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32-648: Lamphun is in the Ping River valley. It is surrounded by mountain chains, with the Thanon Thong Chai Range in the west and the Khun Tan Range in the east of the province. It is some 670 kilometres north of Bangkok and 26 kilometres south of Chiang Mai . The total forest area is 2,588 km (999 sq mi) or 57.8 percent of the provincial area. Lamphun is regarded as the smallest province of northern region of Thailand. There are

64-503: A composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. 18°34′45″N 99°0′23″E  /  18.57917°N 99.00639°E  / 18.57917; 99.00639 Ping River The Ping River ( Thai : แม่น้ำปิง , RTGS :  Maenam Ping , pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm pīŋ] ; Northern Thai : น้ำแม่ปิง , pronounced [nâːm mɛ̂ː.pīŋ] ) along with

96-544: A decade of floods, finally moving kilometres north to establish Chiang Mai as the capital of the Kingdom of Lanna in 1296. In the 20th century, the Ping River became a part of Siam . Chinese and foreign investors flooded the area, all in search of lucrative teak and business transactions. Missionaries came and built Chiang Mai’s first church along the eastern bank of the river, an area set aside for foreign residents by

128-694: A final consonant must follow. The vowels each exist in long-short pairs : these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Northern Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา ( khao ) means "they/them", while ขาว ( khao ) means "white". The long-short pairs are as follows: The basic vowels can be combined into diphthongs . For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: Additionally, there are three triphthongs , For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: The following section largely concerns

160-509: A total of three national parks, two of which are in region 16 (Chiang Mai) and one, Doi Chong, which lies in region 13 (Lampang branch) of Thailand's protected areas. There are two wildlife sanctuaries located in region 16 (Chiang Mai) of Thailand's protected areas. Under its old name of Haripunchai , Lamphun was the northernmost city of the Mon kingdom of the Dvaravati period, and also

192-592: Is also sometimes referred to as Phayap (พายัพ, Thai pronunciation: [pʰāː.jáp] ), "Northwestern (speech)". The term Yuan is still sometimes used for Northern Thai's distinctive Tai Tham alphabet , which is closely related to the old Tai Lue alphabet and the Lao religious alphabets. The use of the Tua Mueang , as the traditional alphabet is known, is now largely limited to Buddhist temples, where many old sermon manuscripts are still in active use. There

224-546: Is no active production of literature in the traditional alphabet, and when used in writing standard Thai script is invariably used. The modern spoken form is called Kam Mueang . There is a resurgence of interest in writing it in the traditional way, but the modern pronunciation differs from that prescribed in spelling rules. Northern Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

256-594: Is said to contain a relic of Buddha . The provincial flower is the Flame of the Forest ( Butea monosperma ), and the provincial tree is the Rain Tree ( Samanea saman ). The provincial aquatic life is the chubby frog ( Glyphoglossus molossus ). The province is divided into eight districts ( amphoes ). These are further divided into 51 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 551 villages ( mubans ). For national elections

288-624: Is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna , Thailand . It is a Southwestern Tai language . Kam Mueang has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in the native Northern Thailand , with a smaller community of Lanna speakers in northwestern Laos . Speakers of this language generally consider the name "Tai Yuan" to be pejorative . They refer to themselves as Khon Mueang ( ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , คน เมือง , [kʰon˧.mɯaŋ˧] – literally "people of Mueang " meaning "city dwellers"), Lanna, or Northern Thai. The language

320-449: Is typically code-switched with standard Thai, especially in more developed and urbanized areas of Northern Thailand, whereas exclusive use of Northern Thai remains prevalent in more remote areas. Thanajirawat (2018) classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. ( See also Proto-Tai language#Tones ) Northern Thai consonant inventory is similar to that of Lao ( Isan ); both languages have

352-431: The / ɲ / sound and lack / tɕʰ / . There are two relatively common consonant clusters: There are also several other, less frequent clusters recorded, though apparently in the process of being lost: All plosive sounds (besides the glottal stop /ʔ/) are unreleased . Hence, final /p/ , /t/ , and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [p̚] , [t̚] , and [k̚] respectively. ฒ ,ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส The basic vowels of

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384-851: The Nan River , is one of the two main tributaries of the Chao Phraya River . It originates at Doi Thuai in the Daen Lao Range , in Chiang Dao district , Chiang Mai province . After passing Chiang Mai , it flows through the provinces of Lamphun , Tak and Kamphaeng Phet . At the confluence with the Nan at Nakhon Sawan (also named Paknam Pho in Thai), it forms the Chao Phraya River. Evidence shows that habitation along

416-557: The Northern Thai people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now Guangxi and northern Vietnam where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an Urheimat . The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various Zhuang languages , sometime around 112 AD, but likely completed by

448-535: The sixth century . Due to the influx of Han Chinese soldiers and settlers, the end of the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, the fall of Jiaozhi and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the Tang dynasty led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The Tais split and followed

480-612: The McKean Rehabilitation Centre today. The Ping Basin is one of the largest drainage basins of the Chao Phraya Watershed , draining 33,896 square kilometres (13,087 sq mi) of land. The greater Ping Basin, i.e. the basin of the entire Ping river system including its tributary the Wang River , drains a total of 44,688 square kilometres (17,254 sq mi). The main dams in

512-695: The Nan dialect of Northern Thai. ( Tai Tham script ) ( Thai script ) There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal closure, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. or low-rising, mid-low, high-falling, mid-high, falling, and high rising-falling The table below presents six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai and Nan dialects in smooth syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. Sources have not agreed on

544-558: The Northern Thai language are similar to those of Standard Thai . They, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet , the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai alphabet , where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that

576-716: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. From a purely genealogical standpoint, most linguists consider Northern Thai to be more closely related to Central Thai than to Lao or Isan , but

608-469: The Ping River dates back to 1500 BCE. At that time it controlled trading routes between Yunnan and the Chao Phraya basin. Mengrai , a ruler and conqueror from Xishuangbanna , turned south to create an alternative "silk road" along the Ping River itself and captured Haripunchai in 1281. Following his successful conquest, he created Wiang Kum Kam as his capital before abandoning it following nearly

640-624: The basin are the Bhumibol Dam and the Doi Tao Dam . The Ping itself originates in Huai Nam Dang National Park and flows through Mae Ping National Park . 19°30′N 98°58′E  /  19.500°N 98.967°E  / 19.500; 98.967 Northern Thai language Kam Mueang ( Northern Thai : ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , กำเมือง ) or Northern Thai language ( Thai : ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ )

672-489: The city, ending 200 years of Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. In 1899, Siam annexed the Northern Thai principalities, effectively dissolving their status as sovereign tributary states. The Compulsory Education Act of 1921 banned schools and temples from using languages other than Central Thai (standard Thai), in an effort to bring remote regions under Siamese control. Northern Thai

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704-941: The language has been heavily influenced by both Lao and Central Thai throughout history. All Southwestern Tai languages form a coherent dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible varieties, with few sharp dividing lines. Nevertheless, Northern Thai has today become closer to the Central Thai language, as Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Shan language others Tai Lue language Kam Mueang language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language ( Isan language ) The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other Tai languages . The ancestors of

736-552: The last to fall to the Thai. In the late-12th century it came under siege from the Khmer , but did not fall. However, in 1281 King Mengrai of Lan Na finally seized the city, and made it part of his kingdom. After Burmese expansion in the 16th century, Lamphun was under Burmese rule for two centuries. In the 18th century, with the rise of Thonburi and Bangkok against Burmese rule, local leaders from Lampang agreed to be their allies. Lamphun

768-535: The major river courses, with the ancestral Northern Thai originating in the Tai migrants that followed the Mekong River . Ancestors of the Northern Thai people established Ngoenyang , an early kingdom that existed between the 7th to 13th centuries, as well as smaller kingdoms like Phayao , in what is now modern-day northern Thailand. They settled in areas adjacent to the kingdom of Hariphunchai , coming into contact with Mon-speaking people whose writing system

800-443: The past 100 years ), the information about the six tones from Gedney (1999) should be considered with caution. The Gedney boxes for the tones are shown below the descriptions. The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds such as [p], [t], and [k]. The grammar of Northern Thai is similar to those of other Tai languages . The word order

832-539: The phonetic realization of the six tones in the Chiang Mai dialect. The table presents information based on two sources, one from Gedney (1999) and the other one from the Lanna dictionary (2007) which is a Northern Thai-Thai dictionary. Although published in 1999, Gedney's information about the Chiang Mai dialect is based on data he collected from one speaker in Chiang Mai in 1964 (p. 725). As tones may change within one's lifetime (e.g., Bangkok Thai tones have changed over

864-510: The province is divided into three constituencies. Constituency 1 covers the Mueang District except Tambon Makhuea Chae; Constituency 2 the districts Pa Sang, Mae Tha, and Tambon Makhuea Chae of Mueang District; and Constituency 3 the districts Ban Hong, Thung Hua Chang, and Li. As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Lamphun Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 40 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

896-541: The province. Lamphun has town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further there are 39 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 17 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI),

928-421: The ruling government who occupied the safe, flood-free western banks. Land along the banks, including its islands, were repurposed, such as a small island in the river that was donated to an American missionary Dr. James McKean by Chao Inthawarorot Suriyawong in 1907 to become a leper colony. With no cure for leprosy until the 1980s, lepers found relief in their sanctuary from social criticism, many of whom remain at

960-635: Was eventually adapted for the Northern Thai language as the Tai Tham script . In the 13th century, King Mangrai consolidated control of these territories, establishing the kingdom of Lan Na . In the 15th century, King Tilokkarat ushered in a golden age for Northern Thai literature, with a profusion of palm leaf manuscripts written in Tai Tham, using vernacular Northern Thai and interspersed with Pali and Buddhist Indic vocabulary. In 1775, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese assistance, and captured

992-474: Was finally freed from the Burmese and ruled by relatives of Lampang's leader, gaining vassal status from Bangkok. Eventually, after the administrative reform of Bangkok government in the late-19th century, Lamphun became, as a province, a part of Siam. The provincial seal shows the temple Wat Phra That Haripunchai, which was already the main temple of the city Lamphun during Mon times. The gold-covered chedi

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1024-469: Was relegated from the public sphere, with influential religious leaders like Khruba Srivichai jailed for using Northern Thai in sermons. In the 1940s, authorities promulgated Thai cultural mandates that reinforced the importance of learning and using Central Thai as the prestige language . These economic and educational pressures have increased the use of standard Thai to the detriment of other regional languages like Northern Thai. Today, Northern Thai

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