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36-1108: The Land Rover Perentie is a nickname for the Land Rover 110 produced by JRA Limited for the Australian Army , and part manufactured and assembled in Moorebank, New South Wales , during the 1980s and 1990s. There were two build contracts; the first was in 1988 and the second a decade later. The Perentie was based on the Land Rover Defender 110, and was introduced in 1987 to replace the ageing fleet of Series 2A and 3 Land Rovers . The Land Rover Perenties were produced in 4x4 and 6x6 variants and powered by an Isuzu 3.9-litre four-cylinder 4BD1 diesel engine or 4BD1-T turbo (see List of Isuzu engines ). They have proven themselves both in Australia and on operations overseas, including in Somalia , Timor Leste ,

72-436: A community, promote civic pride, and build community unity. Titles and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans. By contrast, older city nicknames may be critical: London

108-493: A concept vehicle, based on a production Land Rover 110, that was similar to existing Perentie and Bushranger Land Rover 4x4 vehicles in terms of driver control layout and ancillary equipment." Nickname The compound word ekename , literally meaning "additional name", was attested as early as 1303. This word was derived from the Old English word eac , meaning "also", related to eacian , meaning "to increase". By

144-401: A dash or hyphen (e.g., Franc Rozman – Stane ). The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married and maiden names . In Viking societies, many people had heiti , viðrnefni , or kenningarnöfn (Old Norse terms for nicknames) which were used in addition to, or instead of, the first name. In some circumstances, the giving of a nickname had

180-659: A napron became an apron , and a numble-pie became an (h)umble-pie . Many other words in the English language owe their existence to just this type of resegmentation: e.g., nickname , ninny , namby-pamby , nidiot / nidget , nonce word , nother , and notch through prothesis of n ; auger , umpire , orange , eyas , atomy , emony , ouch , and aitch-bone , through aphaeresis of n . Many productive affixes have been created by rebracketing, such as -athon from Marathon , -holic from alcoholic , and so on. These unetymological affixes are libfixes . As demonstrated in

216-469: A nickname is referred to in French as " blason populaire ". Rebracketing Rebracketing (also known as resegmentation or metanalysis ) is a process in historical linguistics where a word originally derived from one set of morphemes is broken down or bracketed into a different set. For example, hamburger , originally from Hamburg + er , has been rebracketed into ham + burger , and burger

252-413: A part. Through the process of prothesis, in which the sound at the end of a word is transferred to the beginning of the word following, or conversely aphaeresis, in which the sound at the beginning of a word is transferred to the end of the word preceding, old words were resegmented and new words formed. So through prothesis an ewt became a newt . Conversely through aphaeresis a nadder became an adder ,

288-403: A person and they are not always chosen by the recipient themselves. Some nicknames are derogatory name calls . A nickname can be a shortened or modified variation on a person's real name. A nickname may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a term of endearment . Many geographical places have titles, or alternative names, which have positive implications. Paris , for example,

324-439: A person's physical characteristics, such as 'Lofty' for a short person, 'Curly' for a bald man, or 'Bluey' for a redhead. In Chinese culture, nicknames are frequently used within a community among relatives, friends, and neighbours. A typical southern Chinese nickname often begins with a "阿" followed by another character, usually the last character of the person's given name. For example, Taiwanese politician Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁)

360-493: A person's surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker. Other English nicknames allude to a person's origins. A Scotsman may be nicknamed 'Jock', an Irishman 'Paddy' (alluding to Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland) or 'Mick' (alluding to the preponderance of Roman Catholicism in Ireland), and a Welshman may be nicknamed 'Taffy' (from Welsh Dafydd , David). Some nicknames referred ironically to

396-477: A preceding article or case ending. In Arabic the confusion is generally with non-Arabic words beginning in "al-" ( al is Arabic for "the"). Perhaps the most common case of juncture loss in English comes from the Arabic al- (mentioned above), mostly via Spanish, Portuguese, and Medieval Latin: Junctural metanalysis played a role in the development of new words in the earliest period of Greek literature: during

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432-509: A special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal ceremony and an exchange of gifts known in Old Norse as nafnfestr ('fastening a name'). In Bengali society, for example, people will often have two names: a daknam (pet name) which is

468-461: Is also common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text, such as in an obituary (e.g., Frankie Frisch, "The Fordham Flash" ). Any middle name is generally omitted, especially in speech. Like English, German uses (German-style) quotation marks between the first and last names (e.g., Andreas Nikolaus “Niki“ Lauda ). Other languages may use other conventions; for example, Italian writes

504-418: Is part of the process of language change , and often operates together with sound changes that facilitate the new etymology. Rebracketing is sometimes used for jocular purposes, for example psychotherapist can be rebracketed jocularly as Psycho the rapist , and together in trouble can be rebracketed jocularly as to get her in trouble . Before the increased standardization of the English language in

540-434: Is sometimes referred as "阿扁" (A-Bian). In many Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, nicknames may also connote one's occupation or status. For example, the landlord might be known simply as Towkay ( simplified Chinese : 头家 ; traditional Chinese : 頭家 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : thâu-ke ) Hokkien for "boss") to his tenants or workers while a bread seller would be called "Mianbao Shu" 面包叔 (literally, Uncle Bread). In

576-560: Is still occasionally referred to as "The Smoke" in memory of its notorious "pea-souper" smogs (smoke-filled fogs) of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and Edinburgh was "Auld Reekie" for the same reason, as countless coal fires polluted its atmosphere. Besides or replacing the demonym , some places have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. Many examples of this practice are found in Wallonia and in Belgium in general, where such

612-468: Is the "City of Light", Rome is the "Eternal City", Venice is "La Serenissima", and New Jersey is the "Garden State". These alternative names are often used to boost the status of such places, contrary to the usual role of a nickname. Many places or communities, particularly in the US, adopt titles because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to

648-422: Is the process of breaking an utterance into its constituent parts. The term is akin to parsing for larger sentences, but it is normally restricted to morphological processes at the sublexical level, i.e. within the particular word or lexeme . For example, the word uneventful is conventionally bracketed as [un+[event+ful]], and the bracketing [[un+event]+ful] leads to completely different semantics . Rebracketing

684-411: Is the process of seeing the same word as a different morphological decomposition, especially where the new etymology becomes the conventional norm. The name false splitting , also called misdivision , in particular is often reserved for the case where two words mix but still remain two words (as in the "noodle" and "eagle" examples above). The name juncture loss may be specially deployed to refer to

720-602: The Solomon Islands , Iraq and Afghanistan . The major differences between the Land Rover Perentie and British Land Rovers are the relocation of the spare wheel to a position under the rear of the load area, a galvanised chassis and the Isuzu engine. The original army contract called for a variety of unusual features including being able to sustain being hung from a helicopter by one corner without causing

756-402: The 15th century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase "an ekename" led to its rephrasing as "a nekename". Though the spelling has changed, the meaning of the word has remained relatively stable ever since. English nicknames are generally represented in quotes between the bearer's first and last names (e.g., Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower and Daniel Lamont "Bubba" Franks ). It

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792-606: The ADF under the Perentie (1984–92) and Bushranger contracts (1992–98) were specially designed 4x4 and 6x6 vehicles built at either Moorebank (Perentie) or Adelaide (Bushranger) and had different power units and transmission systems to the Solihull-built, Defender-based Land Rover 110 vehicles now commissioned. George Fowler, LRA engineering, who is responsible for the development of this latest production-based Land Rover 110, said

828-481: The case of an article and a noun fusing (such as if "the jar" were to become "(the) thejar" or "an apple" were to become "(an) anapple"). Loss of juncture is especially common in the cases of loanwords and loan phrases in which the recipient language's speakers at the time of the word's introduction did not realize an article to be already present (e.g. numerous Arabic-derived words beginning 'al-' ('the'), including "algorithm", "alcohol", "alchemy", etc.). Especially in

864-414: The case of loan phrases, juncture loss may be recognized as substandard even when widespread; e.g. "the hoi polloi ", where Greek hoi = "the". As a statistical change within a language within any century, rebracketing is a very weak statistical phenomenon. Even during phonetic template shifts, it is at best only probable that 0.1% of the vocabulary may be rebracketed in any given century. Rebracketing

900-562: The chassis to distort. The 6x6 version has a wider cab and load-sharing leaf-sprung rear axles. The 6x6 also has a turbocharger . The original order was for 2,500 4x4 and 400 6x6 vehicles between 1987 and 1990, while further vehicles were later added under Project Bushranger. All vehicles were equipped with black-out and convoy lighting circuitry. The 6X6 Perentie has a wheelbase from front axle to second axle of 3040mm (119.7"), to rear axle of 3940mm (155"). The name Perentie originates from Land Rover's successful tender to Project Perentie, which

936-424: The context of information technology, nickname is a common synonym for the screen name or handle of a user . In computer networks it has become a common practice for every person to also have one or more nicknames for pseudonymity , to avoid ambiguity , or simply because the natural name or technical address would be too long to type or take too much space on the screen . Nicknames are usually applied to

972-624: The examples above, the primary reason of juncture loss in English is the confusion between "a" and "an". In Medieval script , words were often written so close together that for some Middle English scholars it was hard to tell where one began and another ended. The results include the following words in English: In French similar confusion arose between "le/la" and "l'-" as well as "de" and "d'-". Dutch shares several examples with English, but also has some of its own. Many examples were created by reanalysing an initial n- as part of

1008-532: The largest goanna lizard native to Australia. As of February 2013 the Perenties are being disposed of, with the remaining in-service units being replaced by Mercedes-Benz G-Wagens under Project Land 121. The Defender has proven to be vulnerable to land mines and improvised explosive devices , and the army's new specification calls for optional armour. The Army Perenties are being replaced with unarmoured Mercedes G-Wagens . "Land Rover vehicles built for

1044-608: The modern period, many new words entered its lexicon in exactly the way just described. A 15th century English cook may once have said something like: "Ah, I found this ewt and this nadder in my napron while baking numble-pie." A few generations later the cook's descendant would have said: "Ah, I found this newt and this adder in my apron while baking (h)umble-pie." Over the course of time these words were misheard and resegmented: ewt became newt , nadder became adder , napron became apron , numble-pie became (h)umble pie . The force behind these particular resegmentations, and by far

1080-429: The most powerful force behind any such resegmentations in the English language, was the "movable-n" of the indefinite article a(n) , of the possessive pronouns my(n) and thy(n) , and of the old dative case of the definite article the(n) . The biforms no / none , the prepositions in and on , the conditional conjunction an even , the shortened form n (and), and the inflectional endings in -n may also have played

1116-431: The name used by family and friends and a bhalonam which is their formal name. In England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a person's surname. A man with the surname 'Clark' will be nicknamed 'Nobby': the surname 'Miller' will have the nickname 'Dusty' (alluding to the flour dust of a miller at work): the surname 'Adams' has the nickname 'Nabby'. There are several other nicknames linked traditionally with

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1152-587: The nickname after the full name followed by detto "called" (e.g., Salvatore Schillaci detto Totò ), in Spanish the nickname is written in formal contexts at the end in quotes following alias (e.g. Alfonso Tostado, alias «el Abulense» ), in Portuguese the nickname is written after the full name followed by vulgo or between parenthesis (e.g. Edson Arantes do Nascimento, vulgo Pelé / Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé)) and Slovenian represents nicknames after

1188-624: The oral transmission of the Homeric epics. Many words in the Homeric epics that are etymologically inexplicable through normal linguistic analysis begin to make some sense when junctural metanalysis at some stage in the transmission is assumed: e.g., the formula eche nedumos hypnos "sweet sleep held (him)" appears to be a resegmentation of echen edumos hypnos . Steve Reece has discovered several dozen similar instances of metanalysis in Homer, thereby shedding new light on their etymologies. Juncture loss

1224-403: The order for the new TD5 Defender was a breakthrough for LRA in the ADF vehicle procurement program." "The ADF has decided to use a production vehicle which is designed for a ten-year period of service. This decision recognises the increased levels of reliability and durability of a Solihull-production Defender 110, with the new Td5 power unit." "George Fowler and his team of engineers developed

1260-516: Was later reused as a productive morpheme in coinages such as cheeseburger . It is usually a form of folk etymology , or may seem to be the result of valid morphological processes. Rebracketing often focuses on highly probable word boundaries: "a noodle" might become "an oodle", since "an oodle" sounds just as grammatically correct as "a noodle", and likewise "an eagle" might become "a neagle", but "the bowl" would not become "th ebowl" and "a kite" would not become "ak ite". Technically, bracketing

1296-831: Was the official Australian Army trial to select new 1 and 2-tonne light vehicles. During the Project Perentie trials the Land Rover/Isuzu 110 and 6x6 variants were compared against the Jeep AM10, the Mercedes-Benz 300GD and the Unimog , while the Toyota Land Cruiser was evaluated two years later. The origins of the name comes from the Perentie ( Varanus giganteus ) lizard species, which is

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