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43-471: Lampungese may refer to: Lampung people , an ethnic group indigenous to Lampung province and parts of South Sumatra, Indonesia Lampung language , language of Lampung province, at the southern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lampungese . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

86-415: A few borrowed words, and only word-initially. These consonant clusters are also in free variation with sequences separated by schwas (CC~CəC). Disyllabic roots take the form (C)V.CV(C). Semivowels in medial positions are not contrastive with their absences. Words are always stressed in the final syllable , regardless whether they are affixed or not. The stress though is very light and can be distorted by

129-581: A relatively large number of speakers, it is a minority language in the province of Lampung , where most of the speakers live. Concerns over the endangerment of the language has led the provincial government to implement the teaching of Lampung language and script for primary and secondary education in the province. Lampung is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian family, although its position within Malayo-Polynesian

172-405: A voiced allophone [ɣ] between vocals) and /r/ as separate phonemes for Way Lima subdialect, although he comments that the latter mostly appears in unassimilated loanwords, and is often interchangeable with [x] . Abdurrahman and Yallop describe Komering /r/ as an apical trill instead of a velar fricative. The proto-phoneme is variously written as gh , kh , or r (for the variation between

215-526: A whole has been criticized or outright rejected by various linguists, a closer connection between Lampung and Sundanese has been supported by Anderbeck (2007), on the basis that both languages share more phonological developments with each other than with Adelaar's Malayo-Chamic-BSS. Smith (2017) notes that Lampung merges PMP *j with *d, which is a characteristic of his tentative Western Indonesian (WIn) subgroup. However, lexical evidence for its inclusion in WIn

258-785: Is debuccalization , which occurs in almost all varieties. PLP *p and *t are often targets of debuccalization; *k is less affected by the change. Consonant gemination is also common in Lampung, especially in Nyo and some Api varieties, but almost unknown in Komering. Gemination often happens to consonants preceded by penultimate schwa or historical voiceless nasal (which got reduced to the stop component). Cases of gemination in medial positions have been recorded for all consonants except /ɲ/ , /ŋ/ , /s/ , /w/ and /j/ . The most common syllable patterns are CV and CVC. Consonant clusters are found in

301-492: Is also referred to as KaGaNga , a term for a script that is written and read in a direction from left to right with 20 main letters. The traditional Lampung script has undergone changes throughout history, becoming less complex than the ancient version. This refined version is what is taught in schools today. Statesmen and politicians: Professional practitioners: Reporters and journalists: Freedom fighters: Lampung language Lampung or Lampungic ( cawa Lampung )

344-467: Is also reflected in language usage; the 1980 census reported that 78% of the province's population were native speakers of either Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, or Balinese. As an effort to maintain the indigenous language and "to help define Lampung's identity and cultural symbol", post- New Order era Lampung regional government has made Lampung language a compulsory subject for all students attending primary and secondary educational institutions across

387-665: Is an Austronesian language or dialect cluster with around 1.5 million native speakers , who primarily belong to the Lampung ethnic group of southern Sumatra , Indonesia . It is divided into two or three varieties: Lampung Api (also called Pesisir or A-dialect), Lampung Nyo (also called Abung or O-dialect), and Komering . The latter is sometimes included in Lampung Api, sometimes treated as an entirely separate language. Komering people see themselves as ethnically separate from, but related to, Lampung people. Although Lampung has

430-447: Is classified in its own branch from the western Malayo-Polynesian languages (Lampungic languages) and is most closely related to Malay , Sundanese and Javanese . The Lampung language has two major dialects which is Api and Nyo dialects. The Api dialect are spoken by the people of Sekala Brak, Melinting Maringgai, Darah Putih Rajabasa, Balau Telukbetung, Semaka Kota Agung, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Komering and Daya (those that practices

473-577: Is closely tied to the name of Lampung itself. In the 7th century the Chinese had already mentioned about a place in the south ( Nampang ) where it is said to be the place of the Tolang Pohwang kingdom, the location of the former kingdom's territory may now refer to the area of Tulang Bawang Regency  or regions alongside the  Tulang Bawang River , this is supported by Prof. Gabriel Ferrand (1918). There are strong evidence that Lampung

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516-442: Is hard to determine. Language contact over centuries has blurred the line between Lampung and Malay, to the extent that they were grouped into the same subfamily in older works, such as that of Isidore Dyen in 1965, in which Lampung is placed inside the "Malayic Hesion" alongside Malayan ( Malay , Minangkabau , Kerinci ), Acehnese and Madurese . Nothofer (1985) separates Lampung from Dyen's Malayic, but still include it in

559-488: Is scant. Smith identifies some WIn lexical innovations in Lampung, but it is hard to tell whether these words are inherited from Proto-WIn or borrowed later from Malay. While Smith supports its inclusion in the WIn subgroup, he states that the matter is still subject to debate. Lampung dialects are most commonly classified according to their realizations of Proto-Lampungic final *a, which is retained in some varieties, but realized as [o] in others. This dichotomy leads to

602-494: Is the complete repetition of a morpheme , and partial reduplication, which is the addition of a prefix to a morpheme consisting of its first consonant + /a/ . Some morphemes are inherently reduplicated, such as acang-acang 'pigeon' and lalawah 'spider'. Nouns are fully reduplicated to indicate plurality and variety, as in sanak-sanak 'children' from sanak 'child' and punyeu-punyeu 'fishes' from punyeu 'fish'. Partial reduplication of nouns can convey

645-599: Is usually used for printed materials in the language. However, traditionally, Lampung is written in Rencong script , an abugida , with the Lampung alphabet ( Indonesian : aksara lampung or Lampung Api : had Lampung ). It has 20 main characters and 13 diacritics. This script is most similar to the Kerinci, Rejang and similar alphabets used by neighboring ethnic groups in southwestern Sumatra. The Rencong script, along with other traditional Indonesian writing systems like

688-515: The Komering is also part of Lampungic languages but mostly considered an independent language of its own, separate from proper Lampung as the Komering people have a different culture from Lampung people. Lampung script that is referred to as Had Lampung is a form of writing that is related to the Pallawa script from South India . Just like a form of syllable-based phonetic writing similar to

731-518: The Po-hwang state was mentioned many times as this state did send envoys to China in the year of 442, 449, 451, 459, 464 and 466. It is said that there is also a Tulangbawang kingdom, although the idea simply came from the unification of the two names in the Chinese chronicles. Originally the lineage of the Lampung people came from Sekala Brak kingdom. However, in its customary sense the Lampung people developed and became two people group, namely

774-442: The "higher" forms are used when addressing older people or those with higher status. Personal pronouns can act like proclitics or free words. Enclitic pronouns are used to mark possession. When speaking formally, the "higher" forms of pronouns are used instead of clitics. As with many other Austronesian languages, reduplication is still a productive morphological process in Lampung. Lampung has both full reduplication, which

817-426: The 1970s, Lampung youths in urban areas preferred to use Indonesian instead. In general, there seems to be a trend of " diglossia leakage" in the bilingual Lampung communities, where Indonesian is increasingly used in domains traditionally associated with Lampung language usage. Since the early 20th century, the province of Lampung has been a major destination for the transmigration program , which moves people from

860-476: The Abung dialect of Jabung is the most divergent. However, Aliana does not include Komering varieties in his survey of Lampung dialects, as he notes that some people do not consider it part of Lampung. Hanawalt (2007) largely agrees with Walker, only that he classifies Nyo, Api, and Komering as separate languages rather than dialects of the same language based on sociological and linguistic criteria. He notes that

903-520: The Jabung subdialect. The occurrence of /z/ is limited to some loanwords. There are various phonetic realizations of /r/ within the Lampungic cluster, but it is usually a velar or uvular fricative ( [x] , [ɣ] , [χ] , or [ʁ] ) in most dialects. Udin (1992) includes this phoneme as /ɣ/ and states that it is also variously pronounced as [x] or trilled [r] . Walker lists /x/ (with

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946-557: The Javo-Sumatran languages, Nothofer mentions that Sundanese is perhaps the closest to Lampung, as both languages share the development of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *R > y and the metathesis of the initial and medial consonants of Proto-Austronesian * lapaR > Sundanese palay 'desire, tired' and Lampung palay 'hurt of tired feet'. While the Javo-Sumatran/Malayo-Javanic grouping as

989-409: The Komering river basin. In many Nyo dialects, final /ə/ is reflected as an [o] or [a] if it is followed by /h/ or /ʔ/ . In the Nyo dialect of Blambangan Pagar, final /ə/ is realized as [a] only if the previous vowel is also a schwa; otherwise, /ə/ is realized as [ə] . The Melintin subdialect retains the conservative realization of *ə as [ə] in all positions. Nyo varieties differ from

1032-404: The Lampung people are expressed in the adi-adi (poems):- Tandani ulun Lampung, wat piil-pusanggiri Mulia heno sehitung, wat liom ghega dighi Juluk-adok gham pegung, nemui-nyimah muaghi Nengah-nyampugh mak ngungkung, sakai-Sambaian gawi. The Lampung language is the language used by the Lampung people in Lampung , southern Palembang and the west coast of Banten . This language

1075-430: The Lampung people of Lampung Province". While many researchers consider Komering as part of Lampung Api, Hanawalt argues that there is enough linguistic and sociological differences to break down the western chain into two or more subdivisions; he thus proposes a Komering dialect chain, separate from Lampung Api. Like other regional languages of Indonesia , Lampung is not recognized as an official language anywhere in

1118-496: The Lampungic cluster. He prefers to analyze the /e/ phoneme described by Walker an allophone of /i/ . Similarly, he notes that the /o/ phoneme previously posited for Komering by Abdurrahman and Yallop is better reanalyzed as an allophone of /ə/ . The reflection of /ə/ varies widely across dialects, but the pattern is predictable. Western varieties consistently realize ultimate /ə/ as [o] ; additionally, penultimate /ə/ also becomes [o] in varieties spoken throughout

1161-479: The Pesisir group into four subdialects: Komering, Krui, Pubian, and Southern. Aliana (1986) gives a different classification, listing a combined total of 13 different subdialects within both groups. Through lexicostatistical analysis, Aliana finds that the Pesisir dialect of Talang Padang shares the most similarities with all dialects surveyed; in other words, it is the least divergent among Lampung varieties, while

1204-1364: The Saibatin Lampungs (coastal) and the Pepadun Lampungs (interior). The customs of the Saibatin people are well known for its aristocracy, while the customs of the Pepadun people which emerged later had democratic values developed in opposed to the aristocracy values held by the Saibatin people. The Saibatin Lampungs occupy traditional regions such as Labuhan Maringgai, Pugung, Jabung, Way Jepara, Kalianda, Raja Basa, Teluk Betung, Padang Cermin, Cukuh Balak, Way Lima, Talang Padang, Kota Agung, Semaka, Suoh, Sekincau, Batu Brak, Belalau, Liwa, Pesisir Krui, Ranau, Martapura, Muara Dua, Kayu Agung with four of these cities are in South Sumatra province, Cikoneng in Pantai Banten and including Merpas in South Bengkulu Regency . The Saibatin Lampungs are also often referred to as Pesisir (coastal) Lampungs because majority of them lived along

1247-482: The Saibatin Lampungs customs), and including Way Kanan, Sungkai and Pubian (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). The Nyo dialect are used by the people of Abung and Tulangbawang (those that practices Pepadun Lampungs customs). According to Dr. Van Royen, there are two classification of the Lampung language which are the Belalau dialect or Api dialect and the Abung dialect or Nyo dialect. Komering , spoken by

1290-433: The biggest division is between the eastern (Nyo) and western (Api and Komering) varieties, with the latter forming an enormous dialect chain stretching from the southern tip of Sumatra up north to the downstream regions of Komering River . Some Lampungic-speaking groups (such as the Komering and Kayu Agung peoples) reject the "Lampung" label, although there is some understanding among them that they are "ethnically related to

1333-488: The country, and as such it is mainly used in informal situations. Lampung is in vigorous use in rural areas where the Lampung ethnic group is the majority. A large percentage of speakers in these areas almost exclusively use Lampung at home, and use Indonesian on more formal occasions. In the market where people of different backgrounds meet, a mix of languages is used, including local lingua franca like Palembang Malay . Despite it being well alive in rural areas, already in

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1376-468: The east, south and west coast of Lampung with each consisting of:- The Pepadun Lampungs or Pedalaman (interior) Lampungs consists of:- The philosophical life of the Lampung people are contained in the Kuntara Raja Niti manuscript, which are:- The above-mentioned philosophical values are denoted by the symbol of five decorative flowers of the Lampung seal. The characteristic traits of

1419-422: The former two, cf. the slogans of TVRI Lampung ). In many varieties, some words have their consonants metathesized . Examples include hiruʔ 'cloud' from Proto-Lampungic * rihuʔ , gəral 'name' from PLP * gəlar , and the near-universal metathesis of PLP * hatəluy (from PMP * qateluR ) to tahlui 'egg' or similar forms. Another common–yet irregular–phonological change in Lampungic cluster

1462-770: The labeling of these as A-dialect and O-dialect, respectively. Walker (1975) uses the names Pesisir/Paminggir for the A-dialect and Abung for the O-dialect, but Matanggui (1984) argues that these are misnomers , as each of them is more commonly associated with a specific tribe instead of the whole dialect group. Anderbeck and Hanawalt use the names Api for Pesisir and Nyo for Abung, after their respective words for 'what'. There are some lexical differences between these dialects, but they are identical in terms of morphology and syntax. Walker (1976) further subdivides Abung into two subdialects: Abung and Menggala, while splitting

1505-399: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampungese&oldid=932957558 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lampung people The origins of the Lampung people

1548-449: The more densely populated islands of Indonesia (then Dutch East Indies ) to the less densely populated ones. The program came to a halt during an interlude following the outbreak of World War II , but the government resumed it several years after Indonesian independence . By the mid-1980s, Lampung people had become a minority in the province, accounting for no more than 15% of the population, down from 70% in 1920. This demographic shift

1591-536: The overall phrasal intonation . Partially free clitics, on the other hand, are never stressed except when they appear in the middle of an intonation contour. Like in some Indonesian languages, there is a distinction between the "lower" and "higher" forms of words based on the degrees of formality and the age or status of the speaker relative to the listener, although this distinction is only limited to pronouns and some words. The "lower" forms are used when addressing younger people, or people with close relationship; while

1634-462: The province. The state university of Lampung runs a master's degree program in Lampung language study. The university once also held an associate degree in Lampung language study, but the program was temporarily halted in 2007 due to a change in regulation. Nevertheless, the university has announced a plan to launch a bachelor's degree in Lampung language study by 2019. Anderbeck distinguishes four basic vowel phonemes and three diphthongs in

1677-446: The rest of Lampungic isolects by reflecting Proto-Lampungic final *a in open syllable as /o/ . Later, Nyo varieties also develop the tendency to realize final vowels as diphthongs. Final /o/ is variously realized as [ə͡ɔ] , [ow] , or similar diphthongs. Most Nyo speakers also pronounce final /i/ and /u/ as [əj] and [əw] , respectively. This diphthongization of final vowels in open syllables occurs in all Nyo varieties, except in

1720-473: The same meaning, but this formation is not as productive as full reduplication. More often, partial reduplication is used to signify a similarity between the root word and the derived noun: Complete reduplication of adjectives denotes intensification: Partial reduplication, on the other hand, soften the meaning of an adjective: Reduplication of verbs signifies "a continuous or prolonged action or state": The Latin script (with Indonesian orthography )

1763-694: The vowels as used in Arabic letters by using the sign of fathah at the top row and the sign of kasrah at the bottom row but does not use the sign of dammah on the front row unless the mark is used at the back, with each mark has its own name. This shows that Lampung script is influenced by two elements, namely the Pallawa script and Arabic script . The Lampung script also has a form of kinship with Rencong script , Rejang script , Bengkulu script and Bugis script . Had Lampung consists of main letters, sub-letters, double letters and consonant clusters, as well as also symbols, numbers and punctuation. Lampung script

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1806-430: The wider "Javo-Sumatra Hesion" alongside Malayic , Sundanese , Madurese, and more distantly, Javanese . Ross (1995) assigns Lampung its own group, unclassified within Malayo-Polynesian. This position is followed by Adelaar (2005), who excludes Lampung from his Malayo-Sumbawan grouping—which includes Sundanese, Madurese, and Malayo-Chamic-BSS (comprising Malayic, Chamic , and Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa languages). Among

1849-570: Was part of the Srivijaya empire with its capital in Jambi and did conquered parts of South East Asia region including Lampung until the 11th century. In the 5th AD Taiping Huanyu Ji chronicles, names of the Nan-hai (Southern ocean) states were recorded and among them are two states which were mentioned in sequence, To-lang and Po-hwang . The To-lang state was mentioned only once, but

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