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36-471: The library has a stock of about 450,000 volumes of current and historical literature as well as 400 manuscripts, 151 incunables and about 6,500 autographs . The core collections include the former Court and State Library Saxe-Coburg with approximately 55,000 volumes, mainly from the 17th to 19th centuries, and the Ducal Private Library with 14,500 titles. But also the historical library of

72-602: A librarian in ducal services. From the early 19th century onwards, the former Ducal Court Library in Ehrenburg Palace was open to a limited public as a court and state library partly maintained from State funds. After the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the Free State of Coburg , the Coburger Landesstiftung  [ de ] took over the administration of the institution, which

108-402: A passage in his work Batavia (written in 1569; published posthumously in 1588). He referred to a period " inter prima artis [typographicae] incunabula " ("in the first infancy of the typographic art"). The term has sometimes been incorrectly attributed to Bernhard von Mallinckrodt (1591–1664), in his Latin pamphlet De ortu ac progressu artis typographicae ("On the rise and progress of

144-679: A single volume of a multi-volume work as a separate item, as well as fragments or copies lacking more than half the total leaves. A complete incunable may consist of a slip, or up to ten volumes. In terms of format , the 30,000-odd editions comprise: 2,000 broadsides , 9,000 folios , 15,000 quartos , 3,000 octavos , 18 12mos, 230 16mos, 20 32mos, and 3 64mos. ISTC at present cites 528 extant copies of books printed by Caxton , which together with 128 fragments makes 656 in total, though many are broadsides or very imperfect (incomplete). Apart from migration to mainly North American and Japanese universities, there has been little movement of incunabula in

180-452: A specific purpose and intended to be thrown away. They were one of the most common forms of printed material between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. They were often advertisements , but could also be used for news information or proclamations . Broadsides were a very popular medium for printing topical ballads starting in the 16th century. Broadside ballads were usually printed on the cheapest type of paper available. Initially, this

216-408: A written account of the crime and of the trial and often the criminal's confession of guilt. A doggerel verse warning against following the criminal's example, to avoid his fate, was another common feature. By the mid-19th century, the advent of newspapers and inexpensive novels resulted in the demise of the street literature broadside. One classic example of a broadside used for proclamations

252-487: Is Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle ("Liber Chronicarum") of 1493, with about 1,250 surviving copies (which is also the most heavily illustrated). Many incunabula are unique, but on average about 18 copies survive of each. This makes the Gutenberg Bible , at 48 or 49 known copies, a relatively common (though extremely valuable) edition. Counting extant incunabula is complicated by the fact that most libraries consider

288-468: Is a book, pamphlet, or broadside that was printed in the earliest stages of printing in Europe, up to the year 1500. Incunabula were produced before the printing press became widespread on the continent and are distinct from manuscripts , which are documents written by hand. Some authorities on the history of printing include block books from the same time period as incunabula, whereas others limit

324-475: Is a large sheet of paper printed on one side only. Historically in Europe, broadsides were used as posters, announcing events or proclamations, giving political views, commentary in the form of ballads , or simply advertisements. In Japan, chromoxylographic broadsheets featuring artistic prints were common. The historical type of broadsides, designed to be plastered onto walls as a form of street literature , were ephemera , i.e., temporary documents created for

360-686: Is being superseded by the authoritative modern listing, a German catalogue, the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke , which has been under way since 1925 and is still being compiled at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin . North American holdings were listed by Frederick R. Goff and a worldwide union catalogue is provided by the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue . Notable collections with more than 1,000 incunabula include: Broadside (printing) A broadside

396-616: Is the Dunlap broadside , which was the first publication of the United States Declaration of Independence , printed on the night of July 4, 1776 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia in an estimated 200 copies. Another was the first published account of George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River , printed on December 30, 1776, by an unknown printer. In nineteenth-century Pennsylvania, broadsides were used by

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432-533: Is the anglicised form of incunabulum , reconstructed singular of Latin incunabula , which meant " swaddling clothes", or " cradle ", which could metaphorically refer to "the earliest stages or first traces in the development". A former term for incunable is fifteener , meaning "fifteenth-century edition". The term incunabula was first used in the context of printing by the Dutch physician and humanist Hadrianus Junius (Adriaen de Jonghe, 1511–1575), in

468-506: The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili printed by Aldus Manutius with important illustrations by an unknown artist. Other printers of incunabula were Günther Zainer of Augsburg , Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein of Strasbourg , Heinrich Gran of Haguenau , Johann Amerbach of Basel , William Caxton of Bruges and London, and Nicolas Jenson of Venice . The first incunable to have woodcut illustrations

504-869: The Casimirianum Coburg with 15,000 titles in 7,500 volumes, mainly from the 16th to 18th century, and the Scheres library, built up by the former Coburg chancellor Johann Conrad von Scheres, called Zieritz (1641-1704), with legal literature of the 17th century, is to be included. The Luther Library and the Niederfüllbach Castle Library are also important. The Luther Collection was set up by Albert, Prince Consort in memory of Martin Luther 's stay at Veste Coburg in 1530. It contains 850 volumes, mainly contemporary Luther prints and older secondary literature. The Niederfüllbach Castle Library

540-620: The UK , the term generally covers 1501–1520, and for books printed in mainland Europe , 1501–1540. The data in this section were derived from the Incunabula Short-Title Catalogue (ISTC). The number of printing towns and cities stands at 282. These are situated in some 18 countries in terms of present-day boundaries. In descending order of the number of editions printed in each, these are: Italy, Germany, France, Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, England, Austria,

576-507: The block book , printed from a single carved or sculpted wooden block for each page (the same process as the woodcut in art, called xylographic ); and the typographic book , made by individual cast-metal movable type pieces on a printing press . Many authors reserve the term "incunabula" for the latter. The spread of printing to cities both in the North and in Italy ensured that there

612-512: The 17th century. Michel Maittaire (1667–1747) and Georg Wolfgang Panzer (1729–1805) arranged printed material chronologically in annals format, and in the first half of the 19th century, Ludwig Hain published the Repertorium bibliographicum —a checklist of incunabula arranged alphabetically by author: "Hain numbers" are still a reference point. Hain was expanded in subsequent editions, by Walter A. Copinger and Dietrich Reichling , but it

648-891: The Czech Republic, Portugal, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Turkey, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Hungary (see diagram). The following table shows the 20 main 15th century printing locations; as with all data in this section, exact figures are given, but should be treated as close estimates (the total editions recorded in ISTC at August 2016 is 30,518): The 18 languages that incunabula are printed in, in descending order, are: Latin, German , Italian , French , Dutch , Spanish , English, Hebrew , Catalan , Czech , Greek , Church Slavonic , Portuguese , Swedish , Breton , Danish , Frisian and Sardinian (see diagram). Only about one edition in ten (i.e. just over 3,000) has any illustrations, woodcuts or metalcuts . The "commonest" incunable

684-600: The Pennsylvania Dutch to advertise the "vendu", or county sale, for religious instruction, and to publish Trauerlieder or "sorrow songs" for sale. Today, broadside printing is done by many smaller printers and publishers as a fine art variant, with poems often being available as broadsides, intended to be framed and hung on the wall. Broadsides pasted on walls are still used as a form of mass communication in Haredi Jewish communities, where they are known by

720-537: The eighteenth century and provided an important medium of propaganda, on both sides, in the American War of Independence . Broadsides were commonly sold at public executions in the United Kingdom in the 18th and 19th centuries, often produced by specialised printers. They could be illustrated by a crude picture of the crime, a portrait of the criminal, or a generic woodcut of a hanging. There would be

756-588: The first floor in rooms of art-historical value, while exhibitions are held in the so-called Silver Hall. The storage rooms occupy several wings on different floors of the Palace. From 1968 to 1981, extensive renovation measures were carried out, including new reinforced concrete ceilings, at a cost of DM 4.5 million. With the move of the Coburg State Archives from the castle to the Zeughaus in 1990,

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792-914: The holdings of the Coburg State Library remained unaffected. In 1999, the former Directorate General of the Bavarian State Libraries was merged with the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Since then, the Landesbibliothek Coburg, like all regional state libraries in Bavaria, has been subordinated to it in the administrative structure. 50°15′29″N 10°58′2″E  /  50.25806°N 10.96722°E  / 50.25806; 10.96722 Incunable An incunable or incunabulum ( pl. : incunables or incunabula , respectively)

828-526: The last five centuries. None were printed in the Southern Hemisphere , and the latter appears to possess less than 2,000 copies, about 97.75% remain north of the equator. However, many incunabula are sold at auction or through the rare book trade every year. The British Library 's Incunabula Short Title Catalogue now records over 29,000 titles, of which around 27,400 are incunabula editions (not all unique works). Studies of incunabula began in

864-591: The medieval tradition formed the bulk of the earliest printed works, but as books became cheaper, vernacular works (or translations into vernaculars of standard works) began to appear. Famous incunabula include two from Mainz , the Gutenberg Bible of 1455 and the Peregrinatio in terram sanctam of 1486, printed and illustrated by Erhard Reuwich ; the Nuremberg Chronicle written by Hartmann Schedel and printed by Anton Koberger in 1493; and

900-439: The printed book evolved fully as a mature artefact with a standard format. After about 1540 books tended to conform to a template that included the author, title-page, date, seller, and place of printing. This makes it much easier to identify any particular edition. As noted above, the end date for identifying a printed book as an incunable is convenient but was chosen arbitrarily; it does not reflect any notable developments in

936-401: The printing process around the year 1500. Books printed for a number of years after 1500 continued to look much like incunables, with the notable exception of the small format books printed in italic type introduced by Aldus Manutius in 1501. The term post-incunable is sometimes used to refer to books printed "after 1500—how long after, the experts have not yet agreed." For books printed in

972-482: The printing process, and many books printed for some years after 1500 are visually indistinguishable from incunables. The term " post-incunable " is now used to refer to books printed after 1500 up to 1520 or 1540, without general agreement. From around this period the dating of any edition becomes easier, as the practice of printing the place and year of publication using a colophon or on the title page became more widespread. There are two types of printed incunabula:

1008-645: The reigns of the Dukes Ernst Friedrich and Franz Friedrich . The latter is also the founder of the Kupferstichkabinett der Kunstsammlungen der Veste Coburg. Coburg was not affected by the secularisation at the beginning of the 19th century and the structure of the academic library system in Bavaria established at that time, as a State which was re-established in 1807 (like all Thuringian principalities) and remained sovereign until 1920. From 1801 to 1826, Friedrich Karl Forberg worked as

1044-446: The space problems in terms of storage capacity were temporarily solved. The Ehrenburg Palace, which was built by Duke Johann Ernst from 1542/43 onwards, has been home to books from the very beginning. In the course of the early modern period, parts of Ernestine book collections repeatedly reached Coburg in the course of various Ernestine inheritance divisions. Perhaps the most significant expansion took place between 1764 and 1799 during

1080-486: The term to works printed using movable type . As of 2021, there are about 30,000 distinct incunable editions known. The probable number of surviving individual copies is much higher, estimated at 125,000 in Germany alone. Through statistical analysis, it is estimated that the number of lost editions is at least 20,000. Around 550,000 copies of around 27,500 different works have been preserved worldwide. Incunable

1116-505: The typographic art"; 1640), but he was quoting Junius. The term incunabula came to denote printed books themselves in the late 17th century. It is not found in English before the mid-19th century. Junius set an end-date of 1500 to his era of incunabula , which remains the convention in modern bibliographical scholarship. This convenient but arbitrary end-date for identifying a printed book as an incunable does not reflect changes in

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1152-483: Was Ulrich Boner 's Der Edelstein , printed by Albrecht Pfister in Bamberg in 1461. A finding in 2015 brought evidence of quires , as claimed by research, possibly printed in 1444–1446 and possibly assigned to Procopius Waldvogel of Avignon , France. Many incunabula are undated, needing complex bibliographical analysis to place them correctly. The post-incunabula period marks a time of development during which

1188-596: Was cloth paper, but later it became common to use sheets of thinner, cheaper paper (pulp). In Victorian era London they were sold for a penny or half-penny. The sheets on which broadsides were printed could also be folded, twice or more, to make small pamphlets or chapbooks . Collections of songs in chapbooks were known as garlands. Broadside ballads lasted longer in Ireland, and although never produced in such huge numbers in North America, they were significant in

1224-509: Was created by Leopold I of Belgium from the House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before his election as King of the Belgians in 1831. With just over 500 volumes, it is representative of the agriculture and forestry and modern estate management of the time. Large parts of Ehrenburg Palace are left to the library for use. The lending and reading rooms with an area of approximately 270 m² are located on

1260-405: Was first called Landesbücherei, then Landesbibliothek Coburg. The Coburg Landesstiftung had been founded in 1919 for the purpose of preserving the cultural assets of the lost state in legal independence. While maintaining its historical-traditional ties to Coburg, the library was transferred to the administration of the Free State of Bavaria from 1 January 1973. The partially unresolved ownership of

1296-608: Was great variety in the texts and the styles which appeared. Many early typefaces were modelled on local writing or derived from various European Gothic scripts, but there were also some derived from documentary scripts like Caxton 's, and, particularly in Italy, types modelled on handwritten scripts and calligraphy used by humanists . Printers congregated in urban centres where there were scholars , ecclesiastics , lawyers , and nobles and professionals who formed their major customer base. Standard works in Latin inherited from

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