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40-597: The Landais is a critically-endangered French breed of small horse or pony . It originated in the marshy plains and woodlands of the département of the Landes , in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France, but is more often reared in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques , particularly in the arrondissement of Pau . Due to influences from Arab and Welsh blood, it shows more similarity to Oriental horses than to other Celtic breeds . It

80-454: A breed registry . The concept is somewhat flexible in horses, as open stud books are created for recording pedigrees of horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of " color breed ", sport horse , and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting

120-413: A black horse, braun is bay, while dunkelbraun indicates dark bay and schwarzbraun indicates seal brown (literally black-brown). In France, seal brown horses are recognized among the "black coat family". The presence of other coat color genes can modify a seal brown coat. The seal brown family includes: The genetics behind seal brown are not known. Since 1951, it has been proposed that seal brown

160-513: A breed is described as a "pony" by the breed standard or principal breed registry, it is listed in this section, even if some individuals have horse characteristics. All other breeds are listed in the § Horse breeds section above. (Because of this designation by the preference of a given breed registry, most miniature horse breeds are listed as "horses", not ponies.) There are some registries that accept horses (and sometimes ponies and mules) of almost any breed or type for registration. Color

200-438: A fully black horse. The genetics behind seal brown are not known, but some think it is caused by an allele of agouti called A . A DNA test said to detect the seal brown (A ) allele was developed, but the test was never subjected to peer review and due to unreliable results was subsequently pulled from the market. The similar dark bay coat color, which also features black points and a dark body, differs from seal brown by

240-430: A given set of physical characteristics, even if there the trait is not a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, or are recording designer crossbreds . Such animals may be classified here as a breed, a crossbreed, or a "type”, depending on the stage of breed recognition. In some cultures and for some competition-sanctioning organizations,

280-428: A horse that normally matures less than about 145 cm or 14.2  hands (58 inches, 147 cm) when fully grown may be classified as a " pony ". However, unless the principal breed registry or breed standard describes the breed as a pony, it is listed in this section, even if some or all representatives are small or have some pony characteristics. Ponies are listed in the § Pony breeds section below. If

320-503: A novice's repertoire and is therefore preferable when discussing this specific coat color. This coat color is, illuminatingly, called " black and tan " in some languages. In the most simple terms, the vast majority of horses are indeed some shade of brown, but not "seal brown." Such coat colors include: Not all breed registries or studbooks recognize seal brown as a distinct coat color. The American Quarter Horse Association and American Paint Horse Association both recognize "brown" as

360-486: A separate category, while the Arabian Horse Association labels all non- black , black-pointed shades " bay ." Still other registries, such as The Jockey Club which registers Thoroughbreds and Appaloosa Horse Club , offer the designation "dark bay or brown" to cope with the ambiguity in terminology and identification. Among historically German breeds and registries, the term rappe indicates

400-542: A true black coat affected by pangaré , or mealy-factor. Pangaré is a quality common to the Przewalski's horse and so-called primitive horse breeds such as the Exmoor Pony . The trait is characterized by pale hairs, typically off-white to light tan, around the eyes, muzzle, and underside of the body. This theory was discarded when the equine Agouti gene (ASIP) was sequenced in 2001, finding that horses fitting

440-483: Is a recording method or means of studbook selection for certain types to allow them to be licensed for breeding. Horses of a given type may be registered as one of several different recognized breeds, or a grouping may include horses that are of no particular pedigree but meet a certain standard of appearance or use. Prior to approximately the 13th century, few pedigrees were written down, and horses were classified by physical type or use. Thus, many terms for Horses in

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480-490: Is best described as a black or nearly-black coat with reddish or tan hairs on the "soft parts": the muzzle, eyes, inner ears, underbelly, behind the elbow, and in front of the stifle. Like other coat colors, seal browns can range in shade. The very darkest are just about black except for their tan areas. Lighter examples are easily confused with dark bays. The mane, tail, and legs are always black. Non-horse people often refer to many horse coat colors as "brown," in particular

520-420: Is either the only criterion for registration or the primary criterion. These are called " color breeds ", because unlike "true" horse breeds, there are few other physical requirements, nor is the stud book limited in any fashion. As a general rule, the color also does not always breed on (in some cases due to genetic impossibility), and offspring without the stated color are usually not eligible for recording with

560-680: Is used for riding and driving , and is a good trotter . Traditionally, two distinct types of pony or small horse lived in a feral or semi-feral state in the Landes de Gascogne region of south-western France: the Lédon or Poney des Pins in the sandy coastal areas of the Gironde and the Haute-Lande  [ fr ] ; and the Barthais in the Barthes de l'Adour  [ fr ] ,

600-630: The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , Centre-Val de Loire , Occitanie and Pays de la Loire regions. The Landais shows more similarity to Oriental horses than to Celtic breeds . Arab influence can be seen in the head, while the small upright ears are from the Welsh heritage. The legs are fine, the shoulders sloped, and the rump sloping and single. The mane is full, as is the tail, which is carried high. The colours are bay , black , chestnut , liver chestnut , and seal brown ; White markings to

640-462: The TYRP1 gene of other mammals result in various reddish-brown coat color phenotypes: Brown in mice, Chocolate in cats, Chocolate in dogs, and Dun in cattle. The phenotypes associated with TYRP1 mutations are typically rufous or chocolate rather than the black-dominated coats of seal brown horses, and usually result in pinkish-brown skin and light eyes. This is not the case for seal brown horses, and

680-597: The Agouti locus: A/A or A/a . Both coat colors exhibit a broad range of potential shades due to a variety of factors including the bleaching or fading of black hair, nutrition, and the presence of sooty or countershading factors. Many black horses fade, sunbleach, or otherwise undergo a lightening of their coat color with exposure to sunlight and sweat. These horses are often mistaken for seal browns or dark bays. Horses which do not undergo such fading are now usually called “non-fading” black, though other terms were used in

720-451: The DNA test for the recessive a allele also discussed the possibility that Extension might be dosage-dependent. They found a statistically significant tendency for lighter bays to be heterozygous for the dominant, wildtype Extension allele ( E/e , also written E /E ) while darker bays were more often homozygous ( E/E ). The authors acknowledged that other factors could play a role, and that

760-644: The French horse population, conservation priority be given to the Landais and four other breeds. Some Landais ponies live in a semi-feral state with other livestock and wildlife on the banks of the Adour and Luy rivers in the area of Dax in the Landes, but the largest number is found in the arrondissement of Pau , in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques .Others are reared elsewhere in Nouvelle-Aquitaine , and in

800-466: The Middle Ages did not refer to breeds as we know them today, but rather described appearance or purpose. These terms included: Many breeds of horse have become extinct , either because they have died out, or because they have been absorbed into another breed: Seal brown (horse) Seal brown is a hair coat color of horses characterized by a near-black body color; with black points ,

840-700: The absence of tan markings. Another mimic is the liver chestnut , an all-over dark brown coat including mane and tail, that is sometimes confused with seal brown. However, true seal browns have black points characteristic of all bay horses, while liver chestnuts do not. Opinions vary on what constitutes a true seal brown as distinct from dark bay . In Equine Color Genetics , Dan Phillip Sponenberg wrote "In general, all dark colors with black points that are lighter than black but darker than bay are called brown." In this text, he classifies black-pointed, clear reddish coats of any shade as bay, and black-pointed coats of any shade with black countershading as brown. Seal brown

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880-482: The animal, and less prevalent on the underparts. Sootiness is thought to be a form of countershading . Horses without any sootiness are termed "clear-coated". Sootiness can be minor or quite extensive, and often includes dappling. Dark bay horses are typically sooty. The difference between the top-down distribution of the sooty trait and the lighter soft areas of a seal brown can also be difficult to distinguish from one another. The team of French researchers who developed

920-421: The bay color. Among horse aficionados, a common assessment is that "...[the term] is only used by people with one horse or with two hundred." The implication is that lay observers will refer to a horse's coat color to be "brown" due to a lack of vocabulary, and those discussing large populations of horses will use "brown" out of a need for a more specific vocabulary. The term "seal brown" is unlikely to be part of

960-480: The breed or type categories are listed here. This list does not include organizations that record horses strictly for competition purposes. A "type" of horse is not a breed but is used here to categorize groups of horses or horse breeds that are similar in appearance ( phenotype ) or use. A type usually has no breed registry , and often encompasses several breeds. However, in some nations, particularly in Europe, there

1000-517: The cause of road accidents; during the Second World War , some fell victim to land-mines laid by German forces to prevent coastal landings. After the War, no more than 150 head remained. The Poney des Pins became extinct in about 1950. Recovery of the breed – which now consisted only of the Barthais type – began in 1967, and a stud-book for the Landais was established in that year. To reduce

1040-678: The color breed registry. There are breeds that have color that usually breeds "true" as well as distinctive physical characteristics and a limited stud book. These horses are true breeds that have a preferred color, not color breeds, and include the Friesian horse , the Cleveland Bay , the Appaloosa , and the American Paint Horse . The best-known "color breed" registries that accept horses from many different breeds are for

1080-493: The darkest near-black horses. To account for this, W.E. Castle postulated that there was a third allele at the Extension locus: E or "dominant black". Based on the existence of such conditions in other animals, Castle suggested that the dominant black gene ( E ) would override the "points" pattern of dominant Agouti ( A ) and produce black or near-black horses, which could then go on to have bay offspring. The implication

1120-460: The effects of inbreeding , some use was made of stallions of Arab and Welsh (Section B) types. In 2007 the Landais was listed by the FAO as "critically endangered"; in 2014 the total number reported for the breed was 159. Annual births are low: between 2006 and 2013 the number ranged from 36 to 66. A genetic study of French horse breeds in 2008 suggested that, to maximise genetic diversity among

1160-435: The equine MC1R or Extension , which showed no such alleles. However, it remains likely that a genetic control for sootiness does exist. Both Dark Bay horses, which have a black mane, tail, and legs with a dark reddish brown or sooty coat, and seal brown horses, which have very dark brown coats in addition to black "points", with reddish or tan hairs around their muzzle, eyes, elbows, and flanks have one of two genotypes at

1200-424: The face and legs are permitted. The Landais is used as a riding horse – often by children – for hacking out and trekking , and in competition sports such as jumping , eventing and dressage . It is an excellent trotter, and is used in trotting races and in competitive driving ; a Landais named Jongleur holds the trotting record for the 100-kilometre (62-mile) run between Paris and Chartres . The Landais

1240-414: The following colors: The distinction is hotly debated between a standardized breed, a developing breed with an open studbook , a registry of recognized crossbred horses, and a designer crossbred . For the purposes of this list, certain groups of horses that have an organization or registry that records individual animals for breeding purposes, at least in some nations, but does not clearly fall to either

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1280-408: The mane, tail and legs; but also reddish or tan areas around the eyes, muzzle, behind the elbow and in front of the stifle . The term is not to be confused with "brown", which is used by some breed registries to refer to either a seal brown horse or to a dark bay without the additional characteristics of seal brown. Like bay , the seal brown color lacks the non-agouti mutation that would create

1320-399: The marshy meadowlands of the valley of the Adour river. The plantation of the Landes forest and associated swamp drainage operations in the nineteenth century reduced the natural range of these horses. In 1913 the two populations totalled some 2000. The advent of motorised transport led to a decline in the number of animals, both because their usefulness was reduced and because some were

1360-417: The past. However, though hypothesized, there does not appear to be a separate “non-fading” allele for black, either. Mineral and vitamin deficiencies can also contribute to a lighter coat, similar to sunbleaching. Black-pointed horses that are not uniformly black often exhibit a trait called sootiness . A sooty coat exhibits a mixing of black or darker hairs more concentrated on the dorsal aspect (top) of

1400-488: The role of TYRP1 in seal brown was ruled out after it was sequenced in 2001. The allure of a pure black coat on a horse has struck horse breeders for centuries, resulting in all-black breeds like the Friesian horse . The breeding of pure black horses is attended by two problems: some black coats fade with exposure to light and sweat, and breeding two "black" horses together would sometimes produce non-black horses. In some cases, faded true black horses have lighter coats than

1440-414: The seal brown phenotype did not possess the homozygous recessive a/a Agouti genotype. Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is a protein involved in melanin synthesis, and is encoded by the TYRP1 gene, also called the brown ( b ) locus . In humans, mutations in the TYRP1 gene account for variations in "normal" skin, hair and eye coloration, as well as types of clinical Albinism . Mutations in

1480-481: Was among the breeds used in the creation of the Poney Français de Selle or French Riding Pony. List of horse breeds While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed", a breed is generally defined as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations. Its members may be called purebred . In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with

1520-436: Was caused by an allele of the agouti gene, given the name a . This is based on the many other species where similar black-and-tan patterns are caused by alleles at the agouti locus. One genetics lab offered a test for seal brown in 2009, but the underlying studies were not peer-reviewed and the test was pulled from the market due to inconsistent results. An early version of the currently-accepted equine Agouti gene theory

1560-453: Was first presented in 1951 by Miguel Odriozola in A los colores del caballo , subsequently reviewed by William Ernest Castle in Genetics . This theory prevailed until the 1990s, when discoveries of similar conditions in other species provided alternate explanations. For a period, the seal brown phenotype - black or near-black coat with tan or red hairs on the soft areas - was described as

1600-422: Was that the seal brown coat color, which is often quite nearly black, could be produced by this allele. Similarly, Sponenberg once hypothesized an Extension-brown ( E ) allele, dominant over the wildtype E . He described an allele responsible for black countershading, or sootiness, which would distinguish all shades of brown from all shades of bay. Both theories were laid to rest after the characterization of

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