Lake Tele ( French Lac Télé ) is a freshwater lake in Epena District , Republic of the Congo .
63-667: Located at 1°20′N 17°9′E / 1.333°N 17.150°E / 1.333; 17.150 in the north-eastern area of the Republic of the Congo, Lake Tele was formed in Pliocene alluvial sediments by an unknown geological process. It is elliptical, almost round, in shape and is surrounded by the Likouala-aux-Herbes swamp forests which are gradually covering it. There are no significant inlets or outlets in
126-473: A monotreme , appeared. The predatory South American phorusrhacids were rare in this time; among the last was Titanis , a large phorusrhacid that migrated to North America and rivaled mammals as top predator. Other birds probably evolved at this time, some modern (such as the genera Cygnus , Bubo , Struthio and Corvus ), some now extinct. Alligators and crocodiles died out in Europe as
189-680: A giant anoxic sea . The western and central Paratethys basins experienced intense tectonic activity and anoxia during the Oligocene and early Miocene and became filled with sediments . Local gypsum and salt evaporitic basins formed in the East Carpathian region during the early Miocene. The Eastern Paratethys basin, holding most of the water of Paratethys, remained anoxic for almost 20 million years (35–15 Mya), and during this time Paratethys acted as an enormous carbon sink trapping organic matter in its sediments. The Paratethys anoxia
252-406: A large neocortex relative to body mass and stone tool manufacture. Improvements in dating methods and in the use of climate proxies have provided scientists with the means to test hypotheses of the evolution of human ancestors. Early hypotheses of the evolution of human traits emphasized the selective pressures produced by particular habitats. For example, many scientists have long favored
315-459: A lesser extent, in the Pannonian depression in central Hungary . Some 12 million years ago, slightly before the onset of the late Miocene , the ancient sea transformed into a megalake that covered more than 2.8 million square kilometers, from the eastern Alps to what is now Kazakhstan , and characterized by salinities generally ranging between 12 and 14%. During its five-million-year lifetime,
378-429: A particular habitat. The change to a cooler, drier, more seasonal climate had considerable impacts on Pliocene vegetation, reducing tropical species worldwide. Deciduous forests proliferated, coniferous forests and tundra covered much of the north, and grasslands spread on all continents (except Antarctica). Eastern Africa in particular saw a huge expansion of C 4 grasslands. Tropical forests were limited to
441-595: A rich description of local fauna, flora and Congolese cultural practices and relations with the indigenous Pygmy peoples. The 4,389.6 km (1,694.8 sq mi) wetland area of the Réserve Communautaire du Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-Herbes . It is a Ramsar site since 18 July 1998. Surveys conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society in 2006 and 2007 found more than 100,000 previously unreported gorillas have been living in
504-968: A tight band around the equator, and in addition to dry savannahs , deserts appeared in Asia and Africa. Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern, although continental faunas were a bit more primitive than today. The land mass collisions meant great migration and mixing of previously isolated species, such as in the Great American Interchange . Herbivores got bigger, as did specialized predators. In North America, rodents , large mastodons and gomphotheres , and opossums continued successfully, while hoofed animals ( ungulates ) declined, with camel , deer , and horse all seeing populations recede. Three-toed horses ( Nannippus ), oreodonts , protoceratids , and chalicotheres became extinct. Borophagine dogs and Agriotherium became extinct, but other carnivores including
567-552: Is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far. During the late Zanclean, Italy remained relatively warm and humid. Central Asia became more seasonal during the Pliocene, with colder, drier winters and wetter summers, which contributed to an increase in
630-752: The Aral Sea in Central Asia . Paratethys was peculiar due to its paleogeography : it consisted of a series of deep basins, formed during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic as an extension of the rift that formed the Central Atlantic Ocean . These basins were connected with each other and the global ocean by narrow and shallow seaways that often limited water exchange and caused widespread long-term anoxia . Paratethys
693-543: The Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.59 to 1.81 Ma, and is now included in the Pleistocene. As with other older geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well-identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between
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#1732797440149756-588: The Hardangervidda plateau to 1200 m in the Early Pliocene. In Southern Sweden similar movements elevated the South Swedish highlands leading to a deflection of the ancient Eridanos river from its original path across south-central Sweden into a course south of Sweden. The Pliocene is bookended by two significant events in the evolution of human ancestors. The first is the appearance of
819-686: The Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, making possible the Great American Interchange and bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive native ungulate fauna, though other South American lineages like its predatory mammals were already extinct by this point and others like xenarthrans continued to do well afterwards. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters decreasing temperatures in
882-571: The Netherlands the Pliocene is divided into these stages (old to young): Brunssumian C, Reuverian A, Reuverian B, Reuverian C, Praetiglian , Tiglian A, Tiglian B, Tiglian C1-4b, Tiglian C4c, Tiglian C5, Tiglian C6 and Eburonian . The exact correlations between these local stages and the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) stages is not established. During the Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago (Ma)),
945-478: The North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean beds. Mid-latitude glaciation was probably underway before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have accelerated on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas. During the Pliocene the earth climate system response shifted from a period of high frequency-low amplitude oscillation dominated by
1008-784: The Outer Carpathians , Transylvanian and Pannonian basins. Salt mines extract this middle-Miocene salt in Transylvania: Turda , Ocna Mures , Ocna Sibiului and Praid ; in the Eastern and Carpathians: Wieliczka , Bochnia , Cacica and Slanic Prahova ; and Ocnele Mari in the Southern Carpathians, but evaporites are also present in areas west of the Carpathians: Maramureș , eastern Slovakia (Solivar mine near Prešov ) and, to
1071-671: The geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58 million years ago (Ma). It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era . The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included
1134-497: The hominin Australopithecus anamensis in the early Pliocene, around 4.2 million years ago. The second is the appearance of Homo , the genus that includes modern humans and their closest extinct relatives, near the end of the Pliocene at 2.6 million years ago. Key traits that evolved among hominins during the Pliocene include terrestrial bipedality and, by the end of the Pliocene, encephalized brains (brains with
1197-634: The savannah hypothesis . This proposes that the evolution of terrestrial bipedality and other traits was an adaptive response to Pliocene climate change that transformed forests into more open savannah . This was championed by Grafton Elliot Smith in his 1924 book, The Evolution of Man , as "the unknown world beyond the trees", and was further elaborated by Raymond Dart as the killer ape theory . Other scientists, such as Sherwood L. Washburn , emphasized an intrinsic model of hominin evolution. According to this model, early evolutionary developments triggered later developments. The model placed little emphasis on
1260-524: The supercontinent Pangaea broke up during the Triassic (200 million years ago). The name Paratethys was first used by Vladimir Laskarev in 1924. Laskarev's definition included only fossils and sedimentary strata from the sea of the Neogene system . This definition was later adjusted also to include the Oligocene series . The existence of a separate water body in these periods was deduced from
1323-493: The weasel family diversified, and dogs and short-faced bears did well. Ground sloths , huge glyptodonts , and armadillos came north with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The latitudinal diversity gradient among terrestrial North American mammals became established during this epoch some time after 4 Ma. In Eurasia rodents did well, while primate distribution declined. Elephants , gomphotheres and stegodonts were successful in Asia (the largest land mammals of
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#17327974401491386-469: The 41,000-year period of Earth's obliquity to one of low-frequency, high-amplitude oscillation dominated by the 100,000-year period of the orbital eccentricity characteristic of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, 3.6 to 2.6 Ma, the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures some 8 °C warmer than today). That
1449-525: The Cretaceous and the early Cenozoic . This may have contributed to further cooling of the oceans worldwide. The Pliocene seas were alive with sea cows , seals , sea lions , sharks and whales . Paratethys The Paratethys sea , Paratethys ocean , Paratethys realm or just Paratethys was a large shallow inland sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to
1512-595: The Earth's climate became cooler and drier, as well as more seasonal, marking a transition between the relatively warm Miocene to the cooler Pleistocene . However, the beginning of the Pliocene was marked by an increase in global temperatures relative to the cooler Messinian . This increase was related to the 1.2 million year obliquity amplitude modulation cycle . By 3.3-3.0 Ma, during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP), global average temperature
1575-584: The Mediterranean fell dry during the Messinian salinity crisis (about 6 million years ago) there were phases when Paratethys water flowed into the deep Mediterranean basins. During the Pliocene epoch (5.33 to 2.58 million years ago) the former Paratethys was divided into a couple of inland seas that were at times completely separated from each other. An example was the Pannonian Sea ,
1638-748: The Paratethys Sea. Paratethys formed about 34 Mya (million years ago) at the beginning of the Oligocene epoch, when the northern region of the Tethys Ocean (Peri-Tethys) was separated from the Mediterranean region of the Tethys realm due to the formation of the Alps , Carpathians , Dinarides , Taurus and Elburz mountains. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, this part of Eurasia
1701-628: The Pliocene contains the Dacian (roughly equal to the Zanclean) and Romanian (roughly equal to the Piacenzian and Gelasian together) stages. As usual in stratigraphy, there are many other regional and local subdivisions in use. In Britain , the Pliocene is divided into the following stages (old to young): Gedgravian, Waltonian , Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian or Antian, Pre-Pastonian or Baventian, Pastonian and Beestonian . In
1764-566: The Pliocene were such proboscideans as Deinotherium , Anancus , and Mammut borsoni , ) though proboscidean diversity declined significantly during the Late Pliocene. Hyraxes migrated north from Africa. Horse diversity declined, while tapirs and rhinos did fairly well. Bovines and antelopes were successful; some camel species crossed into Asia from North America. Hyenas and early saber-toothed cats appeared, joining other predators including dogs, bears, and weasels. Africa
1827-546: The Western Atlantic, assemblages of bivalves exhibited remarkable stasis with regards to their basal metabolic rates throughout the various climatic changes of the Pliocene. The Pliocene was a high water mark for species diversity among Caribbean corals. From 5 to 2 Ma, coral species origination rates were relatively high in the Caribbean, although a noticeable extinction event and drop in diversity occurred at
1890-544: The abundance of C 4 plants across the region. In the Loess Plateau , δ13C values of occluded organic matter increased by 2.5% while those of pedogenic carbonate increased by 5% over the course of the Late Miocene and Pliocene, indicating increased aridification. Further aridification of Central Asia was caused by the development of Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. A sediment core from
1953-735: The climate cooled. Venomous snake genera continued to increase as more rodents and birds evolved. Rattlesnakes first appeared in the Pliocene. The modern species Alligator mississippiensis , having evolved in the Miocene, continued into the Pliocene, except with a more northern range; specimens have been found in very late Miocene deposits of Tennessee . Giant tortoises still thrived in North America, with genera like Hesperotestudo . Madtsoid snakes were still present in Australia. The amphibian order Allocaudata became extinct. In
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2016-475: The early-mid Pliocene (5 Ma – 3 Ma), after three-million-year intervals with modern or glacial ice volume became longer and collapse occurs only at times when warmer global temperature coincide with strong austral summer insolation anomalies. Continents continued to drift , moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations. South America became linked to North America through
2079-570: The end of this interval. Oceans continued to be relatively warm during the Pliocene, though they continued cooling. The Arctic ice cap formed , drying the climate and increasing cool shallow currents in the North Atlantic. Deep cold currents flowed from the Antarctic. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago cut off the final remnant of what was once essentially a circum-equatorial current that had existed since
2142-549: The first time since the Cretaceous , with North American rodents and primates mixing with southern forms. Litopterns and the notoungulates , South American natives, were mostly wiped out, except for the macrauchenids and toxodonts , which managed to survive. Small weasel-like carnivorous mustelids , coatis and short-faced bears migrated from the north. Grazing glyptodonts , browsing giant ground sloths and smaller caviomorph rodents , pampatheres , and armadillos did
2205-509: The fossil fauna, including mollusks, fish and ostracods . In periods in which the Paratethys or parts of it were separated from each other or from other oceans, a separate fauna developed which is found in sedimentary deposits. In this way, the paleogeographical development of the Paratethys can be studied. Laskerev's description of the Paratethys was anticipated much earlier by Sir Roderick Murchison in chapter 13 of his 1845 book. One of
2268-534: The geologic records from Paratethys particularly difficult to correlate with those from other oceans or seas because their faunas evolved separately at times. Stratigraphers of the Paratethys, therefore, have their own sets of stratigraphic stages which are still used as alternatives for the official geologic timescale of the ICS . The Paratethys spread over a large area in Central Europe and western Asia. In
2331-413: The influence of seasonal variation. More recent research has emphasized the variability selection hypothesis, which proposes that variability in climate fostered development of hominin traits. Improved climate proxies show that the Pliocene climate of east Africa was highly variable, suggesting that adaptability to varying conditions was more important in driving hominin evolution than the steady pressure of
2394-520: The key characteristics of the Paratethys realm, that is differentiating it from the Tethys Ocean , is the widespread development of endemic fauna, adapted to fresh and brackish waters like those that still exist in recent waters of the Caspian Sea. This distinctive fauna in which univalves of freshwater origin such as Limnex and Neritinex are associated with forms of Cardiacae and Mytili, common to partially saline or brackish waters, makes
2457-652: The lake. The water of Lake Tele is turbid , it has high content of organic materials and is acidic (pH < 4). The swamp forests around the lake have not yet been exhaustively explored. Lake Tele is the best known home of the Mokèlé-mbèmbé (purportedly a large, unidentified reptilian creature), and is also supposedly the spot where pygmies killed and ate one of the creatures, around 1959. The 1996 book Congo Journey , by British travel writer Redmond O'Hanlon , describes in some detail his journey through Congo to Lake Tele in search of Mokèlé-mbèmbé, as well as giving
2520-510: The megalake was home to many species found nowhere else, including molluscs and ostracods as well as miniature versions of whales, dolphins and seals. In 2023, Guinness World Records named this lake the largest in earth's history. Near the end of the Miocene, an event known as the Khersonian crisis, marked by rapidly fluctuating environmental factors and sea levels, wiped out much of the unique fish fauna of this megalake. When parts of
2583-672: The neighbouring Mediterranean region, probably via the Trans-Tethyan Corridor, an ancient sea-strait located in modern Slovenia . The open marine environments of Paratethys were short-lived, and halfway through the middle Miocene, progressive uplift of the central European mountain ranges and a eustatic drop isolated Paratethys from the global ocean triggering a salinity crisis in Central Paratethys. The " Badenian Salinity Crisis " spanned between 13.8 and 13.4 Mya. Thick evaporitic beds (salt and gypsum) formed in
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2646-555: The northern South China Sea shows an increase in dust storm activity during the middle Pliocene. The South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) increased in intensity after 2.95 Ma, likely because of enhanced cross-equatorial pressure caused by the reorganisation of the Indonesian Throughflow. In the south-central Andes , an arid period occurred from 6.1 to 5.2 Ma, with another occurring from 3.6 to 3.3 Ma. These arid periods are coincident with global cold periods, during which
2709-638: The now-separated Atlantic Ocean. Africa 's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea , cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean . The border between the Miocene and the Pliocene is also the time of the Messinian salinity crisis . During the Late Pliocene, the Himalayas became less active in their uplift, as evidenced by sedimentation changes in the Bengal Fan . The land bridge between Alaska and Siberia ( Beringia )
2772-512: The onset of continental glaciation in the Arctic, suggesting that vegetation changes in Australia during the Pliocene behaved similarly to during the Late Pleistocene and were likely characterised by comparable cycles of aridity and humidity. The equatorial Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature gradient was considerably lower than it is today. Mean sea surface temperatures in the east were substantially warmer than today but similar in
2835-400: The opposite, migrating to the north and thriving there. The marsupials remained the dominant Australian mammals, with herbivore forms including wombats and kangaroos , and the huge Diprotodon . Carnivorous marsupials continued hunting in the Pliocene, including dasyurids , the dog-like thylacine and cat-like Thylacoleo . The first rodents arrived in Australia. The modern platypus ,
2898-628: The position of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies shifted northward and disrupted the South American Low Level Jet, which brings moisture to southeastern South America. From around 3.8 Ma to about 3.3 Ma, North Africa experienced an extended humid period. In northwestern Africa, tropical forests extended up to Cape Blanc during the Zanclean until around 3.5 Ma. During the Piacenzian, from about 3.5 to 2.6 Ma,
2961-466: The recent", referring to the essentially modern marine mollusc fauna. In the official timescale of the ICS , the Pliocene is subdivided into two stages . From youngest to oldest they are: The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the Early Pliocene. In the system of In the Paratethys area (central Europe and parts of western Asia)
3024-499: The region was forested at irregular intervals and contained a significant Saharan palaeoriver until 3.35 Ma, when trade winds began to dominate over fluvial transport of pollen. Around 3.26 Ma, a strong aridification event that was followed by a return to more humid conditions, which was itself followed by another aridification around 2.7 Ma. From 2.6 to 2.4 Ma, vegetation zones began repeatedly shifting latitudinally in response to glacial-interglacial cycles. The climate of eastern Africa
3087-544: The same time the Alpine orogeny , a tectonic phase by which the Alps, Carpathians , Dinarides , Taurus , Elburz and many other mountain chains along the southern rim of Eurasia were formed. The combination of a drop in sea level and tectonic uplift resulted in the partial disconnection of the Tethys and Paratethys domains. Due to poor connectivity with the global ocean, the Paratethys realm became stratified and turned into
3150-527: The scene. Bears, dogs and weasels (originally from North America) joined cats, hyenas and civets as the African predators, forcing hyenas to adapt as specialized scavengers. Most mustelids in Africa declined as a result of increased competition from the new predators, although Enhydriodon omoensis remained an unusually successful terrestrial predator. South America was invaded by North American species for
3213-400: The surrounding environment. Anthropologists tended to focus on intrinsic models while geologists and vertebrate paleontologists tended to put greater emphasis on habitats. Alternatives to the savanna hypothesis include the woodland/forest hypothesis, which emphasizes the evolution of hominins in closed habitats, or hypotheses emphasizing the influence of colder habitats at higher latitudes or
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#17327974401493276-409: The swamp forests of Lake Tele Community Reserve and in neighbouring Marantaceae (dryland) forests in the Republic of the Congo. This Republic of the Congo location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pliocene The Pliocene ( / ˈ p l aɪ . ə s iː n , ˈ p l aɪ . oʊ -/ PLY -ə-seen, PLY -oh- ; also Pleiocene ) is the epoch in
3339-514: The warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pleistocene. The upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations. Charles Lyell (later Sir Charles) gave the Pliocene its name in Principles of Geology (volume 3, 1833). The word pliocene comes from the Greek words πλεῖον ( pleion , "more") and καινός ( kainos , "new" or "recent") and means roughly "continuation of
3402-813: The west it included in some stages the Molasse basin north of the Alps ; the Vienna Basin , the Outer Carpathian Basin , the Pannonian Basin , and further east to the basin of the current Black Sea and the Caspian Sea until the current position of the Aral Sea . The boundary between the Eocene and Oligocene epochs was characterized by a big drop of the global ( eustatic ) sea level and sudden steep cooling of global climates. At
3465-505: The west. This condition has been described as a permanent El Niño state, or “El Padre.” Several mechanisms have been proposed for this pattern, including increased tropical cyclone activity . The extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet oscillated at the 40 kyr period of Earth's obliquity. Ice sheet collapse occurred when the global average temperature was 3 °C warmer than today and carbon dioxide concentration
3528-718: Was "shut down" during the middle Miocene, some 15 million years ago, when a widespread marine transgression , known as the Badenian Flooding, improved connections with the global ocean and triggered the ventilation of the deep waters of Paratethys. After the Badenian Flooding , in the middle Miocene , Paratethys was characterized by open-marine environments. Brackish and lacustrine basins turned into ventilated seas. Rich marine fauna containing sharks (e.g., megalodon ), corals , marine mammals , foraminifera and nanoplankton spread throughout Paratethys from
3591-470: Was 2–3 °C higher than today, while carbon dioxide levels were the same as today (400 ppm). Global sea level was about 25 m higher, though its exact value is uncertain. The northern hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma. The formation of an Arctic ice cap is signaled by an abrupt shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in
3654-456: Was at 400 ppmv. This resulted in open waters in the Ross Sea . Global sea-level fluctuation associated with ice-sheet collapse was probably up to 7 meters for the west Antarctic and 3 meters for the east Antarctic. Model simulations are consistent with reconstructed ice-sheet oscillations and suggest a progression from a smaller to a larger West Antarctic ice sheet in the last 5 million years. Intervals of ice sheet collapse were much more common in
3717-533: Was at times reconnected with the Tethys or its successors (the Mediterranean Sea or the Indian Ocean ) during the Oligocene and the early and middle Miocene times, but at the onset of the late Miocene epoch, the tectonically trapped sea turned into a megalake from the eastern Alps to what is now Kazakhstan . From the Pliocene epoch onward (after 5 million years ago), Paratethys became progressively shallower. Today's Black Sea , Caspian Sea , Aral Sea , Lake Urmia , Namak Lake and others are remnants of
3780-441: Was covered by shallow seas that formed the northern margins of the Tethys Ocean. However, because Anatolia, the southern boundary of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean , is a part of the original continent of Cimmeria , the last remnant of the Paleo-Tethys might be oceanic crust under the Black Sea. The Tethys Ocean formed between Laurasia (Eurasia and North America) and Gondwana (Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia and South America) when
3843-427: Was dominated by hoofed animals, and primates continued their evolution, with australopithecines (some of the first hominins ) and baboon-like monkeys such as the Dinopithecus appearing in the late Pliocene. Rodents were successful, and elephant populations increased. Cows and antelopes continued diversification and overtook pigs in numbers of species. Early giraffes appeared. Horses and modern rhinos came onto
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#17327974401493906-452: Was first flooded near the start of the Pliocene, allowing marine organisms to spread between the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The bridge would continue to be periodically flooded and restored thereafter. Pliocene marine formations are exposed in northeast Spain , southern California , New Zealand , and Italy . During the Pliocene parts of southern Norway and southern Sweden that had been near sea level rose. In Norway this rise elevated
3969-492: Was very similar to what it is today. Unexpectedly, the expansion of grasslands in eastern Africa during this epoch appears to have been decoupled from aridification and not caused by it, as evidenced by their asynchrony. Southwestern Australia hosted heathlands , shrublands , and woodlands with a greater species diversity compared to today during the Middle and Late Pliocene. Three different aridification events occurred around 2.90, 2.59, and 2.56 Ma, and may have been linked to
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