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68-637: LOW was at first subordinate to the Toruń -based military area command led by General Władysław Bortnowski ( Armia Pomorze ), but was later reassigned from Armia Pomorze to the Polish Navy , and received orders directly from Counter-Admiral Józef Unrug . Its first commander was Col. Józef Sass-Hoszowski and, after July 23, 1939, Col. Stanisław Dąbek . It was part of the Coastal Defence Group ( Grupa Obrony Wybrzeża ), tasked with organizing

136-424: A beautiful urban landscape. The extensive roadworks have also drawn attention to the declining population numbers, casting doubt that the city might over-delivered for the future number of road users, as the demographic trends forecast from Statistics Poland predicts a reduction of population by almost 1/4 by year 2050. The city's public transport system comprises five tram lines and about 40 bus routes, covering

204-459: A few years' time "BiT City" will be integrated with local transportation systems of Toruń and Bydgoszcz, thus creating a uniform metropolitan transportation network – with all necessary funds having been secured in 2008. Since September 2008, the "one-ticket" solution has been introduced also as regards a rail connection with Włocławek , as a "regional ticket". The same is planned for connection with Grudziądz . Two bus depots serve to connect

272-724: A major Polish institution in the Prussian Partition of Poland, founded in 1875. After World War I , Poland declared independence and regained control over the city. In interwar Poland , Toruń was the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship . During World War II , Germany occupied the city from 7 September 1939 to 1 February 1945. Einsatzkommando 16 entered the city to commit various crimes against Poles . Under German occupation, local people were subjected to arrests, expulsions , slave labor , deportations to concentration camps and executions, especially

340-417: A newly created special economic zone. As a result of cooperation of the companies mentioned above, a vast high-tech complex is to be constructed in the next few years, providing as many as 10,000 jobs (a prediction for ) at the cost of about 450 million euros. As of 2008 , the creation of another special economic zone is being considered, this time inside city limits. Thanks to its architectural heritage Toruń

408-580: A number of regular flights to European cities. Although a medium-sized city, Toruń is the site of the headquarters of some of the largest companies in Poland, or at least of their subsidiaries. The official unemployment rate, as of September 2008 , is 5.4%. In 2006, construction of new plants owned by Sharp Corporation and other companies of mainly Japanese origin has started in the neighboring community of Łysomice - about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from city centre. The facilities under construction are located in

476-559: A site of intense building construction investments, mainly residential and in its transportation network. The latter has been possible partly due to the use of European Union funds assigned for new member states. Toruń city county generates by far the highest number of new dwellings built each year among all Kuyavian-Pomeranian counties, both relative to its population as well as in absolute values. It has led to almost complete rebuilding of some districts. As of 2008 , many major constructions are either under development or are to be launched soon -

544-525: Is about 30 km. They are the administrative capitals and economic centers of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship . Despite the fact that these two cities are integrating gradually, they have been in a great competition through the centuries. In September 2004 the Medical Academy in Bydgoszcz joined Toruń University as Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz. Although not without some controversy , this

612-625: Is influenced by the geographical location of the city – the Toruń Basin to the south, and the Vistula Valley to the north. The most recent statistics show a decrease in the population of the city, from 211,169 in 2001 (highest) to 202,562 in 2018. Among the demographic trends influencing this decline, are: suburbanisation, migration to larger urban centres, and wider trends observed in the whole of Poland such as general population decline, slowed down by immigration in 2017. The birth rate in

680-402: Is usually considered as an important step in the integration process. Depending on the calculation method and on what is the exact area taken into consideration, the total population varies from between about 600,000 and 800,000 inhabitants. The total population of the two biggest cities combined (Bydgoszcz + Toruń ), excluding adjacent communities: Historically, Bydgoszcz and Toruń were

748-562: Is visited by more than 1.5 million tourists a year (1.6 million in 2007). This makes tourism an important branch of the local economy, although time spent in the city by individual tourists or the number of hotels, which can serve them, are still not considered satisfactory. Major investments in renovation of the city's monuments, building new hotels (including high-standard ones), improvement in promotion, as well as launching new cultural and scientific events and facilities, give very good prospects for Toruń's tourism. In recent years Toruń has been

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816-636: The 32nd International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage screened Steve McQueen 's historical war drama Blitz , the first half of Jon M. Chu 's two-part musical fantasy film Wicked , and the world premiere of Joel Souza 's western film Rust . Toruń has two drama theatres ( Teatr im. Wilama Horzycy with three stages and Teatr Wiczy ), two children's theatres ( Baj Pomorski and Zaczarowany Świat ), two music theatres ( Mała Rewia , Studencki Teatr Tańca ), and numerous other theatre groups. The city hosts, among others events,

884-611: The Camerimage International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography . Toruń is noted for its very high standard of living and quality of life. In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 2007 the Old Town of Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland . The first settlement in the vicinity of Toruń is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC ( Lusatian culture ). During early medieval times, in

952-801: The First Peace of Thorn was signed in the city in February 1411, the city fell back to the Teutonic Order. In 1411, the city left the Hanseatic League. In the 1420s, Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło built the Dybów Castle , located in present-day left-bank Toruń, which he visited numerous times. During the next big Polish–Teutonic War , Dybów Castle was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1431 to 1435. In 1440,

1020-639: The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and is one of its two capitals, together with Bydgoszcz . The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz–Toruń twin city metropolitan area. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland; it was first settled in the 8th century and in 1233 was expanded by the Teutonic Knights . For centuries it was home to people of diverse backgrounds and religions. From 1264 until 1411, Toruń

1088-682: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Germany of Bromberg district (Province Posen) and Marienwerder district (West Prussia). This would change only in the year of 1938, when Bydgoszcz was moved from the Poznań to the Pomeranian Voivodeship, soon to take the role of the capital of the whole region. The postwar growth of the cities and the new political administrative landscape led to application of

1156-603: The Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg , Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps. Nonetheless, the Polish resistance movement was active in the city, and Toruń was the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw , Kraków , Poznań , Białystok and Lwów ). During the occupation, Germany established and operated Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp in

1224-462: The 16th to the 18th centuries. Toruń, unlike many other historic cities in Poland, escaped substantial destruction in World War II. Particularly left intact was the Old Town, all of whose important architectural monuments are originals, not reconstructions. Major renovation projects have been undertaken in recent years to improve the condition and external presentation of the Old Town. Besides

1292-505: The 1970s and 1980s, located between the central and easternmost districts; their total population is about 70,000. The Bydgoszcz–Toruń metro area of Toruń and Bydgoszcz , their counties, and a number of smaller towns, may in total have a population of as much as 800,000. Thus the area contains about one third of the population of the Kuyavia-Pomerania region (which has about 2.1 million inhabitants). The transport network in

1360-589: The 7th through 13th centuries, it was the location of an old Slavonic settlement, at a ford of the Vistula . In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty . In spring 1231 the Teutonic Knights crossed the river Vistula near Nieszawa and established a fortress. On 28 December 1233, the Teutonic Knights Hermann von Salza and Hermann Balk , signed

1428-571: The Germans destroyed most of the Armia Pomorze by 5 September in the Battle of Tuchola Forest , LOW was separated from the majority of Polish forces. Faced with the numerically and technically superior German forces (numbering about twice as many soldiers, and supported by heavy artillery, tanks and aircraft), LOW defended Gdynia from 8 to 15 September, then retreated to Kępa Oksywska , which

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1496-767: The Germans imprisoned Poles in Fort VII of the Toruń Fortress . On 17–19 October 1939 alone, the German police and the Selbstschutz arrested 1,200 Poles in Toruń and Toruń County. In early November 1939, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of Polish teachers, farmers and priests in Toruń and the county, who were then imprisoned in Fort VII. Imprisoned Poles were then either deported to concentration camps or murdered onsite. Large massacres of over 1,100 Poles from

1564-582: The Polish casualties in that region were LOW troops. The units of LOW included: The remainder of the Polish forces, including the improvised units, the mobilized Police , Border Guards , Border Defence Corps and some volunteers, were to defend the outskirts of Gdynia and the Oksywie Heights (German Oxhöft ). Anti-air defence was provided by the 1st and 2nd battalion of AA artillery, with 14 75 mm guns wz.22/24 and 14 40 mm wz. 38 guns . Altogether,

1632-647: The Polish elites as part of the Intelligenzaktion . A group of Polish railwaymen and policemen from Toruń were murdered by the German gendarmerie and Wehrmacht in Gąbin on 19–21 September 1939. Local Poles, including activists, teachers and priests, arrested in Toruń and Toruń County beginning in September 1939, were initially held in the pre-war prison, and after it became overcrowded in October 1939,

1700-470: The Toruń Chamber Orchestra) is well-rooted in the Toruń cultural landscape. Bydgoszcz%E2%80%93Toru%C5%84 Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area (Polish: aglomeracja bydgosko-toruńska ) is the name of the bi-polar agglomeration in the middle of the Vistula river centered on the cities of Bydgoszcz and Toruń in north-central Poland . The distance between the built-up areas of the cities

1768-630: The UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1997, Toruń has many monuments of architecture dating back to the Middle Ages . The city is famous for having preserved almost intact its medieval spatial layout and many Gothic buildings, all built from brick , including monumental churches, the Town Hall and many burgher houses. Toruń has the largest number of preserved Gothic houses in Poland , many with Gothic wall paintings or wood-beam ceilings from

1836-559: The camp, and around 1,000 died there, including about 400 children. From 1941 to 1945, a German forced labour camp was located in the city. In the spring of 1942, the Germans murdered 30 Polish scouts aged 13–16 in Fort VII. While the city's population suffered many atrocities, as described, there were no battles or bombings that damaged its buildings. Thus, the city avoided damage during both World Wars, and retained its historic architecture, ranging from Gothic through Renaissance and Baroque to 19th and 20th century styles. Listed on

1904-409: The churches, leaving only St Mary's for Protestant citizens. In 1645, at a time when religious conflicts occurred in many other European countries and the disastrous Thirty Years' War was fought west of Poland, in Toruń, on the initiative of King Władysław IV Vasa , a three-month congress of European Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists was held, known as Colloquium Charitativum; an important event in

1972-475: The city (or as it was then, both cities) joined the mercantile Hanseatic League , and thus became an important medieval trade centre. In the 14th century, papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the area to Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region. The city was recaptured by Poland in 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War however, after

2040-493: The city adopted Protestantism . Under Mayor Henryk Stroband (1586–1609), the city became centralized. Administrative power passed into the hands of the city council. In 1595, Jesuits arrived to promote the Counter-Reformation , taking control of St John's Church. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of Catholics into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and Dominican friars) already controlled most of

2108-467: The city and region, including teachers, school principals, local officials, restaurateurs, shop owners, merchants, farmers, railwaymen, policemen, craftsmen, students, priests, workers, doctors, were carried out in the present-day district of Barbarka . Six mass graves were discovered after the war, in five of which the bodies of the victims were burned, as the Germans had tried to cover up the crime. Local teachers were also among Polish teachers murdered in

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2176-471: The city and some of the neighboring communities. Toruń is situated at a major road junction, one of the most important in Poland. The A1 highway reaches Toruń, and a southern beltway surrounds the city. Besides these, the European route E75 and a number of domestic roads (numbered 10, 15, and 80) run through the city. With three main railway stations ( Toruń Główny , Toruń Miasto and Toruń Wschodni),

2244-508: The city charters for Toruń ( Thorn ) and Chełmno ( Kulm ). The original document was lost in 1244. The set of rights in general is known as Kulm law . In 1236, due to frequent flooding, it was relocated to the present site of the Old Town. In 1239 Franciscan friars settled in the city, followed in 1263 by Dominicans . In 1264 the adjacent New Town was founded, predominantly to house Torun's growing population of craftsmen and artisans, who predominantly came from German-speaking lands. In 1280,

2312-669: The city has been authorized by King Casimir IV to mint Polish coins. During the war, Casimir IV often stayed at the Dybów Castle and Toruń financially supported the Polish Army. The New Town and Old Town amalgamated in 1454. The Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466, with the Second Peace of Thorn , in which the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the city and recognised it as part of Poland. The Polish king granted

2380-421: The city has undergone major development in recent years. The partial completion of ring road (East and South), the completion of the second bridge (2013) and various road, and cycling lane improvements, including construction of Trasa Średnicowa , have decidedly improved the traffic in the city. However, noise barriers that have been erected along the new or refurbished roads have been criticised as not conducive to

2448-511: The city in 2017 was 0.75. Low birthrates have been consistent in the city for the first two decades of 21st Century. The official forecasts from Statistics Poland state that by 2050 the city population will have declined to 157,949. Inside the city itself, most of the population is concentrated on the right (northern) bank of the Vistula river. Two of the most densely populated areas are Rubinkowo and Na Skarpie, housing projects built mostly in

2516-443: The city is a major rail junction, with two important lines crossing there ( Warsaw – Bydgoszcz and Wrocław – Olsztyn ). Two other lines stem from Toruń, toward Malbork and Sierpc . The rail connection with Bydgoszcz is run under a name "BiT City" as a "metropolitan rail". Its main purpose is to allow traveling between and within these cities using one ticket. A joint venture of Toruń, Bydgoszcz , Solec Kujawski and

2584-401: The city with other towns and cities in Poland. As of 2008 , a small sport airfield exists in Toruń; however, a modernization of the airport is seriously considered with a number of investors interested in it. Independently of this, Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport , located about 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Toruń city centre, serves the whole Bydgoszcz-Toruń metropolitan area, with

2652-399: The city, with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region, in which Polish, British, French , Australian and Soviet POWs were held. From 1940 to 1943, in the northern part of the city the German transit camp Umsiedlungslager Thorn  [ pl ] for Poles expelled from Toruń and the surrounding area, became infamous for inhuman sanitary conditions. Over 12,000 Poles passed through

2720-544: The death of her husband, famous explorer and writer, Toruń native, Tony Halik . It is managed by the District Museum in Toruń . The Centre of Contemporary Art ( Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej - CSW ) opened in June 2008 and is one of the most important cultural facilities of this kind in Poland. The modern building is located in the very centre of the city, adjacent to the Old Town. The Toruń Symphonic Orchestra (formerly

2788-515: The defence of the Polish seashore, as well as the borders with Nazi Germany and Danzig , and the preparation of the defence of the Polish naval bases and mobilization centres ( Gdynia , Oksywie , Hel , Westerplatte ). LOW was to defend Gdynia and Oksywie; Hel and Westerplatte had their own dedicated formations under the Coastal Defence Group. LOW's task was to defend the most important of Polish mobilization centers around Gdynia -

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2856-534: The forces subordinate to Col. Dąbek numbered ca. 15,000. Toru%C5%84 Toruń is a city on the Vistula River in north-central Poland and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Its population was 196,935 as of December 2021. Previously, it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–1945). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the local government of

2924-667: The gentry of Toruń co-founded the Prussian Confederation to further oppose the Knights' policies. From 1452, talks between Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon and the burghers of the Confederation were held at Dybów Castle. The Confederation rose against the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in 1454 and its delegation submitted a petition to Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon asking him to regain power over

2992-461: The history of Toruń and the region. Among others, the "House of Kopernik" and the accompanying museum commemorate Nicolaus Copernicus and his revolutionary work, the university museum reveals the history of the city's academic past. The Tony Halik Travelers' Museum ( Muzeum Podróżników im. Tony Halika ) was established in 2003 after Elżbieta Dzikowska donated to citizens of Toruń a collection of objects from various countries and cultures following

3060-699: The history of interreligious dialogue. During the Great Northern War (1700–21), the city was besieged by Swedish troops. The restoration of Augustus II the Strong as King of Poland was prepared in the city in the Treaty of Thorn (1709) by the Russian tsar Peter the Great . In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew. In the early 18th century about 50 percent of

3128-452: The horizontal arrangement, white top, blue bottom, equal in size. The flag of the city of Toruń is a bipartite sheet. The upper field is white, the lower field is blue. If the flag is hung vertically, the upper edge of the flag must be on the left. The flag with the coat of arms is also in use. The ratio of the height of the coat of arms to the width of the flag is 1:2. The climate can be described as humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ) if

3196-492: The international theatre festival, "Kontakt", annually in May. A building called Baj Pomorski has recently been completely reconstructed. It is now one of the most modern cultural facilities in the city, with its front elevation in the shape of a gigantic chest of drawers. It is located at the south-east edge of the Old Town. Toruń has two cinemas including a Cinema City , which has over 2,000 seats. Over ten major museums document

3264-461: The isotherm of 0 °C (32 °F) is used or an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is adopted. Back in 1930s, the city passed close to the original boundary and dividing line of climates C and D groups in the north–south direction proposed by climatologist Wladimir Köppen . Toruń is in the transition between the milder climates of the west and north of the Poland and

3332-563: The leading schools of northern Poland for centuries to come. Also in 1594, the Toruń's first museum ( Musaeum ) was established at the school, beginning the city's museal traditions. A city of great wealth and influence, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period. Sejms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Toruń in 1576 and 1626. In 1557, during the Protestant Reformation ,

3400-608: The major Polish port - for about 8–10 days, after which it was expected to be relieved by a Polish Army counterattack. As it was clear that the Polish defenders of the so-called Polish Corridor would be at least temporarily cut off from the Polish mainland, the defence was organized into several fortified lines that were to shield the naval base of the Hel Peninsula and the city of Gdynia from all sides. LOW numbered about 15,000 troops with limited artillery (about 40 40-105mm artillery pieces, plus some anti-aircraft guns). After

3468-409: The more extreme ones like the south (warmer summer) and the east (colder winter). It is not much different from the climates of more southerly Kraków and easterly Warsaw , though it has slightly milder winters and more moderate summers. Being close to definitely continental climates , it has a high variability caused by the contact of eastern continental air masses and western oceanic ones. This

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3536-497: The most important royal cities in the area. Both cities hosted sessions of the Polish Parliament, i.e. Bydgoszcz in 1520, and Toruń in 1576 and 1626. It is also where Peaces of Thorn and Treaty of Bromberg were signed. The two were parts of different administrative units for centuries, starting as Polish and Teutonic settlements, then becoming the biggest cities of Inowrocław Voivodeship and Chełmno Voivodeship in

3604-590: The populace, especially the gentry and middle class, were German-speaking Protestants, while the other 50 percent were Polish-speaking Roman Catholics. Protestant influence was subsequently pushed back after the Tumult of Thorn of 1724. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by Prussia . It was briefly regained by Poles as part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807–1815, even serving as

3672-477: The possibility of a new bridge over the Vistula, and more. Construction of the A1 motorway and th e BiT City fast metropolitan railway also directly affects the city. About 25,000 local firms are registered in Toruń. The internationally renowned film festival Camerimage was founded in Toruń in 1993, and has been held annually in the city since 2019. In 2024, with Australian actress Cate Blanchett as jury president,

3740-748: The region as its rightful ruler. An act of incorporation was signed in Kraków 6 March 1454, recognizing the region (including Toruń), as part of the Polish Kingdom . These events led to the Thirteen Years' War . The citizens of the city, enraged by the Order's ruthless exploitation, conquered the Teutonic castle, and dismantled the fortifications brick by brick, except for the Gdanisko tower which

3808-459: The renovation of various buildings, projects such as the reconstruction of the pavement of the streets and squares (reversing them to their historical appearance), and the introduction of new plants, trees and objects of 'small architecture', are underway. Numerous buildings and other constructions, including the city walls along the boulevard, are illuminated at night, creating an impressive effect - probably unique among Polish cities with respect to

3876-811: The size of Toruń's Old Town and the scale of the illumination project itself. Toruń is also home to the Zoo and Botanical Garden opened in 1965 and 1797 respectively and is one of the city's popular tourist attractions. Toruń is divided into 24 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government. The Districts include: Barbarka , Bielany, Bielawy, Bydgoskie Przedmieście, Chełmińskie Przedmieście, Czerniewice, Glinki, Grębocin nad Strugą, Jakubskie Przedmieście, Kaszczorek, Katarzynka, Koniuchy, Mokre, Na Skarpie, Piaski , Podgórz , Rubinkowo, Rudak, Rybaki, Stare Miasto ( Old Town ), Starotoruńskie Przedmieście, Stawki, Winnica, Wrzosy. The colors of Toruń are white and blue in

3944-578: The temporary Polish capital in 1809, then again of Prussia, of the German Empire and, after World War I , of the reborn Polish Republic . During the Second World War , Toruń was spared bombing and destruction; its Old Town and iconic central marketplace have been entirely preserved. Toruń is renowned for its gingerbread – the gingerbread-baking tradition dates back nearly a millennium – as well as for its large Cathedral . It hosts

4012-677: The temporary capital in April and May 1809. During these years the city began to attract a growing Jewish community. In 1809, Toruń was successfully defended by the Poles against the Austrians. After being re-annexed by Prussia in 1815, Toruń was subjected to Germanisation and became a strong center of Polish resistance against such policies. The city's first synagogue was inaugurated in 1847. New Polish institutions were established, such as Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu ( Toruń Scientific Society ),

4080-632: The term "Bydgoszcz-Toruń metropolitan area" which first appeared in the 1960s. The main sights of the agglomeration are the old towns of Bydgoszcz and Toruń, with the latter listed as a World Heritage Site . The local spa town is Ciechocinek , and its graduation towers , saline and spa parks are declared a Historic Monument of Poland . The metropolitan area is rich in historic architecture ranging from Romanesque and Gothic architecture to Renaissance , Baroque and Art Nouveau . There are also several castles and palaces, including Dybów , Zamek Bierzgłowski , Ostromecko , Żołędowo . The Dybów Castle

4148-478: The town great privileges, similar to those of Gdańsk . Also in 1454 at Dybów Castle , the King issued the famous Statutes of Nieszawa , covering a set of privileges for the Polish nobility ; an event that is regarded as the birth of the noble democracy in Poland, which lasted until the country's demise in 1795. In 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus was born, and in 1501 Polish king John I Albert died in Toruń; his heart

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4216-492: The value of some of them exceeding 100 million euros. They include a new speedway stadium, major shopping and entertainment centres, a commercial complex popularly called a "New Centre of Toruń", a music theater, a centre of contemporary art, hotels, office buildings, facilities for the Nicolaus Copernicus University , roads and tram routes, sewage and fresh water delivery systems, residential projects,

4284-414: The voivodeship, it is considered as important in integrating Bydgoszcz-Toruń metropolitan area. A major modernization of BiT City railroute, as well as a purchase of completely new vehicles to serve the line, is planned for 2008 and 2009. Technically, it will allow to travel between Toruń-East and Bydgoszcz-Airport stations at a speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) in a time of approximately half an hour. In

4352-504: Was buried in St. John's Cathedral . In 1500, the Tuba Dei , the largest church bell in Poland at the time, was installed at Toruń Cathedral, and a bridge across the Vistula was built, the country's longest wooden bridge at the time. In 1506, Toruń became a royal city of Poland. In 1528, the royal mint started operating in Toruń. In 1568, a gymnasium was founded, which after 1594 became one of

4420-443: Was defended until 19 September. Several well-known battles on the Polish coast in September 1939 - such as the Battle of Westerplatte , the Defence of the Polish Post in Danzig and the Battle of Hel - did not involve LOW troops. LOW sustained about 5,000 casualties (2,000 dead, 3,000 wounded); that is, about 33% of its original strength. 75% of Polish forces in the coastal area were under Land Coastal Defence supervision; 95% of

4488-437: Was part of the Hanseatic League and by the 17th century a leading trading point, which greatly affected the city's architecture, ranging from Brick Gothic to Mannerist and Baroque . In the Early Modern period, Toruń was a royal city of Poland and one of Poland's four largest cities. With the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, it became part of Prussia , then of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw , serving as

4556-540: Was the place where in 1454 King Casimir IV Jagiellon issued the famous Statutes of Nieszawa , covering a set of privileges for the Polish nobility ; an event that is regarded as the birth of the noble democracy in Poland, which lasted until the late-18th-century Partitions of Poland . Bydgoszcz and Toruń host major museums and art galleries, including the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz and District Museum in Toruń . The more unique museums include: Motorcycle speedway , basketball and volleyball enjoy

4624-420: Was used until the 18th century to store gunpowder. The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish king during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków, and then in May 1454, an official ceremony was held in Toruń, in which the nobility, knights, landowners, mayors and local officials from Chełmno Land , including Toruń, again solemnly swore allegiance to the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland. Since 1454,

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