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47-719: The lake is the fifth-largest in Europe after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega (in Russia), Lake Vänern (in Sweden ), and Lake Saimaa (in Finland ). The lake is a remnant of water regularly collecting at the foot of large, perennial arctic ice sheets during recent ice ages . It covers 3,555 km (1,373 sq mi), and it has an average depth of 7.1 m (23 ft), the deepest point being 15 m (49 ft). The lake has several islands and consists of three parts: The lake

94-419: A city made of lakes named Old Norse Aldeigja or Aldoga . Since the beginning of the 14th century this hydronym was commonly known as Ladoga . According to T. N. Jackson, it can be taken "almost for granted that the name of Ladoga first referred to the river, then the city, and only then the lake". Therefore, he considers the primary hydronym Ladoga to originate in the eponymous inflow to the lower reaches of

141-411: A connection with peipo or peippu 'chaffinch' (or other songbird) or Votic põippõ 'chicken', Lauri Kettunen suggested derivation from a personal name, and Rufʹ Aleksandrovna Ageeva  [ ru ] suggested a Baltic etymology, comparing it to Latvian piepe and Lithuanian pepis 'moisture, mold'. The Russian name Chudskoye ozero (Чудское озеро) means 'Chud Lake' (i.e., 'Estonian Lake');

188-518: A length of 930 metres (3,050 ft) and a maximum height of 8 metres (26 ft), as well as several caves and one of the largest colonies of swallows in Estonia. Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia , in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg . It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe,

235-652: A number of other Salmonidae as well as, albeit rarely, endangered Atlantic sturgeon (formerly confused with European sea sturgeon ). Commercial fishing was once a major industry but has been hurt by overfishing. After the war, between 1945 and 1954, the total annual catch increased and reached a maximum of 4,900 tonnes. However, unbalanced fishery led to the drastic decrease of catch in 1955–1963, sometimes to 1,600 tonnes per year. Trawling has been forbidden in Lake Ladoga since 1956 and some other restrictions were imposed. The situation gradually recovered, and in 1971–1990

282-609: Is a river in Novosokolnichesky , Pustoshkinsky , Sebezhsky , Opochetsky , Pushkinogorsky , Ostrovsky , Palkinsky , and Pskovsky Districts of Pskov Oblast , as well as in the city of Pskov in Russia . It is the largest tributary of Lake Peipus and belongs to the drainage basin of the Narva . It is 430 kilometres (270 mi) long, and the area of its basin 25,200 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi). The name of

329-727: Is fully supported by archeology, since the Scandinavians first appeared in Ladoga in the early 750s, that is, a couple of decades before the Slavs . Other hypotheses about the origin of the name derive it from Karelian : aalto 'wave' and Karelian : aaltokas 'wavy', or from the Russian dialectal word алодь, meaning 'open lake, extensive water field'. Eugene Helimski by contrast, offers an etymology rooted in German. In his opinion,

376-473: Is home to perch , pike-perch , bream , roaches , whitefishes , smelt and other species of fish. The wetlands of the coastal strip of the lake are important resting and feeding grounds for swans, geese and ducks migrating between the White Sea and Baltic Sea and western Europe. Lake Peipus is one of the main stopovers for Bewick's swan ( Cygnus columbianus ). The swans leave their breeding grounds in

423-611: Is known, hosts Jotnian sediments . During the Pleistocene glaciations the depression was partially stripped of its sedimentary rock fill by glacial overdeepening . During the Last Glacial Maximum , about 17,000 years BP , the lake served likely as a channel that concentrated ice of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet into an ice stream that fed glacier lobes further east. Deglaciation following

470-761: Is remarkable in that it was mostly fought on the frozen surface of the lake and is therefore called the Battle on the Ice . The largest city on the lake, Pskov , is also one of the oldest cities in Russia, known from at least 903 AD from a record in the Primary Chronicle of the Laurentian Codex . The city had a certain measure of independence even though it was dominated by its neighbours - Novgorod , Lithuania and Muscovy - and eventually incorporated in

517-634: Is used for fishing and recreation, but suffered from environmental degradation from Soviet -era agriculture. Some 30 rivers and streams discharge into Lake Peipus, the two largest of which are the Velikaya and Emajõgi . The lake drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Narva River. On 5 April 1242, the frozen lake was the site of the Battle on the Ice (also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus) between

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564-584: The Bezhanitsy Hills in the northwest of Novosokolnichesky District . The river flows south through a system of lakes to Lake Veryato , where it turns west. It accepts the Alolya from the right and gradually turns north, passing through the town of Opochka. Northwest of the urban-type settlement of Pushkinskiye Gory it turns west, accepts the Sinyaya from the left and turns north. In the city of Pskov

611-688: The Ingrian War , a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo , the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War , it was restitutioned to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad . In the 18th century, the Ladoga Canal was built to bypass the lake which was prone to winds and storms that destroyed hundreds of cargo ships. Later, from around 1812–1940

658-588: The Volkhov River whose early Finnic name was Alodejoki (corresponding to modern Finnish : Alojen joki ) 'river of the lowlands'. The Germanic toponym ( Aldeigja ~ Aldoga ) was soon borrowed by the Slavic population and transformed by means of the Old East Slavic metathesis ald- → lad- to Old East Slavic : Ладога . The Old Norse intermediary word between Finnish and Old East Slavic word

705-587: The Weichselian glaciation took place in the Lake Ladoga basin between 12,500 and 11,500 radiocarbon years BP . Lake Ladoga was initially part of the Baltic Ice Lake (70–80 m. above present sea level ), a historical freshwater stage of Baltic Sea . It is possible, though not certain, that Ladoga was isolated from it during regression of the subsequent Yoldia Sea brackish stage (10,200–9,500 BP). The isolation threshold should be at Heinjoki to

752-478: The Russian Arctic 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) away and the lake is the first stop for many. Bewick's rarely fly more than 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) without fueling so they are near to the limits of their endurance when they reach the lake. The ecological condition of the lake basin is, in general, satisfactory – water is mostly of grades I and II (clean), and is of grade III in some rivers due to

799-432: The Russian state. Several historical buildings remain in the city, including Mirozhsky Monastery (1156, which contains famous frescoes of 14–17th centuries), Pskov Kremlin (14–17th centuries) with the five-domed Trinity Cathedral (1682–1699), churches of Ivanovo (until 1243), Snetogorsky Monastery (13th century), Church of Basil (1413), Church of Cosmas and Damian (1462), Church of St. George (1494) and others. Gdov

846-608: The Soviet Union. During World War II not only Finnish and Soviet, but also German and Italian vessels operated there (see also Naval Detachment K and Regia Marina ). Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–44), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city as a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over

893-602: The Velikaya accepts the Pskova from the right and turns northwest, forming a river delta as it enters Lake Peipus. The drainage basin of the Velikaya comprises vast areas in the west and southwest of Pskov Oblast, as well as in the east of Latvia and in the north of the Vitebsk Region of Belarus. The river has a significant historic importance. Pskov was founded in 903, and the Velikaya provided it with access to

940-551: The armies of the Novgorod Republic and the Teutonic Order . The origin of the name Peipus ( Estonian : Peipsi ) is uncertain, although it may be paralleled by Lake Peipiä ( Russian : Копанское озеро ) and the village of Peipiä ( Russian : Пейпия ) along its shore, and by Peipozero ( Russian : Пейпозеро ) near Onega Bay . Paul Ariste suggested a pre-Finnic origin of the name, Julius Mägiste suggested

987-468: The catch ranged between 4,900 and 6,900 tonnes per year, about the same level as the total catch in 1938. Fish farms and recreational fishing are developing. It has its own endemic ringed seal subspecies known as the Ladoga seal . Since the beginning of the 1960s Ladoga has become considerably eutrophicated . Nizhnesvirsky Natural Reserve is situated along the shore of Lake Ladoga immediately to

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1034-424: The center of Pihkva Lake there is a group of Talabski Islands (Talabsk, Talabenets and Verkhniy). The lake hosts 54 species of coastal aquatic flora, including cane , calamus ( Acorus calamus ), bulrush , grass rush , lesser bulrush ( Typha angustifolia ) and water parsnip ( Sium latifolium ). Floating plants are rare and are of only three types: arrowhead , yellow water-lily and water knotweed . The lake

1081-705: The course of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars , the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Nöteborg) were established along the banks of the lake. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658, the Swedes deployed several armed vessels (called Lodja) on lake Ladoga to combat the Russians though no large sea battles were fought. The ancient Valaam Monastery

1128-474: The delta of the Velikaya River. The islands are low wetlands, elevated above the lake surface on average by only 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) (maximum 4.5 metres (15 ft)) and therefore suffer from floods. The largest islands are Kolpina (area 11 km) in the south, Piirissaar (area 7.39 km (2.85 sq mi) in the center, and Kamenka (area 6 km). In

1175-582: The east of Vyborg , where the Baltic Sea and Ladoga were connected by a strait or a river outlet at least until the formation of the River Neva, and possibly even much later, until the 12th century AD or so. At 9,500 BP, Lake Onega , previously draining into the White Sea , started emptying into Ladoga via the River Svir . Between 9,500 and 9,100 BP, during the transgression of Ancylus Lake ,

1222-482: The ethnonym Chud ( чудь ) referred to various Finnic peoples in what is now Estonia, Karelia, and northwestern Russia. The lake is a remnant of a larger body of water that existed in this area during a former ice age . In the Paleozoic Era, 300 to 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of Finland was covered by a sea. Its modern relief was formed as a result of glacier activities,

1269-432: The high content of phosphorus . The water condition of the rivers has improved since 2001–2007, but there is an increase in population of blue-green algae . The main problem of Lake Peipus is its eutrophication . The towns standing on the banks are relatively small and include Mustvee (population 1,610), Kallaste (population 1,260) and Gdov (population 4,400). The largest city, Pskov (population 202,000) stands on

1316-596: The ice, the " Road of Life ", and by boat in the summer. After World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region again to the USSR, and all Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded territory . Ladoga became an internal Soviet basin once again. The northern shore, Ladoga Karelia with the town of Sortavala , is now part of the Republic of Karelia . The western shore, Karelian Isthmus , became part of Leningrad Oblast . Velikaya The Velikaya ( Russian : Вели́кая )

1363-443: The islands), slightly larger than Kuwait . Its north-to-south length is 219 km and its average width is 83 km; the average depth is 47 m, although it reaches a maximum of 230 m in the north-western part. Basin area: 276,000 km , volume: 837 km (earlier estimated as 908 km ). There are around 660 islands, with a total area of about 435 km . Ladoga is, on average, 5 m above sea level. Most of

1410-654: The islands, including the famous Valaam archipelago, Kilpola and Konevets , are situated in the northwest of the lake. Separated from the Baltic Sea by the Karelian Isthmus , it drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Neva River . Lake Ladoga is navigable, being a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the Volga River . The Ladoga Canal bypasses the lake in

1457-539: The lake was shared between Finland and Russia. According to the conditions of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty militarization of the lake was severely restricted. However, both Soviet Russia and Finland had flotillas in Ladoga (see also Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment ). After the Winter War (1939–40) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty , Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of

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1504-440: The lake. The largest are Velikaya and Emajõgi ; smaller rivers include Zadubka, Cherma, Gdovka , Kuna, Torokhovka, Remda, Rovya, Zhelcha , Chernaya, Lipenka, Startseva, Borovka, Abija, Obdeh, Piusa , Võhandu , Kodza, Kargaya, Omedu, Tagajõgi and Alajõgi. The lake is drained by only one river, the Narva , into the Baltic Sea . The lake contains 29 islands, with a total area of 25.8 km, with 40 more islands located within

1551-444: The last of which, the Weichselian glaciation , ended about 12,000 years ago. The banks of Lake Peipus have smooth contours and form only one large bay: Raskopelsky Bay. The low shores of the lake mostly consist of peat and are bordered by vast lowland and marshes , which are flooded in the spring, with the flooding area reaching up to 1,000 km (390 sq mi). There are sand dunes and hills covered with pine forests. Along

1598-569: The lower portions of Izhora River , then a tributary of the Gulf of Finland , between 4,000 and 2,000 BP. Dating of some sediments in the northwestern part of Lake Ladoga suggests it happened at 3,100 radiocarbon years BP (3,410–3,250 calendar years BP). The Ladoga is rich with fish. 48 forms (species and infra specific taxa) of fish have been encountered in the lake, including roach , carp bream , zander , European perch , ruffe , endemic variety of smelt , two varieties of Coregonus albula (vendace), eight varieties of Coregonus lavaretus ,

1645-512: The next brackish-water stage of the Baltic, occasionally invaded Ladoga between 7,000 and 5,000 BP. Around 5,000 BP the waters of the Saimaa Lake penetrated Salpausselkä and formed a new outlet, River Vuoksi , entering Lake Ladoga in the northwestern corner and raising its level by 1–2 m. The River Neva originated when the Ladoga waters at last broke through the threshold at Porogi into

1692-583: The next freshwater stage of the Baltic, Ladoga certainly became part of it, even if they hadn't been connected immediately before. During the Ancylus Lake subsequent regression, around 8,800 BP Ladoga became isolated. Ladoga slowly transgressed in its southern part due to uplift of the Baltic Shield in the north. It has been hypothesized, but not proven, that waters of the Litorina Sea ,

1739-711: The north of the mouth of the River Svir . The Ladoga has a population of Arctic char that is genetically close to the chars of Lake Sommen and Lake Vättern in southern Sweden. In the Middle Ages , the lake formed a vital part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Eastern Roman Empire , with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In

1786-420: The primary name of the lake was Old Norse : * Aldauga 'old source', associated to the open sea, in contrast to the name of the Neva River (flowing from Lake Ladoga) which would derive from the German expression for 'the new'. Through the intermediate form *Aldaugja , Old Norse : Aldeigja came about, referring to the city of Ladoga. The lake has an average surface area of 17,891 km (excluding

1833-476: The river Velikaya , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the lake. Ship navigation is well developed and serves fishery, transport of goods and passengers and tourist tours. The picturesque shores of the lake are a popular destination for tourism and recreation at several tourist camps and sanatoriums. In 1242, the southern part of Lake Peipus hosted a major historical battle where Teutonic Knights were defeated by Novgorod troops led by Alexander Nevsky . The battle

1880-826: The river literally means "Grand" or "Great" in Russian. The towns of Opochka , Ostrov and Pskov are located on the banks of the Velikaya. The principal tributaries of the Velikaya are the Alolya (right), the Issa (left), the Sorot (right), the Sinyaya (left), the Utroya (left), the Kukhva (left), the Cheryokha (right), and the Pskova (right). The source of the Velikaya is located in

1927-490: The sandy shores, there is a 200–300 metres (660–980 ft) wide stretch of shallow waters. The relief of the bottom is uniform and flat, gradually rising near the shores and covered with silt , and in some places with sand. The deepest point of 15.3 metres (50 ft) is located in the Teploe Lake, 300 metres (980 ft) from the coast. The lake is well-flowing, with the annual inflow of water equal to about half of

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1974-575: The second largest lake in Russia after Lake Baikal , and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in the world. It is comparable in size to Lake Ontario . Ladoga Lacus , a methane lake on Saturn 's moon Titan , is named after the lake. In one of Nestor's chronicles from the 12th century a lake called "the Great Nevo" is mentioned, a clear link to the Neva River and possibly further to Finnish nevo 'sea' or neva 'bog, quagmire'. Ancient Norse sagas and Hanseatic treaties both mention

2021-527: The shallow depth, the lake quickly warms and cools. Water temperature reaches 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in July. The lakes freeze in late November – early December and thaw in late April – early May, first lakes Teploe and Pihkva and then lake Peipus. However, due to recent climatic changes, Lake Peipus has now commonly started to freeze later into December and thaw much earlier in April. About 30 rivers flow into

2068-522: The south, connecting the Neva to the Svir . The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers longer than 10 km. About 85% of the water inflow is due to tributaries, 13% is due to precipitation , and 2% is due to underground waters. Geologically, the Lake Ladoga depression is a graben and syncline structure of Proterozoic age ( Precambrian ). This "Ladoga–Pasha structure", as it

2115-400: The total water volume. The lake water is fresh, with a low transparency of about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) due to plankton and suspended sediments caused by the river flow. Water currents are weak 5–9 cm/s (2.0–3.5 in/s); generally induced by wind, so stop when it ceases. However, during the spring flood, there is a constant surface current from north to south. Because of

2162-521: Was founded in 1431 as a fortress and became a city in 1780; the only remains of the historical Gdov Kremlin are three fortress walls. Kallaste was founded in the 18th century by the Old Believers who had fled from the Novgorod area, and there is still a functional Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church in the town. Near Kallaste, there is one of the largest surfacings of Devonian sandstone with

2209-721: Was founded on the island of Valaam , the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611 and 1715, restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery , which sits on the Konevets island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery , which preserves samples of medieval Muscovite architecture . During

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