Stalemate
44-589: Land Cruiser War may refer to: War in Darfur , conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, nicknamed the "Land Cruiser War" by Sudanese rebels Toyota War , 1986-87 war on the Chad–Libya border, named after the Toyota Hilux and Land Cruiser vehicles used in it Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
88-523: A difficult strategic situation. The incompetent armed forces needed to be retrained and redeployed amid concerns about the loyalty of the many Darfurian non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Responsibility for prosecuting the war was given to Sudanese military intelligence. Nevertheless, in the middle months of 2003, rebels won 34 of 38 engagements. In May, the SLA destroyed a battalion at Kutum , killing 500 and taking 300 prisoners; in mid-July, 250 were killed in
132-488: A major offensive in Darfur, killing more than 20 civilians and displacing over 1,000. On 5 September, Sudan asked the existing AU force to leave by the end of the month, adding that "they have no right to transfer this assignment to the United Nations or any other party. This right rests with the government of Sudan." On 4 September, in a move not viewed as surprising, Chad's president Idriss Déby voiced support for
176-568: A refugee camp to gather firewood, were gang-raped, beaten and robbed by the Janjaweed. When they had finished, the attackers stripped them naked and jeered at them as they fled. In a private meeting on 18 August, Hédi Annabi , Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations , warned that Sudan appeared to be preparing for a major military offensive. The warning came a day after UN Commission on Human Rights special investigator Sima Samar stated that Sudan's efforts remained poor despite
220-580: A result of starvation and disease. On 10 July 2005, SPLA leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's vice-president. However, on 30 July, Garang died in a helicopter crash. Despite improved security, talks between the various rebels in the Darfur region progressed slowly. An attack on the Chadian town of Adré near the Sudanese border led to the death of 300 rebels in December. Sudan was blamed for
264-469: A second attack on Tine. The SLA began to infiltrate farther east, threatening to extend the war into Kordofan . Given that the army was consistently losing, the war effort switched to emphasize three elements: military intelligence, the air force and the Janjaweed . The latter were armed Baggara herders whom the government had used to suppress a Masalit uprising from 1986 to 1999. The Janjaweed became
308-575: A small number of Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat ; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remained uninvolved. The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur , Zaghawa , and Masalit ethnic groups. The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named UNAMID . Although
352-788: Is conflict between the Islamist, Khartoum-based national government and two rebel groups based in Darfur: the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement . In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs. Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government
396-582: The Darfur genocide arose when the Sudan Liberation Movement and the JEM, which is the largest rebel group in Darfur, entered Al-Fashir , the capital city of North Darfur and attacked the sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships (according to the government; seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including
440-677: The Fur ", was not a traditional part of the states organized along the upper Nile valley but instead organized as an independent sultanate in the 14th century. Owing to the migration of the Banu Hilal tribe in the 11th century AD, the peoples of the Nile valley became heavily Arabicized while the hinterlands remained closer to native Sudanese cultures. It was first annexed to Egyptian Sudan in 1875 and then surrendered by its governor Slatin Pasha to
484-662: The Land Cruiser War , was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan , which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non- Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in
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#1732773286438528-859: The Mahdist State in 1883. Following the Anglo-Egyptian victory in the Mahdist War , Sultan Ali Dinar was reinstated as a British client before being deposed by a 1916 expedition after he began supporting the Ottoman Empire amid the First World War . Subsequently, Darfur remained a part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of the Sudan . There are several different explanations for
572-529: The Second Sudanese Civil War was drawing to an end, and the east, where rebels sponsored by Eritrea were threatening a newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields to Port Sudan . The rebel guerilla tactic of hit-and-run raids proved almost impossible for the army – untrained in desert operations – to counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating. At 5:30 am on 25 April 2003,
616-753: The United Kingdom , the United Nations, the European Union , the Arab League , Egypt , Canada, Norway and the Netherlands served as witnesses. Renewed fighting began in July and August 2006, and international aid organizations considered leaving due to attacks against their personnel. Annan called for 18,000 international peacekeepers in Darfur to replace the 7,000-man AMIS force. In one incident at Kalma , seven women, who ventured out of
660-627: The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 1564 declaring that the Sudanese government had not met its commitments and expressing concern at helicopter attacks and assaults by the Janjaweed. It welcomed the intention of the African Union to enhance its monitoring mission and urged all member states to support such efforts. During April, 2005, after the Sudanese government signed a ceasefire agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) which led to
704-701: The AU force. On 6 October, the UNSC voted to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sudan until 30 April 2007. On 9 October, the Food and Agriculture Organization listed Darfur as the most pressing food emergency out of the forty countries listed on its Crop Prospects and Food Situation report. On 10 October, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour , claimed that
748-527: The JEM in April. Janjaweed and rebel attacks continued despite the ceasefire, and the African Union (AU) formed a Ceasefire Commission (CFC) to monitor its observance. In August, the African Union sent 150 Rwandan troops to protect the ceasefire monitors. However, it soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough, and they were subsequently joined by 150 Nigerian troops. On 18 September,
792-552: The Janjaweed and other militias, an integration of Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and JEM troops into the Sudanese Armed Forces and police, a system of federal wealth-sharing for the promotion of Darfurian economic interests, a referendum on the future status of Darfur and measures to promote the flow of humanitarian aid. Representatives of the African Union, Nigeria, Libya , the United States,
836-551: The May Agreement. On 19 August, Sudan reiterated its opposition to replacing AMIS with a UN force, resulting in the US issuing a "threat" to Sudan over the "potential consequences". On 25 August, Sudan rejected attending a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting to explain its plan to send 10,000 Sudanese soldiers to Darfur instead of the proposed 20,000 UN peacekeeping force. The Security Council announced it would hold
880-561: The Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations. The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration , signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution , requires that a peace process leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within
924-410: The Sudanese army was "bombing civilians in Darfur". A World Food Programme official reported that food aid had been blocked from reaching at least 355,000 people. Annan said, "the tragedy in Darfur has reached a critical moment. It merits this council's closest attention and urgent action." On 14 September, the leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minnawi , stated that he did not object to
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#1732773286438968-641: The Sudanese government had prior knowledge of attacks by Janjaweed militias in Buram, South Darfur the month before, in which hundreds of civilians were killed. On 12 October, Nigerian Foreign Minister Joy Ogwu arrived in Darfur for a two-day visit. She urged the Sudanese government to accept the UN proposal. Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo spoke against "stand[ing] by and see[ing] genocide taking place in Darfur." On 13 October, US President George W. Bush imposed further sanctions against those deemed complicit in
1012-425: The Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across
1056-511: The UN peacekeeping force, rejecting the Sudanese government's view that such a deployment would be an act of Western invasion. Minnawi claimed that AMIS "can do nothing because the AU mandate is very limited". Khartoum remained opposed to UN involvement, with al-Bashir depicting it as a colonial plan and stating that "we do not want Sudan to turn into another Iraq ." On 2 October, the AU announced that it would extend its presence until 31 December 2006. Two hundred UN troops were sent to reinforce
1100-608: The UN peacekeeping force. The AU, whose mandate expired on 30 September 2006, confirmed that the AMIS would leave. The next day, however, a senior US State Department official told reporters that the AU force might remain past the deadline. On 8 September, António Guterres , head of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , said Darfur faced a "humanitarian catastrophe". On 12 September, Sudan's European Union envoy Pekka Haavisto claimed that
1144-476: The attack, which was the second in the region in three days. Escalating tensions led the government of Chad to declare its hostility toward Sudan and to call for Chadians to mobilise against the "common enemy" (see Chad-Sudan conflict ). On 5 May 2006, the Sudanese government signed the Darfur Peace Agreement along with the faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi . However, the agreement
1188-478: The border, creating a humanitarian crisis . U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide. The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan . However, talks were disrupted by accusations that
1232-477: The center of the new counter-insurgency strategy. Though the government consistently denied supporting them, military resources were poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as a paramilitary force, complete with communication equipment and some artillery. The military planners were aware of the probable consequences of such a strategy: similar methods undertaken in the Nuba Mountains and around
1276-400: The commander of the air base, a Major General . The success of the raid was unprecedented in Sudan; in the twenty years of the war in the south, the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) had never before carried out such an operation. The Al-Fashir raid was a turning point, both militarily and psychologically. The armed forces had been humiliated by the raid, placing the government in
1320-492: The death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir , for genocide , war crimes , and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court . One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police, and the Janjaweed , a Sudanese militia group whose members are mostly recruited among Arabized indigenous Africans and
1364-508: The end of the Second Sudanese Civil War , the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) force was increased by 600 troops and 80 military observers. In July, the force was increased by about 3,300 (with a budget of 220 million dollars). In April, 2005, AMIS's forces were increased to about 7,000. The scale of the crisis led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan warning about
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1408-805: The first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities. AU: African Union DLF: Darfur Liberation Front ICC: International Criminal Court IDP: Internally Displaced Person JEM: Justice and Equality Movement SLM/A/A: Sudan Liberation Movement/Army SLM/A: Sudan Liberation Movement SPLA: Sudan People's Liberation Army UN: United Nations UNAMID: United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur UNSC: United Nations Security Council Darfur, Arabic for "the home of
1452-527: The government engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in the Marrah Mountains . On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town of Tine along the Chadian border , seizing large quantities of supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President Omar al-Bashir to "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already deployed in both the south, where
1496-619: The meeting despite Sudan's absence. Also on 24 August, the International Rescue Committee reported that hundreds of women were raped and sexually assaulted around the Kalma refugee camp during the previous several weeks and that the Janjaweed were reportedly using rape to cause women to be humiliated and ostracised by their own communities. On 25 August, the head of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of African Affairs , Assistant Secretary Jendayi Frazer , warned that
1540-610: The origins of the conflict that started in 2003. One explanation involves the land disputes between semi- nomadic livestock herders and those who practice sedentary agriculture. Water access has also been identified as a major source of the conflict. The Darfur crisis is also related to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , between the Arab -dominated government and the Christian and animist black southerners. Yet another origin
1584-495: The region faced a security crisis unless the UN peacekeeping force deployed. On 26 August, two days before the UNSC meeting and Frazer was due to arrive in Khartoum , Paul Salopek , a U.S. National Geographic Magazine journalist, appeared in court in Darfur facing charges of espionage; he had crossed into the country illegally from Chad , circumventing the Sudanese government's official restrictions on foreign journalists. He
1628-762: The risk of genocide. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign led to comparisons with the Rwandan genocide , a parallel denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers noted that the tactics, which included dismemberment and killing of noncombatants, including young children and infants, were more akin to the ethnic cleansing used in the Yugoslav wars and warned that the region's remoteness meant that hundreds of thousands of people were effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based International Crisis Group had reported in May 2004 that over 350,000 people could potentially die as
1672-555: The southern oil fields during the 1990s had resulted in massive human rights violations and forced displacements . In 2004, Chad brokered negotiations in N'Djamena , leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government, the JEM, and the SLA. One group that did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement was the National Movement for Reform and Development , who had split from
1716-1864: The title Land Cruiser War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Cruiser_War&oldid=1150831995 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages War in Darfur [REDACTED] SRF (since 2006) [REDACTED] SLA (some factions) SARC (from 2014) SLFA (from 2017) Supported by: [REDACTED] South Sudan [REDACTED] Chad (2005–2010) [REDACTED] Eritrea (until 2008) [REDACTED] Libya (until 2011) [REDACTED] Sudan [REDACTED] Chadian rebel groups [REDACTED] Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011) Supported by: [REDACTED] Ahmed Diraige [REDACTED] Khalil Ibrahim † [REDACTED] Gibril Ibrahim [REDACTED] Abdul Wahid al Nur (SLA-AW) [REDACTED] Minni Minnawi (SLA-MM) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan [REDACTED] Omar al-Bashir (until April 2019) [REDACTED] Musa Hilal (until 2017) [REDACTED] Hamid Dawai [REDACTED] Ali Kushayb [REDACTED] Ahmed Haroun (until April 2019) [REDACTED] Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi [REDACTED] SLA [REDACTED] JEM Sudanese Armed Forces SRF: 60,000 SAF: 109,300 Total killed: 300,000 ( UN estimate) 10,000 ( Sudanese government estimate) Total displaced: The War in Darfur , also nicknamed
1760-787: Was a successful attack on an army garrison on 25 February 2002. The government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June, 2002. Flint and de Waal place the start of the Darfur Genocide on 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) publicly claimed responsibility for an attack on Golo , the headquarters of Jebel Marra District. By this point several rebel attacks had been carried out against police stations, army outposts and military convoys and
1804-578: Was accused of "deftly manipulat[ing] Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing. American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid. Alan Dershowitz claimed Sudan
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1848-694: Was an example of Apartheid . Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation. Authors Julie Flint and Alex de Waal date the beginning of the rebellion to 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Quran (Nearly all of Darfur's residents are Muslim , including the Janjaweed , as well as the government leaders in Khartoum .) to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages. The rebels' first military action
1892-433: Was later released after direct negotiation with President al-Bashir. This came a month after Tomo Križnar , a Slovenian presidential envoy, was sentenced to two years in prison for spying. On 31 August 2006, the UNSC approved a resolution to send a new peacekeeping force of 17,300 to the region. Sudan expressed strong opposition to the resolution. On 1 September, African Union officials reported that Sudan had launched
1936-491: Was rejected by the smaller JEM and a rival faction of the SLA led by Abdul Wahid al Nur . The accord was orchestrated by chief negotiator Salim Ahmed Salim (working on behalf of the African Union ), U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick , AU representatives and other foreign officials operating in Abuja , Nigeria. The 115-page agreement included agreements on national and state power-sharing, demilitarization of
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