43-473: The Lansdowne Bridge ( Sindhi لينسڊائون پل ; Urdu : لینس ڈاؤن پل ) over the Indus at Sukkur was one of the great engineering feats of the 19th century. The longest cantilever bridge ever built, it had to support the load of heavy steam locomotives. The bridge was inaugurated on 25 March 1889. The Ayub Bridge was built immediately adjacent to the bridge in 1962, to separate the road and Railway traffic. Hence
86-460: A case marker (usually the genitive جو jo ). The case markers are listed below. The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother". Crore A crore ( / k r ɔːr / ; abbreviated cr ) denotes ten million (10,000,000 or 10 in scientific notation ) and
129-418: A height of 180 feet. This indeed was a challenge in the 1880s. When both cantilevers were completed, work started on the center span. The bridge designer had intended that the 200-ft. long span would be assembled on boats and then hoisted up. This plan did not work in practice as the Indus remained quite violent 6 months of the year owing to floods. In the end, Robertson built another temporary bridge to provide
172-537: A language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati . Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn). Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following
215-459: A mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period. Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun , Sohni Mahiwal , Momal Rano , Noori Jam Tamachi , Lilan Chanesar , and others. The greatest poet of Sindhi
258-469: A platform on which the suspended span could be put together. The temporary staging weighed 56 tons. The permanent girder work of the 200-ft. span was erected and riveted in four-and-a-half days. This is good going even by today's standards. In the 1880s, Robertson's men did not have pneumatic tools or electric drives. The construction of Lansdowne bridge claimed 6 lives. Four men fell from the dizzy heights and 2 were killed by tools falling on them. The cost of
301-521: A relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels . The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8. All plosives , affricates , nasals , the retroflex flap , and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives . The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of
344-663: A scheduled language in India , making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan . There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV , Awaz Television Network , Mehran TV, and Dharti TV . Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati . Some of
387-485: A shamiana (Berridge 1967:128). The bridge provided the railway link between Lahore , in the heart of the granary of British India , and the port of Karachi on the Arabian Sea . When the great steel Ayub arch was constructed (1960–1962), railway traffic was shifted there. About a hundred feet apart, the two bridges seem like one from a distance. The Ayub arch became the world's third longest railway arch span and
430-456: A strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s. The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi. In Pakistan, Sindhi
473-552: Is a similar paradigm to Punjabi . Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender. The different paradigms are listed below with examples. The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in
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#1732776605260516-557: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh , where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language , without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both
559-576: Is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu , the original name of the Indus River , along whose delta Sindhi is spoken. Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ( Sanskrit ) via Middle Indo-Aryan ( Pali , secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha ). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from
602-613: Is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system . It is written as 1,00,00,000 with the local 2,2,3 style of digit group separators (one lakh is equal to one hundred thousand , and is written as 1,00,000). It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Myanmar , Nepal , and Pakistan . The word crore derives from the Prakrit word kroḍi , which in turn comes from
645-631: Is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day ' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah , passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language of Pakistan . The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as
688-634: Is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh , where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan , especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela , Hub , Kachhi , Sibi , Sohbatpur , Jafarabad , Jhal Magsi , Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad . In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in
731-491: The Karachi - Jamshoro - Larkana - Sukkur route as early as 1879 and then they were ferried across to Rohri and vice versa on a river ferry. At Sukkur the river Indus flows through a gap in a range of low limestone hills and gets divided into two channels (Sukkur and Rohri channels) by an island called Bukkur. The Bukkur Island thus provides the best spot for a river crossing. Bridging the channel between Bukkur and Rohri
774-447: The Sanskrit koṭi ( कोटि ), denoting ten million in the Indian number system , which has separate terms for most powers of ten from 10 up to 10 . The crore is known by various regional names. Large amounts of money in India , Bangladesh , Nepal , and Pakistan are often written in terms of crore . For example 150,000,000 (one hundred and fifty million) rupees is written as "fifteen crore rupees ", " ₹ 15 crore". In
817-544: The Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. Europe North America Oceania The name "Sindhi"
860-466: The Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi ( c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had
903-438: The semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe . The postpositions are divided into case markers , which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions , which combine with
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#1732776605260946-475: The steam ferry that transported eight wagons at a time across the Indus between Rohri and Sukkur was found to be cumbersome and time-consuming. The ferry link became redundant when Lord Reay , Governor of Bombay , deputising for Lord Lansdowne the viceroy, inaugurated the Bridge on 25 March 1889. As summer comes early to Sukkur and the heavy European-style uniforms of the time would have been uncomfortable,
989-550: The Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi is first attested in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following
1032-586: The Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language. Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah , and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught. Sindhi
1075-522: The Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa , corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as
1118-454: The bridge allowed for easier rail access between Sindh and Balochistan . The Indus was bridged at Attock in 1887 and that allowed railways in India to run from the westernmost post of Khyber Pass to the eastern city of Calcutta. India's rail link to the port of Karachi was however, still broken at the Indus flowing between the towns of Rohri and Sukkur. The Indus was not bridged between Kotri and Hyderabad either, therefore, trains ran on
1161-495: The bridge was Rs 2,696,000 including Rs 276,000 that were spent on foundations only. This article about a bridge in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 27°41′37″N 68°53′18″E / 27.69361°N 68.88833°E / 27.69361; 68.88833 Sindhi language Sindhi ( / ˈ s ɪ n d i / SIN -dee ; Sindhi: سِنڌِي ( Perso-Arabic ) or सिन्धी ( Devanagari ) , pronounced [sɪndʱiː] )
1204-472: The bridge when assembled, made quite a conspicuous scene in London. By 1887 the steel work started to arrive at Sukkur and Rohri. The bridge construction was then started under the supervision of F.E. Robertson and Hecquet , whereas, local contractors were Malik Abdul Karim & Malik Abdul Raheem. Their names are written to date on a plaque on each cantilever of the bridge. The construction of Lansdowne Bridge
1247-530: The development of modern Sindhi literature. The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi , one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh. The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan , commencing a push to establish
1290-421: The documented dialects of Sindhi are: The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages. Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) Tahee(n)/Taee(n) /Murs/Musālu /Kāko/Hamra Bacho/Kako Phar (animal) /Bārish Lapātu/Thapu Dhowan(u) Dhoon(u) Sindhi has
1333-534: The first bridge in the world to have "the railway deck slung on coiled wire rope suspenders." The consulting engineer was David B. Steinman of New York, proponent of 'vocational aesthetics'. It cost about two crore rupees and the foundation stone was laid on 9 December 1960. It was opened by President Muhammad Ayub Khan on 6 May 1962. Between 1872 and 1882 bridge survey was conducted and different people suggested 5 different bridge proposals. None of them were considered completely feasible at that time. An engineer by
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1376-428: The following states: and Daman and Diu Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status. Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh. According to
1419-519: The name of Sir Alexander Rendel was then called in and he proposed a design consisting of two anchored cantilevers, each 310 feet long, carrying a suspended span of 200 ft in the middle. This design was considered feasible and became known as the Lansdowne Bridge. The girder work of this bridge was given to Westwood, Baillie & Co. of London . The bridge was first put together in the contractor's yard. The 170 feet tall cantilevers of
1462-726: The nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below. The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو ko "someone" are ھَرڪو har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو te-ko "that one" (correlative). Most nominal relations (e.g.
1505-551: The opening ceremony took place early in the morning. At the ceremony, Lord Reay unlocked a highly ornamental padlock (designed by J.L. Kipling , CIE, Principal of the Mayo School of Art in Lahore and father of Joseph Rudyard , the famous poet and author) which held shut the cumbersome iron gates guarding entry to the bridge. The gathered dignitaries then walked across the bridge and adjourned to breakfast followed by toasts under
1548-660: The photographs of the Landsdown Bridge usually also show the Ayub Bridge. It was designed by Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel ; he designed the Lansdowne Bridge Rohri at Sukkur over the Indus River , which when it was completed in 1889 was the largest cantilever bridge in the world. The girder work, weighing a massive 3,300 tons, was manufactured in London by the firm of Westwood, Baillie and erected by F.E. Robertson, and Hecquet. Upon completion,
1591-732: The singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ ( ABL ) and -i ( LOC ). A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ bhāu "brother", پِيءُ pīu "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ dhīa "daughter", نُونھَن nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ bheṇa "sister", ماءُ māu "mother", and جوءِ joi "wife". Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives . These decline in
1634-745: The tip of the tongue, so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop. The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/ . Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'. Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This
1677-830: The use of Sindhi in official documents. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script . The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in
1720-582: Was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh. The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print
1763-504: Was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867. In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency . Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian . Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered
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1806-467: Was no joke. It is said that the bridge designer did not think much about how the bridge would be built in real life. Giant derricks, each weighing 240 tons and each being 230 feet in length had to be erected leaning out over the water and at the same time they had to incline inwards in the plane at right-angles to the line of the bridge. And as if that was not difficult enough, horizontal tie girders 123 feet long and weighing 86 tons each had to be assembled at
1849-494: Was not so easy. The river bed here is not rocky but silty which made it difficult to build a bridge pier. Therefore, bridge designs were put forward to build a bridge without a pillar. One such design was for an arched bridge but it was not considered in the 1870s. Later on in 1962, the river was bridged using a very similar design that came to be known as the Ayub arch . The Indus Valley State Railway had reached Sukkur in 1879 and
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