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74-565: Lalitaditya alias Muktapida ( IAST : Lalitāditya Muktāpīḍa; r. c. 724 CE–760 CE) was a Karkota monarch of the Kashmir region in the Indian subcontinent . The 12th-century Kashmiri chronicler Kalhana characterizes Lalitaditya as a " world conqueror ", crediting him with miraculous powers and extensive conquests across India and Central Asia. While Kalhana's account is not supported by contemporary records and largely rejected as exaggerations, he

148-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which

222-684: A Chinese vassal; these soldiers supported the Chinese against the Tibetans. The Tang records also mention that an envoy from Tokharistan visited the Tang court in 749 CE, and requested it to renew its alliance with Kashmir by sending the Kashmir king precious gifts. The envoy's objective was to enlist the Tang help against the Tibet's ally Kashgar . The envoy pointed out that the ruler of Kashmir respected

296-463: A Tang ally. Tansen Sen believes that the "Bhauttas" (Tibetans) and the " Daradas " mentioned by Kalhana may have been Lalitaditya's rivals in these 747 CE and 750 CE campaigns. Lalitaditya was succeeded by his sons: first Kuvalayapida and then Vajraditya. Kuvalayapida was a son of queen Kamaladevi, while Vajraditya was a son of Chakramardika. Vajraditya was succeeded by his sons Prthivyapida and Samgramapida. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya established

370-489: A descendant of the mythical Nāga king Karkotaka . Kalhana describes Lalitaditya as a universal monarch, who spent most of his life in military expeditions. He gives the following account of Lalitaditya's career: Lalitaditya invaded the Antarvedi country, whose capital was located at Gadhipura ( Kanyakubja ). The defending king Yashovarman submitted to him after a long war and offered a peace treaty. Yashovarman drew up

444-433: A document outlining the terms of this treaty, titled " The treaty of Yashovarman and Lalitaditya ". Lalitaditya's minister Mitrasharman objected to this title, and insisted that Lalitaditya's name appear before Yashovarman's name in the title. Lalitaditya's generals, who were uneasy about the long duration of the war, blamed Mitrasharman for delaying the treaty. But Lalitaditya himself was pleased with Mitrasharman: he broke off

518-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have

592-422: A historical reconstruction supporting Kalhana's account, although he admitted that "this reconstruction cannot claim to be more than a working theory trying plausibly to interconnect the sparse and uncertain data". Goetz argued that Kalhana's account of Lalitaditya's military exploits is not only probable, but also supported by other evidence. According to Goetz, Lalitaditya's extensive conquests were possible because

666-467: A messenger to find him. The messenger came back with the news that the king did not wish to return, having decided to remain engaged in military conquests until his death. In his message, Lalitaditya provided political wisdom on how to govern the kingdom, and asked for his elder son Kuvalayapida to be appointed as his successor. Later, some people reported that Lalitaditya died in the Aryanaka country, as

740-525: A number of northern Pamir rulers sent envoys to pay homage to the Tibetan court in 756-757 CE. This suggests that this area was under control of the Tibetans, whose records do not mention any conflict with Kashmir. According to Sen's theory, the Karkotas achieved successes against Tibetans as part of an alliance with the Tang dynasty. These successes led to development of legends about Kashmir's dominance in

814-407: A result of excessive out-of-season snowfall. Others reported he immolated himself in a dire situation, because he wanted to die while he remained a great king. M. A. Stein (1900), who first translated Rajatarangini into English, accepted Lalitaditya's subjugation of Yashovarman as a historical fact. However, he rejected the subsequent victories described by Kalhana as "manifestly legendary", given

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888-673: A vassal. Goetz argues that Gaudavaho fails to mention this, because Yashovarman's court poet wanted to whitewash his master's vassal status. Gaudavaho mentions that Yashovarman visited the Mandara mountain . According to Goetz, this is the poet's way of hiding Yashovarman's visit to Lalitaditya's court, which was located in the mountainous region. Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) rejects Goetz theory, pointing out that no sources (including Rajatarangini and Gaudavaho ) suggest that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's subsequent campaigns as

962-582: A vassal. However, Karka's presence in Gujarat is attested by a 757 CE grant inscription. Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya must have died before this year, and Karka must have returned to Gujarat after his death. According to Goetz, Lalitaditya invaded Kathiawar (in present-day Gujarat) between 740 and 746 CE. By this time, the local rulers Maitrakas had already been subjugated by the Chalukyas, which would have allowed Lalitaditya to establish his hegemony in

1036-614: A vassal. Mishra believes that the conflict between the two kings happened after Yashovarman's successful campaign, which must have "evoked the jealousy and concern of Lalitaditya". The term "Ratta" in Kalhana's account appears to be a reference to the Rashtrakutas , who ruled the Karnata region. The term "Vindhyas" here cannot refer to the present-day Vindhya mountains : it is probably used for poetic effect, to compare Queen Ratta to

1110-583: A vast Kashmiri empire in the Hindu Kush - Pamir region, or that he marched across the Taklamakan desert. Historical evidence indicates that the Tang dynasty retained control of the oasis states in the desert region until the early 780s CE, when the Tibetans established their dominance. There is no evidence of Lalitaditya's march to Pamir region either: the Old Tibetan Annals establish that

1184-505: Is Rajatarangini , a chronicle of the rulers of Kashmir, by the 12th-century Kashmiri writer Kalhana . Lalitaditya also finds a brief mention in the New Book of Tang ( Xin Tang shu ), a record of the Tang dynasty of China. This text mentions him as "Mu-to-pi" or "Muduobi" (a variation of Muktapida). The 11th-century Persian chronicler Al-Biruni mentions a Kashmiri king called Muttai, who

1258-482: Is accepted as the most powerful king of his dynasty. The chronicles of the neighbouring Tang dynasty present him as a vassal-ally, and his involvement in the Tang campaigns may have contributed to his reputation as a great conqueror in Kashmir. Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-ruined Martand Sun Temple . He also established several towns, including a new capital at Parihasapura . The main source of information about Lalitaditya

1332-653: Is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for

1406-475: Is based on the Gaudavaho , a text composed by Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati. This text describes a solar eclipse (an inauspicious omen), which Jacobi considers to be an allusion to Yashovarman's defeat. Jacobi also bases his conclusion on a subsequent verse, which he translates as " The corner of his [Yashovarman's] eye-brow became twisted on account of the shaking of his [kingly] position. " Assuming 733 CE as

1480-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on

1554-476: The Central Asian highlands before embarking upon his campaign in central India. He dates Lalitaditya's conquest of Afghanistan before 730 CE, and presents the following arguments in his support: Tansen Sen (2004) criticizes Goetz' theory, based on numismatic evidence and other contemporary records. These sources suggest that Kapisa and Zabulistan regions in present-day Afghanistan were under control of

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1628-588: The Kamboja stables of horses (a reference to the Kamboja country's reputation for good-quality horses). The resulting darkness made them appear as if they were filled with black buffaloes instead. The Tuhkharas fled to mountain ranges on Lalitaditya's approach, leaving behind their horses. He also defeated Mummuni three times in a battle, and made the Bhauttas very anxious. Lalitaditya was too dignified to tolerate

1702-661: The Later Gupta ruler Jivitagupta, and then advanced up to the Bay of Bengal through present-day Odisha. Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman supported Lalitaditya in these campaigns as a vassal. In the poem Gaudavaho , Yashovarman's courtier Vakpati credits him with victories in eastern and southern India. The Rajatarangini makes similar claims for Lalitaditya. According to Goetz, the invasion routes described in both these texts are "practically identical". He, therefore, concludes that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's wars as

1776-455: The Turushkas and Dakshinatyas in his kingdom had to display a badge of shame . The Turushkas had to carry their arms at their backs and shave half of their heads, to mark their bondage. The Dakshinatyas had to wear a tail that swept the ground, to signify their similarity to beasts. Lalitaditya established several cities and shrines during his stay in Kashmir. Once, he invaded and conquered

1850-1822: The Angara-marishas; the Samangas, the Karakas, the Kukuras, the Angaras, the Marishas: the Dhwajinis, the Utsavas, the Sanketas, the Trigartas, and the Salwasena; the Vakas, the Kokarakas, the Pashtris, and the Lamavegavasas; the Vindhyachulakas, the Pulindas, and the Valkalas; the Malavas, the Vallavas, the further-Vallavas, the Kulindas, the Kalavas, the Kuntaukas, and the Karatas; the Mrishakas,

1924-557: The Chinese army, and introduced the Chinese warfare techniques in Kashmir, which enhanced Lalitaditya's military campaigns. Sen criticizes this theory, pointing out that Kalhana's writings acclaim Chankuna for magical powers , not military expertise. Moreover, the Tokharian origin of Chankuna cannot be considered as concrete evidence of Kashmiri control over southern Hindu Kush region. Ronald M. Davidson believes that Lalitaditya enlisted soldiers from Tokharistan , leveraging his position as

1998-472: The Chinese, and had a large cavalry and infantry. The Chinese accepted the envoy's recommendation, and in 750 CE, the Tang general Gao Xianzhi conquered Kashgar. These records suggest that Lalitaditya provided military assistance and logistical support to Gao Xianzhi's forces in this campaign. According to art historians Denise Patry Leidy and Donna K. Strahan, Kashmir also participated at the Battle of Talas as

2072-1485: The Madhyamakeyas and Vattadhanas. There are other kingdoms in the south. They are the Dravidas , the Keralas , the Prachyas, the Mushikas , and the Vanavashikas; the Karanataka , the Mahishakas , the Vikalpas, and also the Mushakas; the Jhillikas, the Kuntalas, the Saunridas, and the Nalakananas; the Kankutakas, the Cholas , and the Malavayakas; the Samangas, the Kanakas, the Kukkuras, and

2146-413: The Tang records differently to theorize that Lalitaditya and Yashovarman were allies at least until 736 CE. According to Mishra, the conflict between Lalitaditya and Yashovarman took place after 736 CE, and before Yashovarman's death in 749-753 CE. German Indologist Hermann Jacobi dated Lalitaditya's invasion of Kannauj to 14 August 733 CE, a date that was accepted by several later historians. This theory

2220-403: The Tang records, the Tang emperor was pleased by Lalitaditya's offer, and bestowed the title of "King" upon Lalitaditya. In the subsequent years, Tang forces fought with the Tibetans over Little Palur (present-day Gilgit Valley ). The Tangs finally captured it in 747 CE, after three failed attempts. Lalitaditya's Kashmir seems to have played a significant role in these conflicts. Goetz considered

2294-593: The Tibetans but also invaded the Tarim Basin . Goetz identified Kalhana's "sea of sand" as the desert areas of Turkestan and Tibet . Goetz speculated that in 755-756 CE, Lalitaditya invaded the towns in Taklamakan and Gobi deserts, and marched to Kucha and Turfan , after the Tang power declined as a result of the An Lushan Rebellion . Goetz' interpretation was widely accepted and cited by

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2368-507: The Tibetans had distressed him and another king of Central India by blocking the five great routes. But the two Indian kings had managed to defeat the Tibetans. Finally, Lalitaditya requests the Tang army to arrive at Palur (present-day Gilgit-Baltistan ), offering to set up a camp for them beside the Mahapadma lake (modern Wular Lake ). He promises to supply provisions for the Tang army, even if it numbered as large as 200,000. According to

2442-574: The Tokharian origin of Lalitaditya's minister Chankuna ( IAST : Caṇkuṇa) as an evidence of the Kashmiri hegemony over the Turkic kingdoms. According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya brought Chankuna to Kashmir from the Tuhkhara land ( Tokharistan ). "Chankuna" is believed to be a Sanskrit transcription of the Chinese title jiangjun ("military general"). Goetz speculated that Chankuna was a Tokharian general in

2516-781: The Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST

2590-469: The Vindhya appear red with anger. In Avanti, the tusks of his elephants were split only by the moonlight falling on the diadem of Mahakala . (This is a reference to the traditional myth that the moonlight can split the elephant tusks). Having defeated most of the other kings, Lalitaditya proceeded from Avanti to Uttarapatha (the northern region), where he fought with several mighty kings. His army emptied

2664-770: The Yavanas. Nakula subjugated the whole of the desert country and the region known as Sairishaka full of plenty, as also that other one called Mahetta. And the hero had a fierce encounter with the royal sage Akrosa. And the son of Pandu left that part of the country having subjugated the Dasarnas, the Sivis, the Trigartas , the Amvashtas, the Malavas, the five tribes of the Karnata, and those twice born classes that were called

2738-509: The absence of historical details. According to him, the kingdom of Kashmir did not have manpower or resources to carry out such extensive campaigns. According to historian C. V. Vaidya (1861–1938), Kalhana's account is corroborated by the 13th century text Chach Nama . A letter in this text, addressed by Raja Dahir to Muhammad bin Qasim , mentions "the King of Kashmir on whose royal threshold

2812-491: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Karnata Kingdom Sahadeva conquered

2886-620: The argument that the conquests described by Kalhana must have been real, because Kalhana could not have invented historical persons. In his support, Davidson presents the example of the Nilamata Purana , which is one of Kalhana's sources for Rajatarangini , and which ascribes fictional events to historical persons. He argues that Kalhana's dubious sources could have fabricated a conquest of known parties. Davidson points out that Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati credits him with similar conquests in Gaudavaho , according to which Yashovarman conquered not only eastern and southern India, but also defeated

2960-479: The claims about Lalitaditya's conquest of Hindu Kush-Pamir region, based on numismatic evidence and contemporary records other than Rajatarangini . According to him, Lalitaditya provided military and logistical support to the Tang campaigns against Tibetans, and the success of these campaigns later led to Kashmiri legends describing him as a great conqueror. Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) points out that Lalitaditya's achievements "must have been coloured and exaggerated by

3034-460: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in

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3108-402: The contemporary Shilahara ruler of Konkan . Although no contemporary Shilahara king by this name is known, there was an 11th-century Shilahara king with the same name. Goetz speculates Lalitaditya's Shilahara contemporary was also called Mummuni: his name must have been removed from the Shilahara family records because of his humiliating defeat against Lalitaditya. Kalhana mentions that Kayya,

3182-536: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit

3256-490: The date of Lalitaditya's victory, Goetz dated the beginning of the conflict to 730 CE or earlier. Shyam Manohar Mishra rejects Jacobi's conclusion, pointing out that the 733 CE solar eclipse could be seen from several other regions (including Kashmir), and there is no evidence linking it to Yashovarman's defeat. In fact, the surrounding verses in the poem make it clear that the verse about solar eclipse does not signify any debacle for Yashovarman. Moreover, Jacobi has mistranslated

3330-537: The defeated king acknowledged Lalitaditya's suzerainty for a short period, but became practically independent when Lalitaditya became engaged in other conflicts. The date of the conflict between the two kings is not certain. The Annals of the Tang dynasty suggest that Lalitaditya and a Central Indian king had fought against Tibet as allies. Assuming that this central Indian king was Yashovarman (after his subjugation by Lalitaditya), M. A. Stein dated Lalitaditya's conquest to sometime before 736 CE. However, Mishra interprets

3404-441: The eastern ocean, just like the Ganges river flows from the Himalayas to the eastern ocean . During this expedition, the elephants in this army saw the land of their birth. Lalitaditya reached Kalinga and Gauda , and a number of elephants joined his army from Gauda. From the eastern sea-shore, Lalitaditya proceeded to the southern region, where the Karnatas bowed down before him. The sovereign of Dakshinapatha at this time

3478-438: The following cities and towns: IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by

3552-603: The goddess Vindhyavasini (who is said to reside in the Vindhyan region). Goetz identified Kalhana's Queen Ratta with Bhavagana, who was a wife of the Rashtrakuta king Indra I. Goetz speculates that she acted as a queen regent for her son Dantidurga after Indra's death, but her rule was threatened by her brother-in-law Krishna I . As a result, she appealed Lalitaditya for help, who arrived in Deccan and fought on her side. Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman and Jivitagupta participated in this campaign as his vassals. His arguments include: Goetz identified Kalhana's "Mummuni" with

3626-480: The independent Turkic Shahi rulers. The records of the Tang dynasty , whose rulers received regular embassies from the Turkic Shahis, testify to their independent status. According to Sen, the Karkota kingdom had peaceful relations with these Turkic neighbours: this very fact may have enabled Lalitaditya to leave Kashmir and lead troops to central and eastern India. Lalitaditya's victory over Yashovarman appears to be historically true. Historical evidence suggests that

3700-408: The king of Lata , built a temple in Kashmir during Lalitaditya's reign. Goetz identifies Kayya with Karka II, the Rashtrakuta governor of the Lata region (present-day southern Gujarat ). Although Kalhana doesn't mention Kayya in connection with Lalitaditya's campaign, Goetz argues that a ruler of Lata would not have gone all the way to Kashmir to build a temple. Goetz assumes that he was taken there as

3774-425: The king of Persia. Davidson dismisses both Gaudavaho and Rajatarangini as poetic boast, describing Kalhana's account as "Kashmiri boosterism". He, however, believes that Kalhana's claims might be closer to the truth than Vakpati's claims. According to Davidson, Lalitaditya launched his attack in 733 CE, advanced up to Magadha in the east, and then returned to Kashmir in 747 CE. Tansen Sen (2004) similarly rejects

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3848-476: The kingdom of Sikata-sindhu ("Ocean of the Sand"), after crossing a massive wasteland (see miraculous powers section below). After some time, he marched towards the "boundless regions of the north", because he was curious to visit the lands where no one had reached before. During this campaign, he had several adventures with demons sent by the deity Kubera to test his power. When Lalitaditya's ministers did not receive any news about him for several days, they sent

3922-490: The mythological Agnikula legend, according to which some later regional dynasties originated from a fire pit during a sacrificial ceremony at Mount Abu . Goetz speculated that Lalitaditya wanted to leave behind some governors before marching against Tibetans; therefore, he conducted a ceremony to induct the "various Gurjara tribes" into the Hindu political system as Kshatriyas (recognized warriors). According to Goetz, after returning to Kashmir, Lalitaditya not only repulsed

3996-438: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for

4070-627: The other contemporary kingdoms in the region had been weakened by foreign invasions and wars. In addition, Goetz speculated that Lalitaditya managed to create a powerful army as a result of superior China-influenced military organization, administrative set-up and weaponry. Goetz identified several persons mentioned in Kalhana's account as historical figures, and argued that a distant writer like Kalhana could not have invented such historical persons. André Wink (2002) described Goetz' theory as convincing, but Ronald M. Davidson (2012) dismisses Wink's affirmation of Goetz's analysis as uncritical. Davidson rejects

4144-441: The other rulers of Hind had placed their heads, who sways the whole of Hind, even the countries of Makran and Turan, whose chains a great many noblemen and grandees have willingly placed on their knees and against whom no human being can stand." This letter is stated to have been written in 712 CE, so Vaidya theorizes that Lalitaditya's conquests must have occurred during 700-712 CE. Later, art historian Hermann Goetz (1969) devised

4218-509: The peace negotiations, and "uprooted" Yashovarman. As a result of this defeat, Yashovarman, who had been served by the court poets such as Vakpati and Bhavabhuti , himself became a panegyrist of Lalitaditya. The land of Kanyakubja, located between the Yamuna river and the Kalika river (possibly modern Kali Nadi), came under Lalitaditya's control. Lalitaditya instituted five new offices, which were occupied by Shahi and other princes. After consolidating power in Kanyakubja, Lalitaditya proceeded to

4292-422: The popular imagination" by the time of Kalhana, who lived four centuries after Lalitaditya. This is evident from the fact that Kalhana ascribes miraculous powers to Lalitaditya. According to Susan L. Huntington (1997), Lalitaditya's campaigns were probably "massive raiding and looting expeditions rather than true conquests". Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya had captured Punjab , Afghanistan , and western part of

4366-479: The region. According to Goetz, Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir, when the Tibetan king Me Agtsom invaded Kashmir around 747 CE. Goetz theorizes that during this return journey, Lalitaditya passed through Ujjain , Chittorgarh , Marwar and Thanesar . He also speculated that the legendary Guhila ruler Bappa Rawal of Chittorgarh served Lalitaditya as a vassal, and died fighting in the Kashmiri king's Central Asian campaigns. Goetz goes on to connect Lalitaditya to

4440-408: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in

4514-438: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called

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4588-534: The rulers of Kashmir. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya's reign lasted for 36 years, 7 months and 11 days. He suggests that Lalitaditya ruled during 724-761 CE. However, this is not correct, as Lalitaditya's predecessor is known to have sent an embassy to the Tang capital Chang'an in 720 CE. This predecessor, mentioned as "Tianmu" in the Tang records, was probably Tarapida, although some scholars have identified him as Chandrapida. Modern historians date Lalitaditya's reign to c. 724/5 - c. 760 CE. Lalitaditya claimed to be

4662-564: The sandalwood trees on Chandanadri (the Malaya Mountains ) appeared like curved swords falling from the arms because of the fear of an attack by Lalitaditya. The Kashmiri king crossed the oceans via the islands, as one crosses a rivulet by stepping over stones. After crossing the ocean, Lalitaditya reached the seven Konkanas. Dvaraka , located on the western sea shore, inspired Lalitaditya's soldiers with desire [to enter that city]. Lalitaditya's elephant army then marched into Avanti . The dust raised by his army's crossing of Vindhya mountain made

4736-422: The southern Hindu Kush-Pamir region. Based on these legends, four centuries later, Kalhana characterized Lalitaditya as a world-conqueror. Sen points out that according to the New Book of Tang , Lalitaditya's envoy came to the Tang court with a letter in March–April 933 CE. In this letter, Lalitaditya presents himself as a Tang vassal who had "submitted to the Heavenly Qaghan ". Lalitaditya further explains that

4810-553: The subsequent scholars. However, Tansen Sen (2004) rejects Goetz' assessment of Lalitaditya's exploits as exaggerated, based on his study of the contemporary Chinese and Tibetan records, as well as numismatic evidence. Sen also analyzed the writings of the Korean monk Hyecho (who visited Kashmir in 725 CE, at the beginning of Lalitaditya's reign) and the Chinese monk Wukon (who stayed in Kashmir for four years during c. 753-763 CE, after Lalitaditya's death). None of these sources support Goetz' assertion that Lalitaditya managed to establish

4884-427: The subsequent verse, which actually states that if Yashovarman's order was defied, he twisted his eyebrow (became angry), resulting in great calamities in the realms of those who defied the order. According to Goetz, Lalitaditya conquered present-day Bihar , Bengal and Odisha by 735-736 CE. Based on Kalhana's account, Goetz theorized that Lalitaditya marched to Gauda after defeating Yashovarman. There, he defeated

4958-404: The town of Sanjayanti and the country of the Pashandas and the Karanatakas by means of his messengers alone, and made all of them pay tributes to him. The hero brought under his subjection and exacted tributes from the Paundrayas and the Dravidas along with the Udrakeralas and the Andhras and the Talavanas, the Kalingas and the Ushtrakarnikas, and also the delightful city of Atavi and that of

5032-436: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in

5106-464: The trembling queen of Strirajya met Lalitaditya, no one could determine whether the emotion displayed by her was the terror or the desire of love. On Lalitaditya's approach, the Uttarakurus took shelter in the trees just like snakes hide in holes on seeing a Garuda . Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir with the immense wealth obtained from his conquests. He appointed his attendants as the kings of Jalaṃdhara, Lohara and other countries. By Lalitaditya's order,

5180-405: The two kings were immediate neighbours before their conflict: Lalitaditya's empire extended up to present-day Punjab in the south-east, while Yashovarman's north-eastern frontier included parts of present-day Haryana . The discovery of some coins bearing the legend Shri-Pratapa in present-day Uttar Pradesh is also considered as an evidence of Lalitaditya's success in this region (as Pratapaditya

5254-443: The wine-drinking Daradas . When Lalitaditya approached the deserted town of Pragjyotisha, he saw the smoke arising from the black aloes burning in the forests. In Valukambudhi ("sea of sand"), where the mirage resulted in an illusion of water, Lalitaditya's elephants appeared like large crocodiles. The women of Stri-rajya (literally "women's kingdom") melted the hearts of Lalitaditya's warriors by showing their "high breasts". When

5328-513: Was a Karnata queen named Ratta. She had constructed obstacle-free roads over the Vindhya mountains , and was as powerful as the goddess Vindhyavasini (Durga). Even a powerful figure like her bowed down to Lalitaditya. In the south, Lalitaditya's soldiers forgot their fatigue, as they sipped wine of the coconut trees and enjoyed the breeze on the banks of the Kaveri river . The snakes dropping from

5402-562: Was most probably Lalitaditya ("Muttai" being derived from the Apabhramsha form of "Muktapida"). The Rajatarangini names Lalitaditya as the youngest son of the Karkota king Durlabhaka (alias Pratapaditya) and queen Narendraprabha. His mother Narendraprabha was previously married to a foreign merchant settled in Kashmir. He had two elder brothers named Chandrapida (alias Vajraditya) and Tarapida (alias Udayaditya), who preceded him as

5476-518: Was the name of Lalitaditya's father). Abhinavagupta 's ancestor Atrigupta, a scholar who originally lived in Yashovarman's territory, was brought to Kashmir by Lalitaditya. This may have happened during Lalitaditya's invasion. However, Kalhana's account of this victory over Yashovarman cannot be taken at the face value. According to historian Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977), the earlier historians have overrated Lalitaditya's success against Yashovarman:

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