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42-663: One of the members of the Sanhaja confederation, the Lamtuna inhabited the areas of Adrar and Tagant. During the 11th century, the Lamtuna, Godala , and Masufa tribes were united under the Lamtuna leader, Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat (Tarsina). After Tarsina's death his successor Yahya ibn Ibrahim , of the Godala tribe, married a member of the Urtantac family that governed the Lamtuna, expanding both his personal influence and that of

84-547: A romanized distortion of Zenata and Sanhaja from Arabic. The descendants of the Sanhaja and their languages are still found today in the Middle Atlas mountains, eastern Morocco, northern Morocco (Rif), western Algeria, Kabylia and Kabyle territories. The Zenaga, a group believed to be of Gudala (the southernmost Sanhaja tribe) origin, inhabit southwestern Mauritania and parts of northern Senegal. However, they are

126-569: A small population. Kabylia Kabylia or Kabylie ( / k ə ˈ b ɪ l i ə / ; Kabyle : Tamurt n Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen , meaning "Land of Kabyles", Arabic : منطقة القبائل , meaning "Land of the Tribes") is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people . It is part of the Tell Atlas mountain range and is located at the edge of

168-463: A strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930s and actively trained militants who became key players during the struggle for independence and in building an independent Algerian state. French colonists invented the Kabyle myth in the 19th century which asserted that the Kabyle people were more predisposed than Arabs to assimilate into "French civilization." Lacoste explained that "turning

210-662: Is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary). Today Kabylia is one of the most industrialised parts of Algeria . Kabylia produces less than 15% of Algerian GDP (excluding oil and gas). Industries include: pharmaceutical industry in Bgayet Bejaia , agro-alimentary in Ifri and Akbou , mechanical industry in Tizi Ouzou and other small towns of western Kabylia, and petrochemical industry and oil refining in Bgayet Bejaia . Bgayet ( Bejaia )'s port

252-526: Is populated by Kabyles, a Berber ethnic group. They speak the Kabyle language , the largest Berber language in Algeria. It is spoken by 3 million people and has significant Arabic , French , Latin , Greek , Phoenician and Punic substratum, with Arabic loanwords representing 35% to 46% of the total Kabyle vocabulary. Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of

294-613: The Arabic word qaba'il (قبائل) which has two meanings, the first one is tribes that live among sedentary populations and the second is 'to accept', which Arabs after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb used for local populations that accepted Islam . Kabylia was a part of the Kingdom of Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC). The history of Kabylie started to appear in the classical books during

336-736: The Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylie helped contribute to the founding of the Fatimid Caliphate , whose support in the conquest of Ifriqiya resulted in the creation of the Caliphate, although the ruling Fatimid dynasty was Arab . After the conquest of Ifriqiya, the Fatimids conquered the realm of the Rustamids on the way to Sijilmasa which they also briefly conquered. There the imprisoned Abdullāh al-Mahdī Billah

378-678: The Mediterranean Sea . Kabylia covers two provinces of Algeria : Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia . Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylia. During the French colonization of Algeria , the French invented the term 'Kabylia', a term never used by the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria prior to the French invasion. The word 'Kabyle' is a distortion of

420-680: The Abbasids allowed Fatimid-Kutama power to quickly expand and in 959 Ziri ibn Manad , Jawhar the Sicilian and a Kutama army conquered Fez and Sijilmassa in Morocco. During the reign of al-Aziz Billah , the role of the Kutama in the Fatimid army was greatly weakened as he significantly reduced their size in the army and included new socio-military groups. In 969 under the command of Jawhar,

462-781: The Arabian Peninsula instead. This article about an ethnic group in Africa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sanhaja The Sanhaja ( Arabic : صنهاجة , Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga ; Berber languages : Aẓnag , pl. Iẓnagen , and also Aẓnaj , pl. Iẓnajen ) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations. Many tribes in Algeria, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its Berber form. Other names for

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504-574: The Arabs into invaders was one way of legitimizing the French presence". Prior to the creation of the term in the 1840s, Kabyles throughout the centuries were actively and fully assimilated into the Arab culture of Algeria. During the War of Independence (1954–1962), the FLN and ALN 's reorganisation of the country created, for the first time, a unified Kabyle administrative territory, wilaya III , being as it

546-729: The Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria ( Kabylia , Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Kutama created the empire of the Fatimids conquering all North African countries and parts of the Middle East. The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled Ifriqiya until the 12th century and established their rule in all of

588-471: The Fatimid troops conquered Egypt from the Ikhsidids, the general Ja'far ibn Fallah was instrumental in this success: he led the troops that crossed the river Nile and according to al-Maqrizi, captured the boats used to do this from a fleet sent by Ikhshidid loyalists from Lower Egypt. The general Ja’far then invaded Palestine and conquered Ramla , the capital, he then conquered Damascus and made himself

630-577: The French in response to uprisings, mainly to New Caledonia (hence the origins of the Algerians of the Pacific .) Colonization also resulted in an acceleration of the emigration into other areas of the country and outside of it. Algerian migrant workers in France organized the first party promoting independence in the 1920s. Messali Hadj , Imache Amar , Si Djilani , and Belkacem Radjef rapidly built

672-549: The Kabyle people were some of the few Imazighen in North Africa who remained independent. During the Arab conquest of North Africa , the Kabyles were able to temporarily control and possess their mountains, It was not until 1857 that Kabylia as a whole was fully and entirely conquered and subdued by France. Between 902 and 909 AD, after being converted to Isma'ilism and won over by Abu Abdallah 's dawah ,

714-513: The Maghreb region. The Fatimids conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East. During the Regency of Algiers , most of Kabylia was independent. Kabylia was split into two main kingdoms, the Kingdom of Kuku in modern Tizi Ouzou , and the Kingdom of Ait Abbas in modern Béjaïa . Though the region was the last stronghold against French colonization, the area

756-863: The Nile and reached the Maghrib, where al-Muṣawwir married Tāzikāy, the mother of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ. After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger. Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on

798-580: The Sanhadja likely adopted themselves for political legitimacy), but other genealogical sources and modern genetic testing reveal this supposed origin to likely be a myth, given the predominant Berber Y haplogroup is E, and the predominant Arab Y haplogroup is J . The historian Al-Idrīsī presents one example of the Himyarite myth as following: He then traced the origin of the Ṣanhādja and Lamṭa tribes to their common male ancestor Lamṭ, son of Za‘zā‘, who

840-558: The Zirid's territory extended eastward to cover the area of modern Tunisia. Both the Hammadid and Zirid empires as well as the Fatimids established their rule in the Maghreb countries. The Zirids ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The Hammadids captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in

882-605: The banning of a conference by writer Mouloud Mammeri on traditional Kabyle poetry, riots and strikes broke out in Tizi Ouzou , followed by several months of demonstrations on university campuses in Kabylia and Algiers, known as the Berber Spring , demanding the officialisation and recognition of the Tamazight language. These resulted in the extrajudicial imprisonment of thousands of Kabylie intellectuals, along with other clashes in Tizi-Ouzou and Algiers in 1984 and 1985. With

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924-658: The central government, with the Socialist Forces Front (FFS) party of Hocine Aït Ahmed , strong in wilayas III and IV (Kabylie and Algiers), opposing the FLN's Political Bureau centred around the person of Ahmed Ben Bella , who in turn relied upon the forces of the border army group within the ALN commanded by Houari Boumediene . The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (based in Tizi Ouzou )

966-664: The countries in the Maghreb region. In the mid-11th century, a group of Sanhaja chieftains returning from the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) invited the theologian Ibn Yasin to preach among their tribes. Ibn Yasin united the tribes in the alliance of the Almoravids in the middle of the 11th century. This confederacy subsequently established Morocco, and conquered western Algeria and Al-Andalus (part of present-day Spain). The Sanhaja tribes would remain in roles as either exploited semi-sedentary agriculturalists and fishermen, or higher up on

1008-610: The death in April 2001 of Massinissa Guermah, a young high school student, in police custody, major riots took place, known as the Black Spring , in which 123 people died and some two thousand were wounded as a result of the authorities' violent crackdown. Eventually, the government was compelled to negotiate with the Arouch , a confederation of ancestral local councils over the situation, alongside wider issues such as social justice and

1050-577: The economy, which was deemed by the government as 'regionalist' and dangerous for national unity and cohesion. Nevertheless, Tamazight was recognised in 2002 as a national language of Algeria, and as of 7 February 2016, an official language of the State alongside Arabic. The Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK) , founded in June 2001, has called for self-government for the region since 2011. The MAK

1092-434: The entire school year until mid 1995 where the ten-million strong population of Kabylia conducted a total school boycott, known as the "schoolbag strike". In June and July 1998 the region flared up again after the assassination of protest singer and political activist Lounès Matoub at the same time that a law requiring the use of Arabic in all fields of education entered into force, further worsening tensions. Following

1134-606: The family. The Lamtuna sat at the top of the ruling class as well as holding positions in important administrative and military posts in the Almoravid dynasty . After Abdallah ibn Yasin 's death in 1059 Almoravid leadership was assumed by the chief of the Lamtuna, Abu Bakr ibn Umar , who fought against rebels in Mauritania in 1060. His cousin, Yusuf ibn Tashfin , continued to lead the Almoravids in southern Morocco and it

1176-533: The fight for recognition of the Berber language as an official one in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria ). The Kabylia region is home to dozens of zawiyas affiliated with the Rahmaniyya Sufi brotherhood , including the following: The traditional economy of the area is based on arboriculture (orchards, olive trees ) and on the craft industry ( tapestry or pottery ). The mountain and hill farming

1218-536: The fourth century AD with the revolt of the commander Firmus and his brother Guildon against the empire. The Vandals , a Germanic people, established a kingdom in North Africa in 435. Their rule lasted for 99 years until they were conquered by the Byzantine Empire in 534. The surviving Vandals then assimilated into the native Berber population. During the rule of the Romans, Vandals and Byzantines,

1260-676: The master of the city and then he moved north and conquered Tripoli . It was around this time period that the Fatimid Caliphate reached its territorial peak of 4,100,000 km2. A Berber family emerged as formidable leaders in the unique Berber form of elected delegates form of government (through financial contribution and thus influence), the Zirids . Beyond their immediate Zirid territory ( aarch /Congregation), another aarch and family Hammadid and its associates emerged in Kabylia with influence covering most of today's Algeria, whereas

1302-583: The opening up and establishment of the multi-party system in 1989, the RCD (Rally for Culture and Democracy) party was created by Saïd Sadi , at the same time as identity politics and the cultural awakening of the Kabylians were intensifying in reaction to the increasingly hard-line Arabization . In the midst of the civil war, there was an act of massive civil disobedience beginning in September 1994 and lasting

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1344-580: The population include Zenaga , Znaga , Sanhája , Sanhâdja and Senhaja . Ibn Khaldun and others defined the Sanhaja as a grouping made up of three separate confederations, not as a single confederation. The distinction is usually made with a diacritical point placed above or below that is present in the Arabic text and often lost in English. Berber tribes such as the Sanhadja or Kutama are often attributed Himyarite origins by Arab historians (which

1386-460: The social ladder, as religious (Marabout or Zawiya) tribes. Though often Arabized in culture and language, they are believed to be descended from Sanhaja Berber population present in the area before the arrival of the Arab Maqil tribes in the 12th century, which was finally subjected to domination by Arab-descended warrior castes in the 17th century Char Bouba war . According to Mercer,

1428-427: The words Zenaga or Znaga (from the Berber root ẓnag or ẓnaj , giving the noun Aẓnag or Aẓnaj with the additional masculine singular prefix a- , or Taẓnagt or Taẓnajt with the additional feminine singular circumfix ta--t , or Iẓnagen or Iẓnajen with the additional masculine plural circumfix i--en , or Tiẓnagen or Tiẓnajen with the additional feminine plural circumfix ti--en ) are thought to be

1470-535: Was also in Kabylia that the Soummam conference took place in 1956, the first of the FLN. The flipside of being such a critical region for the independence movement was being one of the major target of French counter-insurgency operations, not least the devastation of agricultural lands, looting, destruction of villages, population displacement, the creation of forbidden zones, etc. From the moment of independence, tensions had already developed between Kabyle leaders and

1512-475: Was at the centre of the anti-colonial struggle. As such, along with the Aurès , it was one of the most affected areas because of the importance of the maquis (aided by the mountainous terrain ) and the high levels of support and collaboration of its inhabitants for the nationalist cause. Several historic leaders of the FLN came from this region, including Hocine Aït Ahmed , Abane Ramdane , and Krim Belkacem . It

1554-551: Was defeated by the Oujda Group led by Ahmed Ben Bella in the 1962 Algerian crisis . As early as 1963 the FFS called into question the authority of the single-party system, which resulted in two years of armed confrontation in the region. The rebellion was defeated, leaving more than four hundred dead, and most of the FLN leaders from Kabylia and the eastern provinces either executed or forced into exile. In April 1980, following

1596-468: Was freed, accepted as the Imam of the movement, and installed as the first Caliph and founder of the ruling dynasty. The historian Heinz Halm describes the early Fatimid state as being "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib" and Loimeier states that rebellions against the Fatimids were also expressed through protest and opposition to Kutama rule. The weakening of

1638-552: Was from the children (min awlād) of Ḥimyar, and thus attributed to both of them the South Arabian roots. The similar origin is also ascribed to the “brother” of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ by maternal line, Hawwār, whose forefather was al-Muṣawwir, son of al-Muthannā, son of Kalā‘, son of Ayman, son of Sa‘īd, son of Ḥimyar. According to a legend, his and his tribe’s abode was in Hejaz, but they left it in search of lost camels, so that crossed

1680-496: Was gradually taken over by the French after 1830 , despite vigorous local resistance by the local population led by leaders such as Faḍma n Sumer and Cheikh Mokrani , until the Battle of Icheriden in 1857 marked a decisive French victory, with sporadic outbursts of violence continuing as late as Mokrani 's rebellion in 1871. Much land was confiscated in this period from the more recalcitrant tribes and given to French pieds-noirs . Many arrests and deportations were carried out by

1722-479: Was renamed as "Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie" seeking independence from Algeria. Main features: Three large chains of mountains occupy most of the area: There are a number of flora and fauna associated with this region. Notable is a population of the endangered primate , Barbary macaque , Macaca sylvanus , whose prehistoric range encompassed a much wider span than the present limited populations in Algeria, Morocco and Gibraltar . The area

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1764-407: Was under his leadership that most of the Maghreb and Al-Andalus was conquered. While the Lamtuna claim descent from the Himyarite Kingdom , with one of the chiefs sometimes referred to as Saharawi (one who comes from the Sahara). This name is seldom used in Arabic sources and doesn't appear to refer to a specific group. Genealogical data suggests that DNA may have been introduced by invaders from

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