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51-463: He was born in Fehérvár (Alba Regia) , Fejér County , Kingdom of Hungary to Jewish parents, Károly Lőwy and Adél Hahn. Lanczos' Ph.D. thesis (1921) was on relativity theory . He sent his thesis copy to Albert Einstein , and Einstein wrote back, saying: "I studied your paper as far as my present overload allowed. I believe I may say this much: this does involve competent and original brainwork, on

102-730: A sanjak centre in the Budin Province , known as İstolni Beograd during Ottoman rule. Ottoman expansion in Europe ended with their defeat in the Great Turkish War in 1699. The Treaty of Karlowitz forced them to surrender the region of Hungary under Ottoman control and portions of present-day Croatia , Romania , Slovakia , and Serbia to the Habsburg Empire , which pushed the Great Migrations of

153-472: A certain mathematical formula. It can be used as a low-pass filter or used to smoothly interpolate the value of a digital signal between its samples . In the latter case, it maps each sample of the given signal to a translated and scaled copy of the Lanczos kernel , which is a sinc function windowed by the central lobe of a second, longer, sinc function. The sum of these translated and scaled kernels

204-484: A constant function. This defect is most evident when  a = 1 . Also, for a = 1 the interpolated signal has zero derivative at every integer argument. This is rather academic, since using a single-lobe kernel ( a  = 1) loses all the benefits of the Lanczos approach and provides a poor filter. There are many better single-lobe, bell-shaped windowing functions. The partition of unity can be introduced by

255-469: A mainly agricultural city. In 1909 The Times Engineering Contract List noted a bridge construction contract valued at £12,000 to be overseen by the Chief Magistrate . New prosperity arrived between the two world wars, when several new factories were opened. In 1922 a radio station was established. It used two masts insulated against ground, each with a height of 152 metres. The last mast of

306-434: A one-dimensional signal with samples s i , for integer values of i , the value S ( x ) interpolated at an arbitrary real argument x is obtained by the discrete convolution of those samples with the Lanczos kernel: where a is the filter size parameter, and ⌊ x ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor x\rfloor } is the floor function . The bounds of this sum are such that

357-579: A success story of Hungary's transition to a market economy. A few years later Denso , Alcoa , Philips , and Sanmina-SCI Corporation also settled in the city. Ethnic groups (2001 census): Religions (2001 census): The current mayor of Székesfehérvár is András Cser-Palkovics (Fidesz). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 21 members (1 Mayor, 14 Individual constituencies MEPs and 6 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Székesfehérvár

408-543: Is a city in central Hungary , and the country's ninth-largest city. It is the regional capital of Central Transdanubia , and the centre of Fejér County and Székesfehérvár District . The area is an important rail and road junction between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence . Székesfehérvár, a royal residence ( székhely ), as capital of the Kingdom of Hungary , held a central role in the Middle Ages. As required by

459-523: Is a graduate text on mechanics . In the preface of the first edition it is described as a two-semester graduate course of three hours weekly. Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r Székesfehérvár ( Hungarian: [ˈseːkɛʃfɛheːrvaːr] ; German : Stuhlweißenburg [ʃtuːlˈvaɪsn̩bʊʁk] ; Latin : Alba Regia ; Croatian : Stolni Biograd ; Serbian : Стони Београд ; Slovak : Stoličný Belehrad ), known colloquially as Fehérvár ( lit.   ' white castle ' ),

510-460: Is a popular filter for "upscaling" videos in various media utilities, such as AviSynth and FFmpeg . Since the kernel assumes negative values for a > 1 , the interpolated signal can be negative even if all samples are positive. More generally, the range of values of the interpolated signal may be wider than the range spanned by the discrete sample values. In particular, there may be ringing artifacts just before and after abrupt changes in

561-521: Is an important hub for the Hungarian railway system ( MÁV ). Trains depart to the northern and southern coasts of Lake Balaton and towards the capital. The city is also reachable by regional buses from other major national destinations. There are numerous local buslines operating 7 days a week, operated by the company that also operates the regional buses in the region, KNYKK Zrt. ( Közép-Nyugat Magyarországi Közlekedési Központ). Alba Regia Sportcsarnok

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612-487: Is an indoor stadium in the city. It hosts a number of sport clubs from amateur to professional level, with 2017 Hungarian basketball championship winner Alba Fehérvár being its most notable tenant. Other city sports clubs include: Székesfehérvár is twinned with: 47°11′44″N 18°24′32″E  /  47.19556°N 18.40889°E  / 47.19556; 18.40889 Lanczos resampling Lanczos filtering and Lanczos resampling are two applications of

663-526: Is credited to Cooley and Tukey (1965). (As a matter of fact, similar claims can be made for several other mathematicians, including Carl Friedrich Gauss .). Lanczos was the one who introduced Chebyshev polynomials to numerical computing. Working in Washington DC at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards after 1949, Lanczos developed a number of techniques for mathematical calculations using digital computers, including: In 1962, Lanczos showed that

714-414: Is one of many practical (finitely supported) approximations of the sinc filter. Each interpolated value is the weighted sum of 2 a consecutive input samples. Thus, by varying the 2 a parameter one may trade computation speed for improved frequency response. The parameter also allows one to choose between a smoother interpolation or a preservation of sharp transients in the data. For image processing,

765-538: Is regarded as an important example, in part because it exhibits closed timelike curves . Lanczos served as assistant to Albert Einstein during the period of 1928–29. In 1927 Lanczos married Maria Rupp. He was offered a one-year visiting professorship from Purdue University . For a dozen years (1927–39) Lanczos split his life between two continents. His wife Maria Rupp stayed with Lanczos' parents in Székesfehérvár year-around while Lanczos went to Purdue for half

816-431: Is the coefficient index and m {\displaystyle m} is how many coefficients we're keeping. The same reasoning applies in the case of truncated functions if we wish to remove Gibbs oscillations in their spectrum. Lanczos filter's kernel in two dimensions is The theoretically optimal reconstruction filter for band-limited signals is the sinc filter , which has infinite support . The Lanczos filter

867-406: Is then evaluated at the desired points. Lanczos resampling is typically used to increase the sampling rate of a digital signal, or to shift it by a fraction of the sampling interval. It is often used also for multivariate interpolation , for example to resize or rotate a digital image . It has been considered the "best compromise" among several simple filters for this purpose. The filter

918-526: The Balkans and Italy , and to Buda and Vienna . Today, the town is a junction of seven railroad lines. Grand Prince Géza of the Árpád dynasty was the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes but in reality ruled only part of the united territory. He aimed to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe by rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social models. Géza founded

969-522: The Doctrine of the Holy Crown , the first kings of Hungary were crowned and buried here. Significant trade routes led to the Balkans and Italy , and to Buda and Vienna . Historically the city has come under Ottoman and Habsburg control, and was known in many languages by translations of "white castle" – Croatian : Biograd , Slovak : Belehrad , etc. The place has been inhabited since

1020-415: The Lanczos window , or sinc window , which is the central lobe of a horizontally stretched sinc function sinc( x / a ) for − a ≤ x ≤ a . Equivalently, The parameter a is a positive integer, typically 2 or 3, which determines the size of the kernel. The Lanczos kernel has 2 a − 1 lobes: a positive one at the center, and a − 1 alternating negative and positive lobes on each side. Given

1071-876: The McCarthy era, Lanczos came under suspicion for possible communist links. In 1952, he left the U.S. and moved to the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in Ireland, where he succeeded Erwin Schrödinger and stayed until his death in 1974. In 1956 Lanczos published Applied Analysis . The topics covered include "algebraic equations, matrices and eigenvalue problems, large scale linear systems, harmonic analysis, data analysis, quadrature and power expansions...illustrated by numerical examples worked out in detail." The contents of

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1122-573: The Red Army advanced on the city. The Germans had chosen to concentrate their forces to protect the 15-mile gap between Fehérvár and Lake Balaton . Whereas most of the gap consisted of marsh and difficult ground, Fehérvár was the node for eight highways and six railways. Despite the heavy German defences, a Soviet flying column broke through and occupied the city on 23 December; the Germans were able to push them out on 22 January 1945. In March 1945,

1173-508: The Weyl tensor , which plays a fundamental role in general relativity, can be obtained from a tensor potential that is now called the Lanczos potential . Lanczos resampling is based on a windowed sinc function as a practical upsampling filter approximating the ideal sinc function. Lanczos resampling is widely used in video up-sampling for digital zoom applications and image scaling . His book The Variational Principles of Mechanics (1949)

1224-543: The cathedral of Nagyboldogasszony was blown up, thus destroying the largest cathedral in Hungary at that time, and the coronation temple. By the Doctrine of the Holy Crown , all kings of Hungary were obliged to be crowned in this cathedral, and to take part in coronation ceremony in the surroundings of the cathedral. The coronations after that time were held in Pozsony (now Bratislava ). In 1703, Székesfehérvár regained

1275-439: The perceived sharpness , and therefore provide a form of edge enhancement . This may improve the subjective quality of the image, given the special role of edge sharpness in vision . In some applications, the low-end clipping artifacts can be ameliorated by transforming the data to a logarithmic domain prior to filtering. In this case the interpolated values will be a weighted geometric mean, rather than an arithmetic mean, of

1326-540: The 14th century, Székesfehérvár was surrounded by city walls. After the death of King Mátyás (1490), the German army of 20,000 men led by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I invaded Hungary. They advanced into the heart of Hungary and captured the city of Székesfehérvár, which they sacked, as well as the tomb of King Mátyás, which was kept there. His Landsknechts were still unsatisfied with

1377-762: The 5th century BCE. In Roman times , the settlements were called Gorsium and Herculia . After the Migration Period Fejér County was the part of the Avar Khaganate , while the Slavic and Great Moravian presence is disputed. (There is no source for the name of the place before the late 10th century.) In the Middle Ages its Latin name was Alba Regalis / Alba Regia . The town was an important traffic junction between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence , several trade routes led from here to

1428-746: The Hungarian town in 972 on four moorland islands between the Gaja stream and its tributary, the Sárvíz , one of the most important Hungarian tributaries of the Danube. He also had a small stone castle built. Székesfehérvár was first mentioned in a document by the Bishopric of Veszprém , 1009, as Alba Civitas . István I , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , granted town rights to the settlement, surrounded

1479-698: The Ottomans by a lengthy siege. The Ottoman Empire continued to stretch northwards, taking parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century, and reaching as far north as the Podolia in the mid-17th century; by the signing of the Peace of Buczacz with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1672, most of the Balkans was under Ottoman control. Except for a short period in 1601 ,when Székesfehérvár

1530-477: The Serbs to the southern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary (though as far in the north as the town of Szentendre , in which they formed the majority of the population in the 18th century, but to smaller extent also in the town of Komárom ) and Habsburg-ruled Croatia . The city began to prosper again only in the 18th century. It had a mixed population: Hungarians , Germans , Serbs , and Moravians . By 1702,

1581-461: The area was the battleground for the last major German offensive of World War II ; but following its failure Marshal Tolbukhin broke through the German lines once more and recaptured the city on 22 March. A Soviet airfield was established at nearby Szabadbattyán . In August 1951, over 150 people were killed when two trains collided in Fehérvár. In the aftermath of World War II , the city

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1632-499: The basis of which a doctorate should be obtainable ... I gladly accept the honorable dedication." In 1924 he discovered an exact solution of the Einstein field equation representing a cylindrically symmetric rigidly rotating configuration of dust particles. This was later rediscovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum and is known today as the van Stockum dust . It is one of the simplest known exact solutions in general relativity and

1683-451: The book are stylized "parexic analysis lies between classical analysis and numerical analysis : it is roughly the theory of approximation by finite (or truncated infinite) algorithms ." Lanczos did pioneering work along with G. C. Danielson on what is now called the fast Fourier transform (FFT, 1940), but the significance of his discovery was not appreciated at the time, and today the FFT

1734-491: The city centre preserved its Baroque atmosphere. The most important Baroque buildings are the cathedral, the episcopal palace and the city hall. After the end of the Communist regime in Hungary (1989), the planned economy was abandoned in favor of the implementation of a free market system; all the important factories were on the verge of collapse (some eventually folded) and thousands of people lost their jobs. However,

1785-401: The city profited from losing the old and inefficient companies, as an abundance of skilled labour coupled with excellent traffic connections, and existing infrastructure attracted numerous foreign firms seeking to invest in Hungary. Székesfehérvár became one of the prime destinations for multinational companies setting up shop in Hungary ( Ford and IBM are some of them), turning the city into

1836-557: The duties of the king, and the Constitution of Hungary was based on it until 1848. It is often compared to England's Magna Carta . During the Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–1242), the invaders could not get close to the castle: Kadan ruled Mongol warriors could not get through the surrounding marshes because of flooding caused by melting snow. In the 13th–15th centuries, the town prospered, and several palaces were built. In

1887-450: The input samples. The Lanczos kernel does not have the partition of unity property. That is, the sum U ( x ) = ∑ i ∈ Z L ( x − i ) {\textstyle U(x)=\sum _{i\in \mathbb {Z} }L(x-i)} of all integer-translated copies of the kernel is not always 1. Therefore, the Lanczos interpolation of a discrete signal with constant samples does not yield

1938-476: The kernel is zero outside of them. As long as the parameter a is a positive integer, the Lanczos kernel is continuous everywhere, and its derivative is defined and continuous everywhere (even at x = ± a , where both sinc functions go to zero). Therefore, the reconstructed signal S ( x ) too will be continuous, with continuous derivative. The Lanczos kernel is zero at every integer argument x , except at x = 0 , where it has value 1. Therefore,

1989-600: The past few decades, archaeologists have excavated medieval ruins , including those of the Romanesque basilica and the mausoleum of King István I; they can now be visited. In the 12th century, the town prospered; churches, monasteries, and houses were built. It was an important station on the pilgrim route to the Holy Land. András II issued the Golden Bull here in 1222. The Bull included the rights of nobles and

2040-454: The plunder and refused to go for taking Buda. He returned to the Empire in late December and the Hungarian troops liberated Székesfehérvár in the next year. The Ottoman Turks invaded the city after a long siege in 1543 and only after a sally ended in most of the defenders including the commander, György Varkoch , being locked out by wealthy citizens fearing they might incur the wrath of

2091-541: The reconstructed signal exactly interpolates the given samples: we will have S ( x ) = s i for every integer argument x = i . Lanczos resampling is one form of a general method developed by Lanczos to counteract the Gibbs phenomenon by multiplying coefficients of a truncated Fourier series by s i n c ( π k / m ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {sinc} (\pi k/m)} , where k {\displaystyle k}

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2142-411: The sample values, which may lead to clipping artifacts . However, these effects are reduced compared to the (non-windowed) sinc filter. For a  = 2 (a three-lobed kernel) the ringing is < 1%. When using the Lanczos filter for image resampling, the ringing effect will create light and dark halos along any strong edges. While these bands may be visually annoying, they help increase

2193-583: The sinc filter. Turkowski and Gabriel claimed that the Lanczos filter (with a = 2 ) is the "best compromise in terms of reduction of aliasing, sharpness, and minimal ringing", compared with truncated sinc and the Bartlett , cosine- , and Hann-windowed sinc, for decimation and interpolation of 2-dimensional image data. According to Jim Blinn , the Lanczos kernel (with a = 3 ) "keeps low frequencies and rejects high frequencies better than any (achievable) filter we've seen so far." Lanczos interpolation

2244-598: The station was demolished in 2009. In 1944, after the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany , the city's Jewish population was confined to a ghetto and was eventually deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp , together with further 3,000 Jews from the area. The pre-war Jewish population consisted of Neolog (Reform) and Orthodox communities with their respective synagogues, and some of its members were active Zionists . In December 1944, Fehérvár came under Russian artillery fire, and stiff fighting broke out as

2295-520: The status of a free royal town . In the middle of the century, several new buildings were erected (Franciscan church and monastery, Jesuit churches, public buildings, Baroque palaces). Maria Theresa made the city an episcopal seat in 1777. By the early 19th century, the German population was assimilated . On 15 March 1848, the citizens joined the revolution . After the revolution and war for independence, Székesfehérvár lost its importance and became

2346-500: The town with a plank wall, and founded a school and a monastery. Under his rule the construction of the Romanesque Székesfehérvár Basilica began (it was built between 1003 and 1038). The settlement had about 3,500 inhabitants at this time and was the royal seat for hundreds of years. 43 kings were crowned in Székesfehérvár (the last one in 1526) and 15 kings were buried here (the last one in 1540). In

2397-404: The trade-off is between the reduction of aliasing artefacts and the preservation of sharp edges. Also as with any such processing, there are no results for the borders of the image. Increasing the length of the kernel increases the cropping of the edges of the image. The Lanczos filter has been compared with other interpolation methods for discrete signals, particularly other windowed versions of

2448-660: The year, teaching graduate students matrix mechanics and tensor analysis . In 1933 his son Elmar was born; Elmar came to Lafayette, Indiana with his father in August 1939, just before WW II broke out. Maria was too ill to travel and died several weeks later from tuberculosis . When the Nazis purged Hungary of Jews in 1944, of Lanczos' family, only his sister and a nephew survived. Elmar married, moved to Seattle and raised two sons. When Elmar looked at his own firstborn son, he said: "For me, it proves that Hitler did not win." During

2499-406: Was invented by Claude Duchon , who named it after Cornelius Lanczos due to Duchon's use of Sigma approximation in constructing the filter, a technique created by Lanczos. The effect of each input sample on the interpolated values is defined by the filter's reconstruction kernel L ( x ) , called the Lanczos kernel. It is the normalized sinc function sinc( x ) , windowed (multiplied) by

2550-476: Was reconquered by an army led by Lawrence of Brindisi , the city remained under Ottoman administration for 145 years, until 1688, with the Ottomans being preoccupied with the Morean War . They renamed the city Beograd ("White city", from Serbian Beograd ) and built mosques . In the 16th–17th centuries, it looked like a Muslim city . As a result, most of the original Hungarian population fled. It became

2601-595: Was subject to industrialization , like many other cities and towns in the country. The most important factories were the Ikarus Bus factory, the Videoton radio and TV factory, and the Könnyűfémmű (colloquially Köfém) aluminium processing plant, since acquired by Alcoa . By the 1970s, Székesfehérvár had swelled to more than 100,000 inhabitants (in 1945 it had only about 35,000). Several housing estates were built, but

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