Landskrona Citadel ( Swedish : Citadellet or Landskrona slott ) is situated in Landskrona , Scania , southern Sweden . Much of the original work is intact. Examples remain of all major parts of the fortification, which is uncommon in such an accessible area. The moat around the central fortification is intact, as are the north-west and north-east parts of the outermost moat, which originally connected to a moat surrounding the city itself. Centermost, the citadel sits on an island surrounded by its own moat. North of the fort, between the second, third and fourth moat is Sweden's oldest allotment-garden. Several of its garden houses are attractions in themselves. Also the fortress castle itself hides both history as such as well as historical horrors, like the 16th Century dungeon in the old western tower, into which the unlucky prisoners were thrown down through a hatch. If surviving the 4-5 meter fall, there then was neither any daylight or any way out. Also the eastern tower has in later centuries served as a prison for those serving life sentences. Around 1900 until 1940 a part of the fortress served as a forced labour institution for vagrant women
36-419: Initially built by Christian III of Denmark 1549–1559 as a purely defensive fortification with two complete moats , the inner with a width of 70 metres (230 ft). The outer (complete) moat is between 40 and 70 metres (130 and 230 ft) wide, and has cross fire bastions for artillery and guns. Outside the outer moat, a third narrower moat covers the northwest and northeast. There also exist remains of
72-432: A "captain-general", the captain of an army in general (i.e., the whole army). The rank of captain-general began appearing around the time of the organisation of professional armies in the 17th century. In most countries "captain-general" contracted to just "general". The following articles deal with the rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries: Some countries (such as
108-669: A bloody defeat at Loshult in Scania . The Swedes moved against Helsingborg Castle, which surrendered in January 1535 and was burned to the ground. Rantzau moved his army to Funen and defeated Count Christopher's army at Øksnebjerg on Funen in June 1535. Count Christopher's forces held out in Malmø and Copenhagen until July 1536 when they surrendered after several months of siege by Christian III's forces. With their capitulation, Christian III
144-639: A counterpoise to the persistent hostility of Charles V, who was determined to support the hereditary claims of his nieces, the daughters of Christian II, to the Scandinavian kingdoms. War was declared against Charles V in 1542, and, though the German Protestant princes proved faithless allies, the closing of the Sound against Dutch shipping proved such an effective weapon in Christian's hand that
180-454: A fourth moat (between the two outer moats). The fortifications and moats system surrounding the castle is known to be one of Europe's largest and best preserved. In the area between the outer and far outer moat resides the oldest area of allotment-garden cottages of Sweden. It was briefly captured by the Swedes in 1644, but soon abandoned and returned to Denmark again. It became property of
216-587: A half years by the Catholic Mary I . Coverdale was then released and allowed to leave England. Christian III died on New Year's Day 1559 at Koldinghus , and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral in a funerary monument designed by Flemish sculptor Cornelis Floris de Vriendt (1514–1575). In 1579, Frederick II commissioned Dutch artists to erect a memorial to Christian III at Roskilde Cathedral. Christian III received an honorary stone at
252-474: A terrible defeat at the hands of the peasants. Realizing his hold on the throne was in imminent danger, Christian III negotiated a deal with the Hansa States which allowed him to send his trusted advisor Johan Rantzau north with an army of Protestant German mercenaries. Clement and his army fled north, taking refuge inside the walls of Aalborg . In December, Rantzau's forces breached the walls and stormed
288-599: The Count's Feud was enormous and confiscating the Church lands (farmed by peasants who had been free from vassalage duties to the nobles) enabled him to pay down the debt to his creditors. Christian's Protestant policies led Denmark toward the establishment of Lutheranism as the Danish National Church ( Folkekirke ). This occurred officially on 30 October 1536 when the reconstituted State Council adopted
324-645: The Diet of Worms to hear Martin Luther speak. Luther's arguments intrigued him. The Prince made no secret of his Lutheran views. His outspokenness brought him into conflict, not only with the Roman Catholic dominated State Council ( Rigsraad ), but also with his cautious and temporizing father. At his own court at Schleswig , he did his best to introduce the Protestant Reformation , despite
360-691: The Holy Roman Empire . In 1544 the elder three brothers partitioned Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire ) and Schleswig (a Danish fief). Following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, the revenues of the duchies were divided into three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the three brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among
396-611: The Lutheran Ordinances designed by German theologian Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558), which outlined church organization, liturgy, and accepted religious practice. Monasteries, nunneries, and priories, were closed and the property taken by the crown (see Chronicle of the Expulsion of the Grayfriars ). Vast tracts of land were handed out to the king's supporters, the royal land was rapidly expanded from one-sixth of
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#1732783682714432-517: The armies , and in some nations' air and space forces , marines or naval infantry . In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel . The adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Other nomenclatures for general officers include the titles and ranks: In addition to militarily educated generals, there are also generals in medicine and engineering. The rank of
468-487: The British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g. Royal Australian Air Force , Indian Air Force , Royal New Zealand Air Force , Nigerian Air Force , Pakistan Air Force , etc. In most navies , flag officers are the equivalent of general officers, and the naval rank of admiral is equivalent to the specific army rank of general. A noteworthy historical exception
504-756: The Danish throne. Christian II had supported both the Roman Catholics and Protestant Reformers at various times. In opposition to Christian III, Count Christopher was proclaimed regent at the Ringsted Assembly ( landsting ), and at the Scania Assembly ( landsting ) on St Liber's Hill ( Sankt Libers hög ) near Lund Cathedral . This resulted in a two-year civil war, known as the Count's Feud ( Grevens Fejde ) from 1534 to 1536, between Protestant and Catholic forces. Count Christopher had
540-559: The Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig in 1526, and as viceroy of Norway in 1529, Christian III displayed considerable administrative ability. Christian's earliest teacher, Wolfgang von Utenhof (ca. 1495–1542) and his Lutheran tutor, the military general Johann Rantzau (1492–1565), were both zealous reformers who had an influence on the young Prince. At their urging, while traveling in Germany in 1521, he made himself present at
576-653: The Germanic duchies that Christian had captured Denmark. Holstein and German noblemen had led his armies and directed his diplomacy. The first six years of Christian III's reign were marked by a contest between the Danish Rigsraadet and the German counsellors, both of whom sought to rule through the king. Though the Danish party won a victory at the outset, by obtaining the insertion in the charter of provisions stipulating that only native-born Danes should fill
612-546: The Netherlands compelled Charles V to make peace with Denmark-Norway at the diet of Speyer , on 23 May 1544. Until this peace, Christian III also ruled the entire Duchies of Holstein and of Schleswig in the name of his then still minor half-brothers John the Elder ( Hans den Ældre ) and Adolf . They determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Diocesan administrator of an ecclesiastical state within
648-823: The Swedish King, in 1658 as a result of the Treaty of Roskilde . Between 1667 and 1675, the citadel was expanded with extensive bastions. On 2 August 1676, during the Scanian War , the commandant Hieronymus Lindeberg surrendered himself and the castle to a Danish army unit. And between 1676 and 1679, was the castle used as a center of command by the Scanian voluntary army corps ("Friskydter" in Danish-Scanian history, "Snapphanar" in Swedish) which fought together with
684-469: The United States) use the general officer ranks for both the army and the air force , as well as their marine corps ; other states only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use the air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes
720-457: The Walk of Fame at Landskrona which Sweden's Carl XVI Gustaf inaugurated in 2013. Christian married Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg on 29 October 1525 at Lauenburg Castle . She was daughter of Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . Christian and Dorothea were the parents of five children: General A general officer is an officer of high rank in
756-440: The air force, fleet admiral) being used only in wartime or as honorary titles. In some armies, however, the rank of captain general , general of the army , army general or colonel general occupied or occupies this position. Depending on circumstances and the army in question, these ranks may be considered to be equivalent to a "full" general or to a field marshal five-star rank (NATO OF-10). The rank of general came about as
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#1732783682714792-541: The brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchworks, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies. The foreign policy of Christian's later days aimed at preserving the peace established by the Treaty of Speyer (1544) . He refused to participate in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546, and mediated between the Emperor and Saxony after
828-460: The church and the crown. He established Lutheranism as the state religion within his realms as part of the Protestant Reformation , and was the first King of Denmark-Norway . Christian was the eldest son of the future king, Frederick I of Denmark , and Anna of Brandenburg . He was born at Gottorf Castle in Schleswig which Frederick I had made as a primary residence. In 1514, when he
864-591: The church tower. The whole church was demolished and a new one, Sofia Albertina , was built some decades later. The castle was used as a women's prison from the late 19th century and some decades later. Today the castle is both a kind of museum (guided tours only, but not expensive, daily during the summer) and can be rented for private parties. Christian III of Denmark Christian III (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559) reigned as King of Denmark from 1534 and King of Norway from 1537 until his death in 1559. During his reign, Christian formed close ties between
900-477: The city. Clement managed to escape, but was apprehended a few days later. He was tried and beheaded in 1535. With Jutland more or less secure, Christian next focused on gaining control of Scania . He appealed to the Protestant Swedish king Gustav Vasa for help in subduing the rebels. Gustav immediately obliged by sending two armies to ravage central Scania and Halland . The peasants suffered
936-574: The fall of Maurice of Saxony at the Battle of Sievershausen in 1553. In 1549, he began the building of Landskrona Citadel . He also rebuilt Sønderborg Castle , converting it from a fortress into a four-winged castle in the new Renaissance syle , between 1549 and 1557. In February 1555, he interceded successfully on the behalf of the English Bible translator and Bishop of Exeter, Miles Coverdale (1488–1569), who had been imprisoned for two and
972-645: The highest dignities of the state, the king's German counsellors continued paramount during his early reign. The triumph of Christian III would eventually bring about an end to Catholic Christianity in Denmark, but Catholics still controlled the Council of State . Christian III ordered the arrest of three of the bishops on the State Council by his German mercenaries (12 August 1536). Some Catholic bishops were later executed on his orders. Christian's debt for
1008-510: The imprisoned Christian II convinced him of the necessity to lessen the discontent in the land by relying on Danish magnates and nobles. At the High Court ( Herredag ) of Copenhagen in 1542, the nobility of Denmark voted Christian a twentieth part of all their property to pay off his heavy debt to German mercenaries . The pivot of the foreign policy of Christian III was his alliance with the German Protestant princes and France . This provided
1044-482: The most senior chaplain, (chaplain general), is also usually considered to be a general officer rank. In the old European system, a general, without prefix or suffix (and sometimes referred to informally as a " full general "), is usually the most senior type of general, above lieutenant general and directly below field marshal as a four-star rank (NATO OF-9). Usually it is the most senior peacetime rank, with more senior ranks (for example, field marshal, marshal of
1080-504: The national land before the religious reform to 60% after the religious reform. In 1537, Christian's coup d'état in Norway made it a hereditary kingdom in a real union with Denmark that would last until 1814. He also made Lutheranism the state religion in Norway, and on 2 September 1537 he appointed Gjeble Pederssøn as its first Lutheran bishop. The dangers threatening Christian III from Emperor Charles V and other kinsmen of
1116-708: The opposition of the bishops. He made the Lutheran Church the State Church of Schleswig-Holstein, with the Church Ordinance of 1528. After his father's death, in 1533, Christian was proclaimed king of Denmark at an assembly in Rye , a town in eastern Jutland , in 1534. The Rigsraad, dominated by Roman Catholic bishops and nobles, refused to accept Duke Christian as king and turned to Count Christopher of Oldenburg in order to restore Christian II to
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1152-580: The regular Danish army against the Swedish occupiers. Lindeberg survived the Danes but was later executed on order of Swedish king Charles XI of Sweden ("Karl XI"). In 1720 after a treaty commanded by France in Fontainebleau , became Scania, Landskrona and its Citadel for the first time official parts of Sweden (rather than a King's conquest). The latest peace treaty between Denmark and Sweden
1188-475: The support of most of Zealand , Scania , the Hanseatic League , and the small farmers of northern Jutland and Funen . Christian III found his support among the nobles of Jutland . In 1534, peasants under Skipper Clement (c. 1484–1536) began an uprising in northern Jutland, pillaging the holdings of Lutheran nobles. An army of nobles and their vassals assembled at Svendstrup and suffered
1224-463: Was firmly placed upon Denmark's throne, and the Roman Catholic forces in Denmark were subdued. A mutual confidence between a king who had conquered his kingdom and a people who had stood in arms against him was not attainable immediately. The circumstances under which Christian III ascended the throne exposed Denmark to the danger of foreign domination. It was with the help of the gentry of
1260-412: Was just ten years old, Christian's mother died. Four years later, his father remarried to Sophie of Pomerania (1498–1568). In 1523, Frederick I was elected King of Denmark in the place of his nephew, Christian II . The young Prince Christian's first public service after his father became king was gaining the submission of Copenhagen , which stood firm for the fugitive, Christian II. As stadtholder of
1296-636: Was signed a month after Fontainebleau, and is known as the Treaty in Stockholm of 3 July 1720. (Ratified in Denmark 3.July 1720). In the middle of the 18th century, the local military commander feared (quite suddenly) that the 15th century church Johannes Babtistæ Kirke ("John the Baptist church"), which at the time was the second largest in Scania, must be destroyed. The reason was a fear for enemy canons in
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