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57-469: LSP was originally developed for Microsoft Visual Studio Code and is now an open standard. On June 27, 2016, Microsoft announced a collaboration with Red Hat and Codenvy to standardize the protocol's specification. The protocol was originally supported and adopted by these three companies. Its specification is hosted and developed on GitHub . Modern IDEs provide programmers with sophisticated features like code completion , refactoring , navigating to

114-421: A client that consumes the language services provided by a language server . The tool may be a text editor or IDE and the language services could be refactoring , code completion , etc. The client informs the server about what the user is doing, e.g., opening a file or inserting a character at a specific text position. The client can also request the server to perform a language service, e.g. to format

171-425: A metacompiler itself compiles a domain-specific metalanguage specifically designed for the domain of metaprogramming . Besides parsing domain-specific languages, metacompilers are useful for generating a wide range of software engineering and analysis tools. The meta-compiler methodology is often found in program transformation systems . Metacompilers that played a significant role in both computer science and

228-406: A scripting language , and is often used in a way analogous to a programming library . The boundaries between these concepts are quite blurry, much like the boundary between scripting languages and general-purpose languages. Domain-specific languages are languages (or often, declared syntaxes or grammars) with very specific goals in design and implementation. A domain-specific language can be one of

285-568: A shell to perform more complex programming tasks. The line between domain-specific languages and scripting languages is somewhat blurred, but domain-specific languages often lack low-level functions for filesystem access, interprocess control, and other functions that characterize full-featured programming languages, scripting or otherwise. Many domain-specific languages do not compile to byte-code or executable code, but to various kinds of media objects: GraphViz exports to PostScript , GIF , JPEG , etc., where Csound compiles to audio files, and

342-402: A symbol's definition, syntax highlighting , and error and warning markers. For example, in a text-based programming language, a programmer might want to rename a method read . The programmer could either manually edit the respective source code files and change the appropriate occurrences of the old method name into the new name, or instead use an IDE's refactoring capabilities to make all

399-1038: A domain-specific language approach to software engineering involves both risks and opportunities. The well-designed domain-specific language manages to find the proper balance between these. Domain-specific languages have important design goals that contrast with those of general-purpose languages: In programming, idioms are methods imposed by programmers to handle common development tasks, e.g.: General purpose programming languages rarely support such idioms, but domain-specific languages can describe them, e.g.: Examples of domain-specific programming languages include HTML , Logo for pencil-like drawing, Verilog and VHDL hardware description languages, MATLAB and GNU Octave for matrix programming, Mathematica , Maple and Maxima for symbolic mathematics , Specification and Description Language for reactive and distributed systems, spreadsheet formulas and macros, SQL for relational database queries, YACC grammars for creating parsers , regular expressions for specifying lexers ,

456-435: A few pieces of software, such as MUSH soft code. DSLs can be further subdivided by the kind of language, and include domain-specific markup languages , domain-specific modeling languages (more generally, specification languages ), and domain-specific programming languages . Special-purpose computer languages have always existed in the computer age, but the term "domain-specific language" has become more popular due to

513-434: A host language as a library and tend to be limited to the syntax of the host language, though this depends on host language capabilities. There are several usage patterns for domain-specific languages: Many domain-specific languages can be used in more than one way. DSL code embedded in a host language may have special syntax support, such as regexes in sed, AWK, Perl or JavaScript, or may be passed as strings. Adopting

570-414: A language for decorating models with assertions or QVT , a domain-specific transformation language. However, languages like UML are typically general-purpose modeling languages. To summarize, an analogy might be useful: a Very Little Language is like a knife, which can be used in thousands of different ways, from cutting food to cutting down trees. A domain-specific language is like an electric drill: it

627-469: A ray-tracing domain-specific language like POV compiles to graphics files. A data definition language like SQL presents an interesting case: it can be deemed a domain-specific language because it is specific to a specific domain (in SQL's case, accessing and managing relational databases), and is often called from another application, but SQL has more keywords and functions than many scripting languages, and

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684-562: A set of tags that can be used in ColdFusion pages to interact with data sources, manipulate data, and display output. CFML tag syntax is similar to HTML element syntax. FilterMeister is a programming environment, with a programming language that is based on C, for the specific purpose of creating Photoshop -compatible image processing filter plug-ins; FilterMeister runs as a Photoshop plug-in itself and it can load and execute scripts or compile and export them as independent plug-ins. Although

741-435: A specific domain. For example, Perl was originally developed as a text-processing and glue language, for the same domain as AWK and shell scripts , but was mostly used as a general-purpose programming language later on. By contrast, PostScript is a Turing-complete language, and in principle can be used for any task, but in practice is narrowly used as a page description language . The design and use of appropriate DSLs

798-475: A specified range in the text document. The server answers a client's request with an appropriate response. For example, the formatting request is answered either by a response that transfers the formatted text to the client or by an error response containing details about the error. The Language Server Protocol defines the messages to be exchanged between client and language server. They are JSON-RPC preceded by headers similar to HTTP. Messages may originate from

855-475: A statement admitting that CEC-IDE is based on Visual Studio Code. Domain-specific language A domain-specific language ( DSL ) is a computer language specialized to a particular application domain . This is in contrast to a general-purpose language (GPL), which is broadly applicable across domains. There are a wide variety of DSLs, ranging from widely used languages for common domains, such as HTML for web pages, down to languages used by only one or

912-611: A visual diagramming language, such as those created by the Generic Eclipse Modeling System , programmatic abstractions, such as the Eclipse Modeling Framework , or textual languages. For instance, the command line utility grep has a regular expression syntax which matches patterns in lines of text. The sed utility defines a syntax for matching and replacing regular expressions. Often, these tiny languages can be used together inside

969-456: Is a domain-specific language targeted at novice programmers to easily be able to learn programming. While the language serves as a blend of multiple languages including Delphi , C++ , and BASIC . Most of functions in that language after compiling in fact calls runtime functions written in language specific for targeted platform, so their final implementation is not visible to user. The language primarily serves to make it easy for anyone to pick up

1026-453: Is a key part of domain engineering , by using a language suitable to the domain at hand – this may consist of using an existing DSL or GPL, or developing a new DSL. Language-oriented programming considers the creation of special-purpose languages for expressing problems as standard part of the problem-solving process. Creating a domain-specific language (with software to support it), rather than reusing an existing language, can be worthwhile if

1083-520: Is a language designed to define test cases to check the behavior of software, without specifying how that behavior is implemented. It is meant to be read and used by non-technical users using a natural language syntax and a line-oriented design . The tests defined with Gherkin must then be implemented in a general programming language. Then, the steps in a Gherkin program acts as a syntax for method invocation accessible to non-developers. Other prominent examples of domain-specific languages include: Some of

1140-765: Is a powerful tool with a wide variety of uses, but a specific context, namely, putting holes in things. A General Purpose Language is a complete workbench, with a variety of tools intended for performing a variety of tasks. Domain-specific languages should be used by programmers who, looking at their current workbench, realize they need a better drill and find that a particular domain-specific language provides exactly that. DSLs implemented via an independent interpreter or compiler are known as External Domain Specific Languages . Well known examples include TeX or AWK. A separate category known as Embedded (or Internal) Domain Specific Languages are typically implemented within

1197-462: Is an example of this. The toolkit is a suite of utilities including a specification editor to create a requirements specification , a dependency graph browser to display variable dependencies, a consistency checker to catch missing cases in well-formed formulas in the specification, a model checker and a theorem prover to check program properties against the specification, and an invariant generator that automatically constructs invariants based on

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1254-491: Is based, was released under the open-source MIT License and made available on GitHub . Extension support was also announced. On April 14, 2016, Visual Studio Code graduated from the public preview stage and was released to the web . Visual Studio Code is a source-code editor that can be used with a variety of programming languages, including C , C# , C++ , Fortran , Go , Java , JavaScript , Node.js , Python , Rust , and Julia . Visual Studio Code employs

1311-423: Is created specifically to solve problems in a particular domain and is not intended to be able to solve problems outside of it (although that may be technically possible). In contrast, general-purpose languages are created to solve problems in many domains. The domain can also be a business area. Some examples of business areas include: A domain-specific language is somewhere between a tiny programming language and

1368-563: Is often thought of as a language in its own right, perhaps because of the prevalence of database manipulation in programming and the amount of mastery required to be an expert in the language. Further blurring this line, many domain-specific languages have exposed APIs, and can be accessed from other programming languages without breaking the flow of execution or calling a separate process, and can thus operate as programming libraries. Some domain-specific languages expand over time to include full-featured programming tools, which further complicates

1425-421: The Generic Eclipse Modeling System for creating diagramming languages, Csound for sound and music synthesis, and the input languages of GraphViz and GrGen , software packages used for graph layout and graph rewriting , Hashicorp Configuration Language used for Terraform and other Hashicorp tools, Puppet also has its own configuration language . The GML scripting language used by GameMaker Studio

1482-546: The Language Server Protocol . Source control is a built-in feature of Visual Studio Code. It has a dedicated tab inside of the menu bar where users can access version control settings and view changes made to the current project. To use the feature, Visual Studio Code must be linked to any supported version control system ( Git , Apache Subversion , Perforce , etc.). This allows users to create repositories and to make push and pull requests directly from

1539-490: The S language), Bugs , Jags , and Stan . These languages provide a syntax for describing a Bayesian model and generate a method for solving it using simulation. Generate object handling and services based on an Interface Description Language for a domain-specific language such as JavaScript for web applications, HTML for documentation, C++ for high-performance code, etc. This is done by cross-language frameworks such as Apache Thrift or Google Protocol Buffers . Gherkin

1596-552: The theme , keyboard shortcuts , preferences, and install extensions that add functionality. Visual Studio Code is proprietary software released under the "Microsoft Software License", but based on the MIT licensed program named "Visual Studio Code — Open Source" (also known as "Code — OSS"), also created by Microsoft and available through GitHub . In the Stack Overflow 2023 Developer Survey, Visual Studio Code

1653-456: The transclusion (inclusion by reference) of MediaWiki pages into other MediaWiki pages. There has been much interest in domain-specific languages to improve the productivity and quality of software engineering . Domain-specific language could possibly provide a robust set of tools for efficient software engineering. Such tools are beginning to make their way into the development of critical software systems. The Software Cost Reduction Toolkit

1710-642: The 2024 survey. On June 20, 2023, during the Guangdong Province 's Digital Government Innovation Development Forum held in Guangzhou , CEC-IDE was released and described as the first Chinese-produced integrated development tool. However, CEC-IDE was subsequently found to be a rebranded release of Visual Studio Code that, among other things, failed to include a copy of the MIT license as required for redistributions. On August 26, Digital Guangdong published

1767-486: The FilterMeister language reproduces a significant portion of the C language and function library, it contains only those features which can be used within the context of Photoshop plug-ins and adds a number of specific features only useful in this specific domain. The Template feature of MediaWiki is an embedded domain-specific language whose fundamental purpose is to support the creation of page templates and

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1824-534: The Language Server Protocol thus also reduces the burden on vendors of editing tools, because vendors do not need to develop language services of their own for the languages the vendor intends to support, as long as the language servers have already been implemented. The Language Server Protocol also enables the distribution and development of servers contributed by an interested third party, such as end users, without additional involvement by either

1881-545: The VS Code Marketplace. Instead of a project system, it allows users to open one or more directories, which can then be saved in workspaces for future reuse. This allows it to operate as a language-agnostic code editor for any language. It supports many programming languages and a set of features that differ per language. Unwanted files and folders can be excluded from the project tree via settings. Many Visual Studio Code features are not exposed through menus or

1938-520: The Visual Studio Code program. Visual Studio Code collects usage data and sends it to Microsoft to help improve the product. This telemetry feature can be disabled. The information contained in this telemetry data can be inspected by the public, since the product is open source. A nightly build called Visual Studio Code Insiders is also available. Its configuration, including any settings, extensions, themes are completely separate from

1995-435: The community-driven Langserver.org or Microsoft. Microsoft Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code , commonly referred to as VS Code , is a code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows , Linux , macOS and web browsers . Features include support for debugging , syntax highlighting , intelligent code completion , snippets , code refactoring , and embedded version control with Git . Users can change

2052-492: The computer industry include Meta-II , and its descendant TreeMeta . Unreal and Unreal Tournament unveiled a language called UnrealScript . This allowed for rapid development of modifications compared to the competitor Quake (using the Id Tech 2 engine). The Id Tech engine used standard C code meaning C had to be learned and properly applied, while UnrealScript was optimized for ease of use and efficiency. Similarly,

2109-497: The development of Visual Studio Code, most language services were generally tied to a given IDE or other editor. In the absence of the Language Server Protocol, language services are typically implemented by using a tool-specific extension API. Providing the same language service to another editing tool requires effort to adapt the existing code so that the service may target the second editor's extension interfaces. The Language Server Protocol allows for decoupling language services from

2166-452: The development of more recent games introduced their own specific languages, one more common example is Lua for scripting. Various business rules engines have been developed for automating policy and business rules used in both government and private industry. ILOG , Oracle Policy Automation , DTRules, Drools and others provide support for DSLs aimed to support various problem domains. DTRules goes so far as to define an interface for

2223-404: The editor so that the services may be contained within a general-purpose language server . Any editor can inherit sophisticated support for many different languages by making use of existing language servers. Similarly, a programmer involved with the development of a new programming language can make services for that language available to existing editing tools. Making use of language servers via

2280-554: The full program. It is officially supported and hosted by Microsoft and can be accessed at vscode .dev . Out of the box, Visual Studio Code includes basic support for most common programming languages. This basic support includes syntax highlighting , bracket matching , code folding , and configurable snippets. Visual Studio Code also ships with IntelliSense for JavaScript, TypeScript, JSON , CSS , and HTML , as well as debugging support for Node.js. Support for additional languages can be provided by freely available extensions on

2337-422: The goal of either transforming the source code into object code or immediately executing the code. Additionally, language services must be able to handle source code that is not well-formed , e.g. because the programmer is in the middle of editing and has not yet finished typing a statement, procedure, or other construct. Additionally, small changes to a source code file which are done during typing usually change

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2394-404: The language allows a particular type of problem or solution to be expressed more clearly than an existing language would allow and the type of problem in question reappears sufficiently often. Pragmatically, a DSL may be specialized to a particular problem domain, a particular problem representation technique, a particular solution technique, or other aspects of a domain. A domain-specific language

2451-580: The language and develop a game, and thanks to GM runtime which handles main game loop and keeps implementation of called functions, few lines of code is required for simplest game, instead of thousands. ColdFusion 's associated scripting language is another example of a domain-specific language for data-driven websites. This scripting language is used to weave together languages and services such as Java, .NET, C++, SMS, email, email servers, http, ftp, exchange, directory services, and file systems for use in websites. The ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) includes

2508-419: The necessary changes automatically. To be able to support this style of refactoring, an IDE needs a sophisticated understanding of the programming language that the program's source is written in. A programming tool without such an understanding—for example, one that performs a naive search-and-replace instead—could introduce errors. When renaming a read method, for example, the tool should not replace

2565-453: The partial match in a variable that might be called readyState , nor should it replace the portion of a code comment containing the word "already". Neither should renaming a local variable read , for example, end up altering identically-named variables in other scopes . Conventional compilers or interpreters for a specific programming language are typically unable to provide these language services , because they are written with

2622-460: The question of whether a language is domain-specific or not. A good example is the functional language XSLT , specifically designed for transforming one XML graph into another, which has been extended since its inception to allow (particularly in its 2.0 version) for various forms of filesystem interaction, string and date manipulation, and data typing. In model-driven engineering , many examples of domain-specific languages may be found like OCL ,

2679-485: The requirements. A newer development is language-oriented programming , an integrated software engineering methodology based mainly on creating, optimizing, and using domain-specific languages. Complementing language-oriented programming , as well as all other forms of domain-specific languages, are the class of compiler writing tools called metacompilers . A metacompiler is not only useful for generating parsers and code generators for domain-specific languages, but

2736-445: The rise of domain-specific modeling . Simpler DSLs, particularly ones used by a single application, are sometimes informally called mini-languages . The line between general-purpose languages and domain-specific languages is not always sharp, as a language may have specialized features for a particular domain but be applicable more broadly, or conversely may in principle be capable of broad application but in practice used primarily for

2793-735: The same editor component (codenamed "Monaco") used in Azure DevOps (formerly called "Visual Studio Online" and "Visual Studio Team Services"). The downloadable version of Visual Studio Code is built on the Electron framework, which is used to develop Node.js web applications that run on the Blink layout engine . Visual Studio Code for the Web is a browser-based version of the editor that can be used to edit both local files and remote repositories (on GitHub and Microsoft Azure ) without installing

2850-414: The semantics of the program. In order to provide instant feedback to the user, the editing tool must be able to very quickly evaluate the syntactical and semantical consequences of a specific modification. Compilers and interpreters therefore provide a poor candidate for producing the information needed for an editing tool to consume. Prior to the design and implementation of the Language Server Protocol for

2907-455: The server or client. The protocol does not make any provisions about how requests, responses and notifications are transferred between client and server. For example, client and server could be components within the same process exchanging JSON strings via method calls. They could also be different processes on the same or on different machines communicating via network sockets . There are lists of LSP-compatible implementations, maintained by

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2964-490: The standard build. This enables side-by-side installation of both builds without any interference. In the 2016 Developers Survey of Stack Overflow , Visual Studio Code ranked No. 13 among the top popular development tools, with only 7% of the 47,000 respondents using it. Two years later, however, Visual Studio Code achieved the No. 1 spot, with 35% of the 75,000 respondents using it. In the 2019 Developers Survey, Visual Studio Code

3021-632: The use of multiple DSLs within a rule set. The purpose of business rules engines is to define a representation of business logic in as human-readable fashion as possible. This allows both subject-matter experts and developers to work with and understand the same representation of the business logic. Most rules engines provide both an approach to simplifying the control structures for business logic (for example, using declarative rules or decision tables ) coupled with alternatives to programming syntax in favor of DSLs. Statistical modelers have developed domain-specific languages such as R (an implementation of

3078-557: The user interface but can be accessed via the command palette. The command palette is able to execute virtually every feature the graphical interface supports, making it very keyboard-accessible. Visual Studio Code can be extended via extensions , available through a central repository. This includes additions to the editor and language support. A notable feature is the ability to create extensions that add support for new languages , themes , debuggers , time travel debuggers , perform static code analysis , and add code linters using

3135-410: The vendor of the compiler for the programming language in use or the vendor of the editor to which the language support is being added. LSP is not restricted to programming languages. It can be used for any kind of text-based language, like specifications or domain-specific languages (DSL) . When a user edits one or more source code files using a language server protocol-enabled tool, the tool acts as

3192-418: Was also ranked No. 1, with 50% of the 87,000 respondents using it. The 2020 Developers Survey did not cover integrated development environments . In the 2021 Developers Survey, Visual Studio Code continued to be ranked No. 1, with 74.5% of the 71,000 respondents using it, 74.48% of the 71,010 responses in the 2022 survey, 73.71% of the 86,544 responses in the 2023 survey, and 73.6% of the 58,121 responses in

3249-416: Was ranked the most popular developer environment tool among 86,544 respondents, with 73.71% reporting that they use it. Visual Studio Code was first announced on April 29, 2015 by Microsoft at the 2015 Build conference. A preview build was released shortly thereafter. On November 18, 2015, the project "Visual Studio Code — Open Source" (also known as "Code — OSS"), on which Visual Studio Code

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