34-661: Lake Lanao ( Maranao : Ranao or Ranaw ) is a large ancient lake in the province of Lanao del Sur , Philippines . With a surface area of 340 km (130 sq mi), it is the largest lake in Mindanao , the deepest and second largest lake in the Philippines , and counted as one of the 15 ancient lakes in the world. Scholars have been pushing for the lake's inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List . The lake's native people call themselves
68-594: A maximum depth of 122 m (400 ft), and a mean depth of 60.3 m (198 ft). The basin is shallowest towards the north and gets progressively deeper towards the south. The lake is fed by four rivers, the Ramain , Taraka , Gata , and Masiu . Its only outlet is the Agus River , which flows northwest into Iligan Bay via two channels, one over the Maria Cristina Falls and the other over
102-402: A narrow depression off the northwestern rim of the lake and flows over a basalt rock formation. The canyon carved by the river suggests a short erosional period. The lake and the river are used for both commercial and sport fishing, as well as for recreational activities such as boating and swimming. The river in its entirety, however, is not navigable because the current in some areas reaches
136-589: A schwa /ə/ . However, this process is not a form of gemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is not distinctive as seen in other Philippine languages such as Ilokano and Ibanag . Some of these are: Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants, these four "heavy" consonants being /p’ t’ k’ s’/ . Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position. There are four possible environments for that determine whether
170-573: A similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon , but without the vowel-raising. In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers ( ang/ng/sa ), and Iloko which has two ( ti/iti ), Maranao has four: ( so/ko/o/sa ). (Subject) (Direct Object) (Benefactor/Location) Genitive (Possessive) Curiously, the sa is indefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog. Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to
204-531: A velocity of up to thirty miles an hour. The NAPOCOR 's hydroelectric project on the Agus River generates 70% of the electricity used in Mindanao due to the hydroelectric plants in the river and Maria Cristina Falls. However, the hydroelectric plants and the requisite regulatory dams have changed the fluctuations of the water level of Lake Lanao, affecting the indigenous people, and producing conflicts with
238-624: Is believed that overfishing, pollution, and competition from introduced species caused the extinctions. The lake also supports a large waterfowl population, and the freshwater crab Sundathelphusa wolterecki ( Parathelphusidae ) is endemic to the lake region. The 18 endemic/near-endemic cyprinid species of Lake Lanao ( B. binotatus also occurs, but it is a widespread species): Notes: * — Biggest native species in Lake Lanao ** — Species of high commercial value Other native species: Anguilla celebensis has historically been present in
272-643: Is currently spelled as "Y". "H" is only used for Malay loanwords, and "sh" (pronounced as /ʃ/ ) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as Ishak ( Isaac ). "Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the /d͡ʒ/ sound, such as radia / raja (from the Sanskrit word for 'king', " Rāja ") or the English name John . In representing the mid central vowel (or schwa) /ə/ , different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U"). In social media, speakers use either of
306-478: Is smoothly pronounced [la.jo.ka.kən] . Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially. Orthography-wise, "r" is used for /ɾ/ , "y" is used for /j/ , and "ng" is used for /ŋ/ According to Lobel (2013), [h] only occurs in a few recent Malay loanwords : Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered Proto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized as k . Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with
340-816: The Bangsamoro Organic Law does not include this lake as being under the jurisdiction of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ; certain sectors of the Maranao people had sought the inclusion of this lake into the Bangsamoro Organic Law. In October 2006, a study from the Mindanao State University discovered massive algae contamination in Lake Lanao. Initially, poor sewage and agricultural waste management were seen as
374-575: The Maranao or Meranaw. Their name was derived from the name of the lake, meaning "the people living around the lake". In 1965, Lake Lanao was renamed to Lake Sultan Alonto by Republic Act No. 4260, which was later repealed by Republic Act No. 6434 in 1972. The lake has great hydroelectric potential due to its 700 meter elevation, and as such, in 1950, the Philippines National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) began
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#1732776154807408-509: The Maria Cristina Falls , while the other supplies the Tinago Falls . The river descends for about 2,200 feet (670 m) from its source as it flows for 21 miles (34 km) before draining to the sea. The river is relatively shallow as it is only 4 feet (1.2 m) deep in some areas. The Agus River's watershed spans about 11,320.00 hectares. It has a discharge of about 10 cubic metres per second (350 cu ft/s) and flows from
442-899: The Philippines , as well found also in Sabah , Malaysia . It is spoken among the Moros within the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . It is more closer to Iranun than to Maguindanao within the Danao subgroup. Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of: • Entire Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte • Northwestern municipalities of Maguindanao del Norte : Barira , Buldon , Parang , Matanog , Sultan Mastura , and Sultan Kudarat • Northwestern municipalities of Cotabato : Alamada , Banisilan , Carmen , Libungan , and Pigcawayan • Northwestern municipalities of Bukidnon : Talakag and Kalilangan • Small parts in
476-455: The Tinago Falls . Four islands can be found in the lake: The lake is (or was) home to 17 endemic species of cyprinid fish in the genus Barbodes (most were formerly in Puntius ), as well as the near-endemic B. tumba . These fish are suggested to be a species complex descending from the widespread common barb, B. Binotatus . This would represent an explosive evolution rate of
510-461: The [ɨ] sound as a separate phoneme (written with ae ) instead of a raised allophone of /ə/ . [ ɪ ~ i ] [ ə ~ ɨ ] [ o ~ u ] [ a ~ ɤ ] Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants: In Maranao, /ʔ/ is not phonemic word-initially (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, layok aken ('friend of mine')
544-399: The "hard consonants" /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, sʰ/ are written as "ph, th, kh, z". Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features. Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below). The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed
578-542: The Lake Lanao watershed as a reservation and established the Lake Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council (LLWPDC), a policy group with both SALAM and NAPOCOR representatives. Despite these efforts, NAPOCOR has since not made any major concessions to the Maranao. SALAM and the Maranao continue to protect the Lanao watershed from environmental degradation. Section 22 of Article XIII of
612-500: The center of the world. When the angels were summoned and the barahana made, Mantapoli was soon teleported into the Earth's center, leaving a vast hole in its former location. The hole eventually filled with water and turned into a deep, blue-colored lake. When Diabarail saw the tides of water, he immediately went to heaven to report to Allah. He told Allah that the waters may drown the people. Hearing this, Allah commanded Diabarail to summon
646-507: The coast of Zamboanga del Sur all of which are located within the island of Mindanao in southern Philippines. Maranao was historically written in Perso-Arabic letters called Jawi , which were known as Batang-a-Arab and Kirim . It is now written with Latin letters. Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are
680-551: The construction of a series of hydroelectric plants titled Agus I – Agus VII along the Agus River system, which generates 70% of the electricity used by the people of Mindanao. In 1978, the Marawi Lake Regulation Dam (MLRD) was constructed at the mouth of the Agus, and five power plants were commissioned shortly afterwards (Agus I, II, IV, V, and VII). Notably, Agus I is not located on the river, but directly on
714-521: The culprits of the contamination. However, the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that soil erosion from indiscriminate logging and extensive land use and farming are the problems that caused the algae contamination. The lake was formed by the tectonic -volcanic damming of a basin between two mountain ranges and the collapse of a large volcano . It has
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#1732776154807748-497: The dam would act as an artificial, alternative outlet to the Agus that is deeply unnatural and would result in a 9 meter fluctuation of the lake level. Conflict between SALAM and NAPOCOR resulted in the creation of the Task Force on Agus 1 by Aquilino Pimentel Jr. , which subsequently delayed the commission date of the plant to January 14, 1992. In the two months following Agus I's operation date, President Corazon Aquino declared
782-491: The equilibrium between sebangan (east) and sedpan (west) was broken. This problem soon came to the attention of archangel Diabarail . Afterward, Diabarail went to heaven and told Allah the news. Sohora, the voice of Allah, advised Diabarail to go to seven regions beneath the earth and seven regions in the sky to summon the angels. Sohora also said that when Allah fully establishes the barahana ( solar eclipse ), they will remove Mantapoli from its location and transfer it into
816-525: The fish, presumably migrating in from the Sundaland and speciating throughout 10,000 to 20,000 years as the Philippines became isolated. However, an investigation in 1992 only managed to locate three of the endemic/near-endemic fish species, and only two (the endemic B. lindog and the near-endemic B. tumba ) were located in 2008. In 2020, 15 of the endemics were regarded as extinct, while B. lindog and B. sirang were regarded as possibly extinct. It
850-709: The four winds (Angin Taupan, Angin Besar, Angin Darat, and Angin Sarsar) to blow the excess waters and establish outlets where these waters will flow. After three trails, the winds succeeded and the Agus River was formed. Maranao language Maranao ( Filipino : Mëranaw ; Jawi : باسا أ مراناو ) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte and their respective cities of Marawi and Iligan located in
884-491: The lake, apparently making its way in from the sea through subterranean waterways inaccessible to other fish. However, it has rarely been reported in fisherman surveys since 1990, suggesting that the species is extant but extremely rare. Introduced species: In a 2008 fish landing survey, Hypseleotris agilis (sleeper goby) comprised 66.6% of the fish caught by weight. The gobies, including G. giuris and G. celebius , were found to prey on small fish, and as such, are considered
918-452: The letters used in writing out native words: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, kapaar is pronounced as /kapaʔaɾ/ . The final /w/ sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe /j/ , which
952-535: The local population. In Maranao mythology, Lake Lanao once threatened to drown the people of Sebangan with its ever-rising waters. The Archangel Gabriel is thought to have made the Agus River to drain the lake. An Agus River tributary provides Timoga Springs with water; the springs is roughly 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the Maria Cristina Falls . The water from Timoga Springs runs out to resorts and private swimming pools. The swimming pools are encircled by numerous food booths . The Rough Guides called
986-402: The primary cause of the endemic species' decline. Lake Lanao is home to many important myths and legends of the Maranao people . A Maranao myth describes the formation of the lake. Long ago, in what is now the lake was the prosperous sultanate of Mantapoli. The people of the polity increased in population due to advancements in many fields. Because of the sudden growth in population and power,
1020-618: The shoreline of the lake, in the heart of Marawi City . While the MLRD does not affect the function of the four downstream dams, the construction of Agus I effectively turned the lake into a reservoir, sparking significant backlash among the Maranao. In October 1990, the Maranao publicly demonstrated as Agus I was finishing construction, leading to the birth of the Save Lake Lanao Movement (SALAM), which intended to obstruct NAPOCOR's progress in building Agus I. SALAM contended that
1054-583: The supposed presence of the vowel /ɨ/ . However, analysis by Lobel (2009, 2013 ) showed that this may actually be an allophone of /ə/ after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the glottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as [aw, aj, oi] were spelled as "ao, ai, oi". The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography,
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1088-536: The two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. saken can also be spelled sakn and sakun on the internet). Meanwhile, the Commission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa . In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996, the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent
1122-610: The vowel will be raised or not: Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp- ). A study by Allison noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p ), but preserved elsewehere. Lobel noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (* [-bpa-] > [-pʰɤ-] ). Aspirated consonants also developed in
1156-481: The word/morpheme before it. (free) (bound) (bound) Agus River The Agus River is a river that flows for 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) from Lake Lanao to Iligan Bay , Philippines . It cuts through the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte . Settlements along the banks of the river include the city of Marawi , the municipality of Linamon , and the city of Iligan . It separates into two channels as it drains to Iligan Bay; one goes over
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