Zimbabwe Rhodesia
39-622: Second Phase (1972–1979) Related incidents The Lancaster House Agreement refers to an agreement signed on 21 December 1979 in Lancaster House , following the conclusion of a constitutional conference where different parties discussed the future of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , formerly known as Rhodesia . The agreement effectively concluded the Rhodesian Bush War . It also marked the nullification of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence , as British colonial authority
78-424: A cease-fire agreement signed by all the parties. In concluding this agreement and signing its report, the parties agreed to accept the authority of the governor, abide by the independence constitution (later called the "Lancaster Constitution") and ceasefire agreement, comply with the pre-independence arrangements, campaign peacefully and without intimidation, renounce the use of force for political ends, and accept
117-522: A majority of seats. Independence in terms of the agreed-upon constitution, during the Lancaster House negotiations, was granted to Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 with Robert Mugabe as the first prime minister. Mugabe's victory reportedly spelled "disaster" for South Africa 's plan to establish a "neutral constellation of friendly, client states." The content of Lancaster House Agreement covered the new constitution , pre-independence arrangements, and
156-697: A republic, inside the Commonwealth. In 1979 it was the scene of the Lancaster House Agreement , which led to the independence of Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , from the United Kingdom . The house was the venue for the 10th G7 summit in 1984 and the 17th G7 summit in 1991. A new 35-foot-long table was built for the Long Gallery, where the main negotiating sessions were planned in 1991. Prime Minister Theresa May gave
195-640: A speech at Lancaster House in January 2017 outlining Britain's intended future relationship with the European Union following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum which resulted in a vote to leave. The speech is commonly referred to in the media, and in political discourse, as the "Lancaster House speech". Winston Churchill commented that towards the end of the 19th century, "glittering parties at Lansdowne House , Devonshire House or Stafford House (Lancaster House) comprised all
234-514: Is a historic Grade I listed building , and its interiors are sometimes used in films or television as a stand in for Buckingham Palace . Construction of the house commenced in 1825 for the Duke of York and Albany , the second son of King George III , and it was initially known as York House. Sir Robert Smirke was originally hired to design the house, until under the influence of the Duke's mistress
273-1005: The Foreign Office , George Walden , and Charles Powell . Andrew Novak wrote that Shridath Ramphal , the head of the Commonwealth of Nations , acted as a "shadow mediator" for the conference, restraining Carrington from hard-line positions, and ensuring Carrington and the Patriotic Front received "private concessions" during the negotiations. The Patriotic Front delegation was led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo . ZAPU leaders Josiah Mushore Chinamano and Joseph Msika , ZANLA general Josiah Tongogara , and ZAPU members Ernest R Kadungure and T George Silundika were also delegates. Additional delegates included Edgar Tekere , Dzingai Mutumbuka , Josiah Tungamirai , Edson Zvobgo , Simbi Mubako , Walter Kamba , and John Nkomo . The delegation which represented Zimbabwe Rhodesia
312-653: The Rhodesian Bush War . He remained loyal to Mugabe during the Nhari and Vashandi inter-factional strife within ZANLA, and was among the ZANLA officials who escaped Zambia, following the Zambian government's arrest of senior ZANU officials after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo . Towards the end of the war, he served as ZANLA Political Commissar. In 1979 Tungamirai was part of the Patriotic Front delegation which
351-676: The Second World War , the house was the home of the London Museum . The allied government's European Advisory Commission on the political and social future of Europe after the Second World War met here throughout 1944 and into 1945. In January 1947 a special envoy meeting on affairs concerning occupied Austria was hosted here. The year 1956, the house saw the signing of the agreement of independence for Malaya . In 1961, South Africa affirmed its intention to become
390-407: The forced acquisition of land under section 8 would proceed. Within 24 hours, the local currency had devalued more than 50%. In 2000 and 2001, the U.S. and British governments, and the European Union , would condemn the new land reform program, although African organizations also criticised the international community for their role in the situation, and Britain's abrogation of their promises made at
429-695: The historical drama film The Young Victoria (2009), the historical drama film The King's Speech (2010), and the 2013 Christmas special for Downton Abbey , when Rose is presented to the King and Queen during the London Season . Lancaster House reprised its role as Buckingham Palace for the Netflix series The Crown . The interior was used to represent the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg for
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#1732765570308468-653: The "unalienable right" of the Zimbabwean people to self-determination . The council adopted the resolution by 14 votes to none, while the United Kingdom did not participate in the vote. It was said that the "crucial land question" was excluded from the conference's deliberations, with the "key financial backing for land restitution" promised by the Carter Administration , but it actually delayed land reform by ten years. The agreement specified that
507-511: The 1981 film Reds . It also appears as the house of Lady Bracknell in the comedy of manners film The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), and as the site of a masquerade ball in the Merchant-Ivory film The Golden Bowl (2000). Josiah Tungamirai Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai (8 October 1948 – 25 August 2005), born Thomas Mberikwazvo , was a Zimbabwean military officer and politician. He
546-589: The 3rd Duchess died, in 1888 and her husband married his mistress within months. In 1912 the lease was purchased by the Lancastrian industrialist and philanthropist Sir William Lever, 1st Baronet (later 1st Viscount Leverhulme) who renamed it in honour of his native county of Lancashire and presented it to the nation in the following year. Since 1922 the building has housed the Government Wine Cellar , and, from 1924 until shortly after
585-521: The Duchess of Rutland, he was replaced by Benjamin Dean Wyatt who mainly designed the exterior. The house was only a shell by the time of the death of the Duke in 1827. It is constructed from Bath stone , in a neo-classical style . The lease of the house was purchased by the 2nd Marquess of Stafford (later 1st Duke of Sutherland ) and was under his direction that it was completed in 1838. It
624-684: The UK government to ensure that South African forces would be withdrawn, regular or mercenary , out of the country. It also requested that UK allow the speedy return of Zimbabwean exiles and refugees, release of political prisoners , confinement of the Rhodesian and auxiliary forces to their bases, and rescindment of all emergency measures and laws inconsistent with the conduct of free and fair elections. The resolution also condemned South Africa for its interference in Southern Rhodesia and reaffirmed
663-759: The United Kingdom, chaired the conference. The conference took place from 10 September to 15 December 1979 with 47 plenary sessions . In late September 1979, president Jimmy Carter , in a letter to senator John Stennis , praised the conference for making "some important first steps," but argued that "many difficult negotiations lie ahead." During the negotiations, the British delegation was headed by Antony Duff . It included over 20 other members, such as Lord Carrington, Ian Gilmour , Michael Havers , David Ormsby-Gore , Richard Luce , Michael Palliser , Derek Day . Other delegates included Robin Renwick , Nicholas Fenn of
702-509: The arts attracted many distinguished guests, including factory reformer the Earl of Shaftesbury , anti-slavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe and Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Garibaldi . Chopin gave a recital there in 1848 in the presence of Queen Victoria . Queen Victoria is said to have remarked to the 2nd Duchess of Sutherland on arriving at Stafford House, "I have come from my House to your Palace." With its ornate decoration and
741-437: The conference was to discuss and reach agreement on the terms of an post-independence constitution, to agree on the holding of elections under British authority, and to enable Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to lawful and internationally recognised independence, with the parties settling their differences by political means. The conference formally began on 10 September 1979. Lord Carrington , foreign and Commonwealth secretary of
780-688: The dissolution of the unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , created months earlier by the Internal Settlement . In terms of the ceasefire, ZAPU and ZANU guerrillas were to gather at designated assembly points under British supervision, following which elections were to be held to elect a new government. These elections were held in February 1980, and resulted in the Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) led by Robert Mugabe winning
819-761: The dramatic sweep of the great staircase, the Grand Hall is a magnificent introduction to one of the finest town houses in London. In 1877 the House became the eponymous home of the Stafford House Committee for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Turkish Soldiers, formed by the 3rd Duke to aid Ottoman refugees and wounded during the Russo-Turkish War . The house went out of royal favour after
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#1732765570308858-551: The elements which made a gay and splendid social circle in close relation to the business of Parliament, the hierarchies of the Army and Navy, and the policy of the State". Lancaster House has been extensively used as a filming location. It has stood in for Buckingham Palace at least six times in film and television: for the comedy film King Ralph (1991), the mystery adventure film National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007),
897-454: The government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , and Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo for the Patriotic Front . According to Robert Matthews, the success of the Lancaster House negotiations can be explained by a "balance of forces on the battlefield that clearly favoured the nationalists" the impact of international sanctions on the Rhodesian economy, "a particular pattern of third party interests" and the resource and skills that Lord Carrington brought to
936-461: The negotiations" and undermine U.S. ability to urge "flexibility on...external parties and...Front Line states." The next month, Stephen Solarz argued that lifting sanctions before the end of the conference could be "cited as a reason for its collapse". The Lancaster House Agreement was signed on 21 December 1979. Lord Carrington and Sir Ian Gilmour signed the agreement on behalf of the United Kingdom, Abel Muzorewa and Silas Mundawarara signed for
975-515: The new government could buy land owned by white settlers, but only from "willing sellers" with compensation, and without formal stipulations for Britain to "fund land programmes". It was also said that the British were protective of "white farming interests" in Zimbabwe. In 1997, war veterans began receiving individual personal payments of ZW$ 50,000 each for their service in the Rhodesian Bush War . Some months later, Robert Mugabe announced that
1014-430: The outcome of the elections and to instruct any forces under their authority to do the same. Under the constitution, 20 per cent of the seats in the country's parliament were to be reserved for whites. This provision remained in the constitution until 1987. In November 1979, U.S. secretary of state Cyrus Vance recommended that president Jimmy Carter not lift sanctions on Rhodesia, arguing that doing so would "jeopardize
1053-426: The table as a mediator. The agreement was also described as a "constitutional compromise". Under the terms of the agreement, Zimbabwe Rhodesia temporarily reverted to its former status as the colony of Southern Rhodesia , thereby ending the rebellion caused by Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence . Lord Soames was appointed governor with full executive and legislative powers. The agreement would lead to
1092-411: The terms of ceasefire. The agreement is named after Lancaster House in London, where the conference on independence from 10 September to 15 December 1979 was held. The agreement was not, however, signed until 21 December. In February 1980, the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 463 which called on all parties to comply with the agreement, and the UK to fully implement the agreement, encouraging
1131-575: The time of Zimbabwean independence from colonial rule. Lancaster House Lancaster House (originally known as York House and then Stafford House ) is a mansion on The Mall in the St James's district in the West End of London . Adjacent to The Green Park , it is next to Clarence House and St James's Palace , as much of the site was once part of the palace grounds. Initially planned for Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany , it
1170-570: The verified absence of voter intimidation. Following the meeting of Commonwealth heads of government held in Lusaka from 1–7 August 1979, the British government invited bishop Abel Muzorewa , the recently installed prime minister of the (unrecognized) Zimbabwe Rhodesia government, along with the leaders of the Patriotic Front (the name of the ZANU-ZAPU coalition), to participate in a constitutional conference at Lancaster House . The purpose of
1209-576: Was a party to the Lancaster House Agreement . When Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, Tungamirai became a major general in the newly formed Zimbabwe National Army and was appointed to the Zimbabwe Joint High Command. He was involved in the work to integrate the formerly belligerent Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army as well as the Rhodesian Army . In 1982 Tungamirai
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1248-730: Was commander of the Air Force and later served as Minister of State for Indigenization and Empowerment in President Robert Mugabe 's government before his death in 2005. Tungamirai was born into a peasant family as Thomas Mberikwazvo on 8 October 1948 in Gutu , Masvingo Province , in what was then Southern Rhodesia . He received his primary education at the Mutero Mission in Gutu from 1957 to 1964. His secondary education
1287-627: Was completed at the Chikwingwizha Seminary. Tungamirai went up to Salisbury Polytechnic and he completed his studies in Physics and Mathematics in 1970. The Mother of his oldest child Thomas Tungamirai, was Juliette James. Juliette was of Mozambique & Scottish héritage, à freedom fighter, who died in the war for indépendance. Tungamirai served in Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) during
1326-570: Was elected to parliament from Gutu North in a by-election. He was soon afterwards appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of State for Indigenisation and Empowerment on 9 February 2004. He was put on the United States sanctions list in 2003 and remained on the list until his death. Following what anonymous members of Tungamirai's family said were problems with rejection of a kidney transplant carried out several years previously, Tungamirai
1365-514: Was known as Stafford House for almost a century. The completed building was three floors in height, the State rooms being on the first floor or piano nobile , family living rooms on the ground floor and family bedrooms on the second floor. There was also a basement containing service rooms and wine cellar. The interior, featured an imperial staircase which was designed by Sir Charles Barry , as well Louis XIV Style rooms which were lavishly decorated. The Sutherlands’ liberal politics and love of
1404-402: Was led by bishop Abel Muzorewa . This delegation also included Ian Smith (minister without portfolio), Ndabaningi Sithole , Kayisa Ndiweni , Rowan Cronjé , Harold Hawkins , Kayisa Ndiweni, Simpson Mutambanengwe , and Gordon Chavunduka In the course of its proceedings the conference reached agreement on a post-independence constitution, arrangements for the post-independence period, and
1443-402: Was to be restored for a transition period, during which free elections under supervision by the British government would take place. Crucially, ZANU and ZAPU , the political wings of ZANLA and ZIPRA (who had been waging an escalating insurgency since 1964), would be permitted to stand candidates in the forthcoming elections. This was however conditional to compliance with the ceasefire and
1482-528: Was transferred to the Air Force of Zimbabwe to fill the post of Chief of Staff. At that time he was redesignated an air vice-marshal . Tungamirai qualified as a pilot in October 1984. Tungamirai went on to reach the rank of air chief marshal and serve as the commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe . In 1992 Tungamirai was replaced by Perrance Shiri as Air Force commander. In early 2004, Tungamirai
1521-408: Was ultimately completed by the Duke of Sutherland , then Marquess of Stafford, as an aristocratic townhouse in the early 19th century, and known for its lavish interiors. Gifted to the government in the early 20th century, it houses the government's wine cellars and was home to the London Museum until World War II. Now used for diplomatic receptions and related functions by the Foreign Office , it
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