and the amateur International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF), measures 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 ft 10 in (3569 mm by 1778 mm) with

6800-475: The importance of patience and listening. It follows the Water Spider's journey to retrieve fire so that the other animals can survive the cold. As the other animals step forth one after another to proclaim that they shall be the ones to retrieve the fire, the Water Spider sits and waits while listening to her fellows. As they finish and wrestle with their fears, she steps forward and announces that she will be

6900-403: The inner sides of a table's wooden rails . There are several different materials and design philosophies associated with cushion rubber. These cushions are made from an elastic material such as vulcanized rubber (gum or synthetic). The purpose of the cushion rubber is to cause the billiard balls to rebound off the rubber while minimizing the loss of kinetic energy . The profile of

7000-454: The leading colleges and universities with the academy date back to its very first graduating class. Innovation has been the school's hallmark particularly under strong headmasters such as William Mather Lewis (headmaster between 1905 and 1913 and, subsequently, president of George Washington University and thereafter Lafayette College ) and E. Francis Bowditch (headmaster between 1941 and 1951 and later dean at MIT ). John Wayne Richards led

7100-488: The measurements and shapes of these proprietary templates which change from time to time, requiring that the templates be dated. The organizations do not recognize tournament play or records ( maximum breaks , etc.) if not performed on tables that conform to then-current templates. The cushions (sometimes known as rails, though that term properly applies to the wood sections to which the cushions are attached) are usually made of vulcanized rubber . The baulk area

7200-515: The next until each person has shaken the hand of all others. Field Day also began at Ferry Hall, starting in the spring of 1903 with "classes competing in races, the high jump, and a five-pound shot put, among other events." Field Day would die out in the 1970s as a result of the merger between Ferry Hall and Lake Forest Academy. The House Cup Competition would be re-established in 2004. The students are divided up into four houses (Bird, Lewis, Sargent, and Welch) and compete in various events throughout

7300-635: The next year: seniors move to sit with the alumni, juniors take the former spots of the seniors, and so on. At the beginning of each year every student, faculty member, and administrator gathers in the Formal Gardens and participates in the All-School Handshake. The entire school arranges themselves in a line around the periphery of the Formal Gardens and the Head of School begins by shaking the person's hand next to him, then he moves on to

7400-411: The one to bring fire back. As they laugh and doubt her, she weaves a bowl out of her web, using it to sail across the water to retrieve the fire. She brings back a hot coal out of which the animals make fire, and they celebrate her honor and bravery. The Potawatomi are first mentioned in French records, which suggest that in the early 17th century, they lived in what is now southwestern Michigan . During

7500-465: The playing surface into equal squares. Books, even entire series of books, have been written on geometric and algebraic systems of aiming using the diamonds. Spots are often used to mark the head and foot spots on the cloth. Other markings may be a line drawn across the head string (or across the balk line with the "D" , in British-style pool). Another case

7600-612: The pocket entries are rounded, while pool tables have sharp " knuckles ". This affects how accurate shots need to be to get into a pocket, and how fast they can be when not dead-on, including shots that run along and against a cushion, making snooker more difficult to play than pool. According to the WPBSA official rule book, "the pocket openings shall conform to the templates owned and authorised by The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA)". The WPBSA and IBSF rule books' equipment sections do not actually specify

7700-488: The property. At the celebration of the school's centennial in 1957, head of school Harold H. Corbin Jr declared, "The City of Lake Forest, born in an educational dream, should never allow itself to forget that in one vital sense it is a manufacturing town--not merely residential--and its sole demonstrable product is education." The poet Robert Frost and Princeton president Harold Dodds also visited campus and gave speeches during

7800-542: The rail cushion, which is the cushion's angle in relation to the bed of the table, varies between table types. The standard on American pool tables is the K-66 profile, which as defined by the Billiard Congress of America (BCA) has a base of 1 + 3 ⁄ 16 inches (30 mm) and a nose height of 1 inch (25 mm). When installed properly the distance from the nose of the cushion to the covered slate surface

7900-405: The rails of some tables (not usually on snooker tables) to aid in the aiming of bank or kick shots. There are six along each long rail (with the side pocket interfering with where the seventh one would go, on pocket billiard tables) and three along each short rail, with each of the four corners counting as another in the mathematical systems that the diamonds are used to calculate. These sights divide

8000-404: The ravines along Lake Michigan. In the years prior to the Civil War, the student body received military training from the eccentric Elmer Ellsworth . Ellsworth would go on to acquire fame for being the first officer to be killed in the conflict. Boys trained by Ellsworth enlisted in the war. The Young Ladies' Seminary at Ferry Hall, later simplified to Ferry Hall School , was founded in 1869, and

8100-454: The same pocket, it would fill up the receptacle and prevent any more balls from going in that pocket, requiring that some be moved out of the pocket manually before shooting again. Regardless of table size, the WPA standard (sometimes informally called "American-style") table has wide, angular pockets that funnel notably inward, generally 1.75 to 2.25 times as wide at the opening as the diameter of

8200-504: The school from 1913 until 1941. His pioneering instructional plan of a rotating class schedule received coverage in Time magazine in both 1930 and 1931 under headlines that employed a term of endearment for the headmaster that referenced both his size and a common nickname for Richard. Harold Harlow Corbin Jr. served as head of the school from 1951 until 1969. Corbin was also a renowned collector of eagle figurines, and he occasionally lectured on

8300-470: The school's main building. Headmaster E. Francis Bowditch telegrammed students and faculty with the following message: "You, not the buildings, are LFA. Carry on." In 1948, Lake Forest Academy moved its campus to where it is currently located, the large former estate of Chicago meat baron J. Ogden Armour . Armour had been forced to sell by the Depression of 1921, and a group led by Samuel Insull acquired

8400-416: The smaller range, and may have MDF or wood beds as an alternative to slate; those with light-weight beds may be foldable for storage, as with table tennis. Miniature tables range in size from tabletop 1 × 1.6 ft to free-standing 2.5 × 5 ft models, and use scaled-down cues and balls. Billiard table beds are commonly heated with electricity, in order to keep the cloth dry, and allow

8500-465: The synthetic cloth too quickly because of the way players hit the balls. The 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute caused rising energy costs around Europe, making heating billiard tables almost prohibitively expensive. The Royal Dutch Billiards Federation 's director said in October 2022 that "billiard and snooker localities are simply incapable of affording these energy prices anymore, as heating

8600-572: The table is rectangular with a 2:1 ratio (e.g. 9 × 4.5 ft ). There are only two sizes approved for tournament play by the International Olympic Committee –recognized sport governing body of pool, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), and its various regional and national affiliates; under the world standardized rules of pool, these are the 9 × 4.5 ft and 8 × 4 ft models. For

8700-402: The table, measured from the playing surface to the ground is between 75 and 80 centimetres. The slate bed of a carom billiards table must have a minimum thickness of 45 millimetres and in tournaments recommended heating temperatures is 33–37 °C (91–99 °F), which helps to keep moisture out of the cloth to aid the balls rolling and rebounding in a consistent manner, and generally makes

8800-519: The time period, the boys preparatory school was Presbyterian . LFA's first principal—Samuel F. Miller—had been one of the civil engineers who helped build the railway, as well as a founder of the Presbyterian Church in town. Early curriculum included Greek, Latin, Mathematics, English, Grammar, and Geography. Life for early students was rustic. An outdoor pump provided water for drinking and washing. They recalled wandering and hunting in

8900-448: The top cushion; and the baulk spot or brown spot , located at the midpoint of the baulk line (and, thus of the "D"). Due to its obviousness, the brown spot is not always marked (neither are the unmistakable green and yellow spots , at the left and right intersections, respectively, of the baulk line and the "D " 's curve. The exact placing of these markings are different on smaller tables, but proportional to

9000-608: The topic. One of the fundamental strengths of the school is the potential for strong relationships that form between students and faculty. Faculty, approximately three-quarters of whom live on campus, also serve as coaches and dorm supervisors. This aspect of the academy is often promoted by the Admissions Department and others as a feature that sets the school apart from other institutions. Former head of School Dr. John Strudwick mentions that "LFA prides itself on its small classes and its Advisory system which both promote

9100-527: The treaties of the late 1820s, when the United States created reservations. Billy Caldwell and Alexander Robinson negotiated for the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potowatomi in the Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1829), by which they ceded most of their lands in Wisconsin and Michigan. Some Potawatomi became religious followers of the "Kickapoo Prophet", Kennekuk . Over the years,

9200-487: The typical pool table is a 7 ft × 3.5 ft (2.1 m × 1.1 m), although 6-foot (1.8 m) tables for the pub and home market are also common. These are the sizes used by internationally standardized blackball and the amateur World Eightball Pool Federation , as well as informal pub pool. The 7-foot size is also frequently used in North American amateur leagues, and are common coin-operated fixtures in bars and other venues. The playing surface for

9300-509: The year. The house with the most event points at the end of the year have their name inscribed on a trophy that is displayed in Reid Hall; the colors of the winning team are used in the student handbook cover for the following year. This is based on the House system which is found in British schools; however unlike British schools, students are not divided up based on what dorm they are in. This

9400-503: Was completed in the winter of 2012, and the first girls moved into their rooms in February of that year. Named in honor of Ferry Hall School, and taking design elements from that campus, Ferry Hall Dormitory is the first building to be built on the campus of Lake Forest Academy for girls. With 36 beds, Ferry, as it has come to be known by students is the newest dormitory and is located across the field hockey field from Atlass Hall, forming

9500-474: Was considered a sister school . Lake Forest College was a third component of the original founders' design and opened its doors later although it uses the academy's founding date as its own. It has no formal relationship with the original schools. It was during the leadership of Principal George Cutting (1887–1890) that the colors of orange and black were selected, perhaps influenced by the fact that Cutting had attended Princeton . In May 1946, fire destroyed

9600-513: Was given with the condition that it be used to construct a new boys' dormitory, since Bates House, the previous boys' dormitory constructed in 1948, was in extremely poor condition. Warner House houses about 30 boys and five faculty members; four in the actual structure, and one family in the attached Remsen Cottage. Warner is acknowledged to be the oldest structure on the Lake Forest Academy campus, thought in campus lore to have been

9700-471: Was made by Field to the academy, and the Marshall Field House was dedicated to him on October 9, 1965. McIntosh Cottage (known simply as "Mac") is a unique dormitory, housing only nine girls in five rooms. In addition to the nine student residents, McIntosh houses two faculty members in apartments. McIntosh was named for Arthur T. McIntosh, class of 1896, by his son. The academy was formerly

9800-400: Was not about to change its private-school philosophy (required athletics for every student) to conform to IHSA standards . " The LFA mascot is the "Caxy", which is ancient Greek for "ribbit" – the croaking sound made by a frog. In the early 1900s, Aristophanes ' hit comedy, The Frogs , was the subject of a popular Greek literature class. LFA is believed to be the only school with "Caxys" as

9900-578: Was published in 1941, over 100 years after his death, by the Indiana Historical Society. Many Potawatomi found ways to remain, primarily those in Michigan. Others fled to their Odawa neighbors or to Canada to avoid removal to the west. There are several active bands of Potawatomi. Federally recognized Potawatomi tribes in the United States: La Chauvignerie (1736) and Morgan (1877) mention among

10000-594: Was strongly stressed. In 1876, the LFA baseball team played against Albert Spalding 's Chicago White Stockings (later renamed the Cubs ) professional team. LFA lost; the score was 31 to 1. In 1888, football would be introduced by math and physics instructor William H. ("Little Bill") Williams. He would later coach and would be president of the University Athletic Association; and he has been called

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