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55-667: Lancaster University Management School ( LUMS ) is the business school of Lancaster University in Lancaster , England. The school's history can be traced back to the establishment of departments of marketing and of operational research at the university's foundation in 1964. These and other related departments were organised into the "School of Business and Organizational Studies" in 1969. A full range of subjects are taught, ranging from undergraduate degrees to postgraduate degrees, including executive and full-time MBAs , PhDs and post-experience executive education . Lancaster University

110-496: A Chartered Accountant career. Several LUMS postgraduate programmes have modules designed and delivered by employers – these include Accenture , Deloitte , Cisco , IBM and SAP AG . Seven subject areas exist within the Management School: Accounting and Finance, Economics, Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Management Science, Marketing, Organisation, Work and Technology, and Business and Management. In

165-477: A Lancaster Centre for Business Studies. After politics was removed from the plan and a new Department of Organizational Research created, this became a reality under the name of the School of Business and Organizational Studies in 1969. In 1974 the name of the school was changed to the School of Management and Organizational Science "to reflect more accurately the school's wide spread of interests in business, commerce,

220-822: A Small Business Charter award from the Chartered Association of Business Schools, and was awarded an Athena Swan Bronze award in 2021, in recognition of its commitment to advancing gender equality. Silver award for Lancaster University researcher at STEM for Britain contest. Business school A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management . A business school may also be referred to as school of management , management school , school of business administration , college of business , or colloquially b-school or biz school . A business school offers comprehensive education in various disciplines related to

275-480: A bachelor's degree is tuition-free at public intuitions in several countries: Austria , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Greece , Malta , Montenegro , Norway , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden , Turkey . In the German education system , most universities do not charge tuition, except for some executive MBA programs. French tuition fees are capped based on

330-480: A college of Lancaster University in their first year. Most programmes offer the capability to take part in an industrial placement year . It is argued that such placement- or internship-focused degrees enhance students' employability upon completion of degree programmes. A range of extra-curricular opportunities exist at LUMS, in addition to those available within Lancaster University . Each year,

385-501: A community colleges, charge $ 3,730 (€3,154) on average for in-state students, but these institutions usually do not offer Bachelors or MBA degrees. Private institutions in the United States all charge tuition, often considerably more than their public counterparts. Research Excellence Framework The Research Excellence Framework ( REF ) is a research impact evaluation of British Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). It

440-677: A defined number of ECTS credits. Grande école business schools are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process, and the PGE ( Programme Grande École ) ends with the degree of Master in Management (MiM). Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method ). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information

495-493: A method section, and thereby making the assessment of what type of impact was claimed a rhetoric game of who can claim the most (cf. Brauer, 2018). Thereby, grand claims are incentivized by the assessment structure. The problem occurs, because qualitative judgments of the significance and reach of the impact (without an account of the underlying method) cement contemporary values into the assessment, as such; "[…] call it socially constructed, mutual learning, social practice whatever,

550-518: A number of new buildings and facilities grouped together near the south end of the campus. Within the Management School, the Hub area and atrium of the school opened in 2005. The Charles Carter Building opened in 2010 and provides additional teaching and study facilities. The West Pavilion building opened in 2021, providing new lecture theatres, study and teaching space. From 2022, it is home to

605-541: A premium rate for MBAs. All private and autonomous institutions in Europe charge tuition. In the United States, most public college and universities charge tuition. According to the CollegeBoard, the average cost for an out-of-state, or international student, to attend a public four year university in 2020 was $ 38,330 (€32,409), while the average in-state cost was $ 21,950 (€18,559). Two year public universities, such as

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660-474: A range of topics. Crowdfunding for research has two advantages: one, it is a source for a relatively high guaranteed funding, with a rate of around 50%, second, it is a very effective tool to engage with the general public. One problem that the Stern review did not address in relation to the research impact assessment, is that the structure of case study design template on which impact is assessed, does not contain

715-420: A single submission as LUMS to the 1992 Research Assessment Exercise , resulting in a top-grade of '5' for the school and contributing significantly to moving Lancaster into the top ten UK universities by research rating. The MBA course was introduced in 1989. LUMS is one of the four faculties of Lancaster University and is situated on the university campus, south of the city of Lancaster. The campus consists of

770-597: Is encouraged by the REF structure is quite conservative. Also, in terms of the impact of the examined research, in the history of the sciences and the humanities it is not unusual to take some time until the full impact of a discovery is made. The present system has a vista of only four or five years. The Times Higher Education also revealed that some universities appeared to be "gaming" the REF system. This included "REF Poaching", in which staff with established research records were headhunted from their universities immediately before

825-400: Is particularly evident in the humanities, where most of the ground-breaking research is traditionally not published in articles. Therefore, many researchers are pushed towards a relatively mediocre activity, which will allow them to produce one or two books during the assessment period, but not the kind of monograph that normally would need four or five years of research and writing. Moreover,

880-536: Is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more. Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching: When Harvard Business School started operating in 1908,

935-491: Is suited practically more for the assessment. Another area of criticism, which the REF inherited from the structure of the RAE, is that for most full-time staff members submission normally consists of four published 'research output items'. There is no recognition of the difference between a book and an article in terms of research value. Therefore, the REF system discourages long-term projects that strive for excellence. This problem

990-502: Is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University . The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems. Another important approach used in business school is the use of business games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc. Some colleges are blending many of these approaches throughout their degree programs, and even blending

1045-788: Is the successor to the Research Assessment Exercise and it was first used in 2014 to assess the period 2008–2013. REF is undertaken by the four UK higher education funding bodies: Research England , the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW), and the Department for the Economy , Northern Ireland (DfE). Its stated aims are to: Critics argue, inter alia, that there

1100-501: Is too much focus on the impact of research outside of the university system, and that impact has no real relevance to the quality of research. It is suggested that REF actually encourages mediocrity in published research, and discourages research which might have value in the long term. It has repeatedly been argued that REF does more harm than good to higher education. The latest REF was in 2021, with results released in May 2022, continuing

1155-572: The Bologna Process in order to facilitate international mobility: bachelor's , master's and doctorates . The details of how degrees are organized vary between countries and institutions, but in terms of ECTS credits , where 60 credits represents a full academic year's work, a bachelor's degree typically requires 180–240 credits and a master's degree 90–120 credits. In France, those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE ( unités d'enseignement or modules), each worth

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1210-657: The NHS and The UK Cabinet Office . Through its Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, it also provides business support and knowledge transfer for small and medium enterprises in England's North West region. LUMS was awarded a Small Business Charter Gold Award in 2014. In 2005, LUMS partnered with Ernst & Young to offer undergraduate degrees in Accounting and Finance, in which students undertake two periods of paid work-experience with Ernst & Young, in preparation for

1265-419: The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), following the 2008 RAE. The following quote from the letter indicates some of the original motivation: Our key aims for the new framework will be: The letter also set out a timetable for the development of the REF. HEFCE undertook a consultation exercise during September–December 2009, soliciting responses from stakeholders on the proposals. These include for example

1320-452: The "market share" measure uses the weighting used to calculate block grants from the institutional profiles, with 4* grades given a weighting of four, 3* grades given a weighting of one, and 2* and below given a weighting of zero. A particular source of criticism has been the element of the REF that addresses the "impact" of research. The articles below raise two objections. The main one is that "impact" has been defined to mean impact outside

1375-740: The 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), Lancaster University Management School submitted to Unit of Assessment (UoA) 17: Business and Management Studies. LUMS was ranked 1st in the UK for 'research power' - a recognition of breadth and depth of research expertise; equal-first for research environment (both of these rankings were retained from the previous REF in 2014); and 21st for grade point average (GPA). The School's research focuses around three main pillars: Sustainability; Social Justice; and Innovation in Place. Ten research centres allow researchers from different departments to work together on projects. It hosts

1430-401: The 2021 REF based on research power, market share and quality (GPA). The THE institutional GPA is an average of each institution's GPA across the units of assessment weighted by the number of full time equivalent staff submitted to each unit of assessment, the "research power" measure is this institutional GPA multiplied by the number of full time equivalent staff submitted by the institution, and

1485-469: The Departments of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Marketing, and Organisation, Work and Technology. LUMS has worked in partnership with many companies to develop customised executive education. Partners have included: AstraZeneca , BAE Systems , Bass , British Airways , Pilkington , Rexam , Royal & Sun Alliance and Total . The School has worked with many public sector organisations including

1540-454: The REF took sometimes two weeks to produce associated references. Thereby, the external impact focus disciplines the assessment into focusing on external values. In 2018, it was said that REF has negative effects on the humanities. Despite its criticisms, the UK’s research impact evaluation system – assessing the quality of research outputs, research impact and research environment – has inspired

1595-407: The REF, giving the poaching institution full credit for their publications without having taken the risk of supporting the researcher. It also included employing large numbers of staff on 0.2 FTE contracts, the lowest level of employment that qualifies them for REF submission. In addition to such concerns about what really can be measured by four research output items, and how impact may be measured,

1650-536: The School submits a number of teams into the UK IBM Business Challenge and is involved in numerous case competitions . Lancaster University has an international exchange programme of which LUMS is an active member. Study Abroad Programmes enable students from one host university or institution to "swap" places with another from an alternative institution so that both may enjoy a new culture, setting, and different approach to learning. Many of

1705-574: The Sir Roland Smith Chair in Strategic Management. The school contains a number of research centres: LUMS delivers a range of taught and research courses, catering for continuing students and professional and executive training. Postgraduate students who study at LUMS are automatically made members of Graduate College . LUMS currently has 2,268 undergraduate students enrolled, all of which will have been assigned to

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1760-718: The United States: ACBSP , AACSB , and the IACBE . In Europe , the EQUIS business school accreditation system is run by the EFMD , which sometimes applies the more narrow EPAS label to specific courses. The AMBA accredits MBA programmes and other post-graduate business programmes in 75 countries; its sister organisation the Business Graduates Association (BGA), accredits business schools, based on

1815-426: The academy. If researchers were required to pursue this form of impact, it would undermine academic freedom . The other is that impact—as currently construed—is hard to measure in any way that would be regarded as fair and impartial. The Higher Education Funding Council for England argue that their measure of "impact" is a broad one which will encompass impact upon the "economy, society, public policy, culture and

1870-418: The controversy that surrounds the learning method. There are also several business schools which still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required. Lecture as a method of teaching in business schools has been criticized by experts for reducing

1925-519: The faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable for a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem involved interviewing leading practitioners of business and writing detailed accounts of what these managers were doing, based partly on the case method already in use at Harvard Law School . Of course, the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated, because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So

1980-669: The impact they make on students, employers and the wider community and society, in terms of ethics and responsible management practices. Triple accreditation is used to indicate that a school has been accredited by these three bodies: AACSB, AMBA, and EQUIS. About 1% of business schools are triple-accredited. Each year, organizations and publications such as Bloomberg Businessweek (US), Corporate Knights (Canada), Eduniversal (France), Financial Times (UK) and Quacquarelli Symonds (UK) publish rankings of business schools and MBA programs that, while sometimes controversial in their methodologies, nevertheless can directly influence

2035-484: The incentive and individualism in the learning experience. In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business. There are three main accreditation agencies for business schools in

2090-451: The key is that we can’t separate characteristics of Impact from the process imposed on value and recognise it as such. " (Derrick, 2018:160) When checking the reference of current claims, these were either not accessible (e.g. the relevant websites were taken down), referenced in such a way that it didn't reflect self-authorship or testimonials of individuals connected to the researcher (Brauer, 2018:142-147). Similarly, Sayer (2014) criticizes

2145-471: The level of education pursued, from €183 (US $ 216) per year for undergraduate and up to €388 (US$ 459) for doctorates. Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998 and are £9,250 annually for undergraduate courses for home students in England, with higher fees for students who are not domiciled in the UK. Postgraduate courses in the UK often have higher fees, and many universities charge

2200-561: The method of delivery for each of these approaches. A study from by Inside Higher Ed and the Babson Survey Research Group shows that there is still disagreement as to the effectiveness of the approaches but the reach and accessibility is proving to be more and more appealing. Liberal arts colleges in the United States like New England College , Wesleyan University , and Bryn Mawr College are now offering complete online degrees in many business curricula despite

2255-459: The next REF in 2021. In general, the review was supportive with the methodology used in 2014 to evaluate universities' research, however it emphasised the need for more engagement with the general public and the increase of number of case studies that undertook interdisciplinary approach. The Research-impact.org team at Loughborough University Business and Economic School have been experimenting with crowdfunding for research in order to increase

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2310-413: The overall peer review of the REF process, describing it as poor simulacrum of standard academic quality and that the assessment process is further complicated by the sheer workload of the assessment (p. 35). On a similar note, a RAND study found that the majority of the references were never consulted, certain assessment panels were discouraged from using the internet and the reference help structure of

2365-414: The prestige of schools that achieve high scores. Academic research is also considered to be an important feature and popular way to gauge the prestige of business schools. Business schools share the common purpose of developing global managerial talent and to this end, business schools are encouraged to accelerate global engagement strategies on the foundations of collaboration and innovation. In Europe,

2420-533: The previous assessment model of focusing on research outputs, research impact and research environment. This process was slightly delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic . In June 2023, it was announced that the next exercise would conclude in 2028, with submissions in 2027. In June 2007 the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) issued a circular letter announcing that a new framework for assessing research quality in UK universities would replace

2475-608: The professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method still operate in business-school curricula as of 2016 . In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research , management information systems , statistics , organizational behavior, modeling and simulation , and decision science . The leading institution in this method

2530-453: The quality of life". However, the assessment structure does make what impact practically can be claimed rather narrow (4 page limit, no method section, 10 impact references, 10 research references and only 1 page to summarize the research and the impact respectively). These strict discursive guidelines alongside the REF's dated notion of how research impact functions (teaching research impact excluded, linear model, etc.) does restrict what impact

2585-577: The response from Universities UK , and the response from the University and College Union . In July 2010 (following the May 2010 general election ), the Universities and Science minister David Willetts announced that the REF will be delayed by a year in order to assess the efficacy of the impact measure. In July 2016, Lord Nicholas Stern's review was published, drafting general guidelines for

2640-418: The system of the four published items discourages long-term projects with relatively high research risk in the sciences as well, since researchers are reluctant to engage in projects or experiments that may not be successful and may not lead to a publication. Since most of the ground-breaking research in the sciences takes place with precisely such risky and imaginative projects, the type of research activity that

2695-415: The trade unions and the public services". The school remained an assembly of largely autonomous departments until Alan Mercer was appointed to a three-year term as chair in 1982. He reorganised the school into the integrated Lancaster University Management School (LUMS) against stiff opposition, transforming it into a cohesive unit. Later, as associate dean for research, he persuaded the departments to make

2750-450: The undergraduate programmes at LUMS include the option to study abroad for periods ranging from one term to one year. In 2022, Lancaster University was ranked in the top 15 UK universities in several major national league tables (outlined in table below). LUMS is one of a small group of business schools in the world to have achieved triple accreditation by the leading international business school accreditation organisations: It also holds

2805-494: The university's researchers' public engagement. REF's impact is defined as "an effect on, change or benefit to the economy, society, culture, public policy or services, health, the environment or quality of life, beyond academia". Submissions are assessed according to the following criteria: Two publishers, Times Higher Education , (THE) and Research Professional News (RPN; used by The Guardian and other newspapers) produced overall rankings of institutional results in

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2860-437: The whole system is often criticized as unnecessarily complex and expensive, whereas quality evaluation in the digital age could be much simpler and effective. The system, with its associated financial implications, has also been criticised for diverting resources from teaching. As such, increases in student fees may often not have resulted in more staff time being spent on teaching. In July 2016, Lord Nicholas Stern's review

2915-636: The world of business. There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management. Andreas Kaplan classifies business schools along four corners: The first business schools appeared in Europe in the eighteenth century and multiplied from the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the United States, common degrees in business are: Graduates in business may also have generically titled degrees such as Bachelor of Science (BS), Master of Science (MS) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). In Europe, higher education degrees are organized into three cycles under

2970-676: Was founded in 1964, with departments including marketing and the first department of operational research in Europe. At that time, a deliberate decision was made not to establish a general business school in competition to those being set up in the wake of the Franks report in London and Manchester, and at other universities. However, within five years it was proposed to unify work in marketing, operational research, financial control, systems engineering, relevant parts of economics, computer science (then considered part of mathematics), and politics into

3025-458: Was published, drafting general guidelines for the next REF in 2021. One of the recommendations was to increase research public engagement. Research engagement means enhancing delivery of the benefits from research. It also means making the public more aware of the research findings and their implications. One mechanism for public engagement is crowdfunding for research, where dedicated platforms host crowdfunding campaigns for university research, in

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