58-610: Lantau Peak or Fung Wong Shan (literally " Phoenix Mountain") is a mountain in Lantau South Country Park , Lantau Island , Hong Kong. It is the second highest peak in Hong Kong and the highest point on Lantau Island , with a height of 934 metres (3,064 ft) above the Hong Kong Principal Datum , or around 933 metres (3,061 ft) above mean sea level. The mountain is made up of
116-593: A crown group of ray-finned fish that can protrude their jaws . The tetrapods , a mostly terrestrial clade of vertebrates that have dominated the top trophic levels in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems since the Late Paleozoic , evolved from lobe-finned fish during the Carboniferous , developing air-breathing lungs homologous to swim bladders. Despite the cladistic lineage, tetrapods are usually not considered to be fish, making "fish"
174-579: A paraphyletic group and for this reason, the class Pisces seen in older reference works is no longer used in formal classifications. Traditional classification divides fish into three extant classes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and with extinct forms sometimes classified within those groups, sometimes as their own classes. Fish account for more than half of vertebrate species. As of 2016, there are over 32,000 described species of bony fish, over 1,100 species of cartilaginous fish, and over 100 hagfish and lampreys. A third of these fall within
232-426: A paraphyletic group. Fish have been an important natural resource for humans since prehistoric times, especially as food . Commercial and subsistence fishers harvest fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in breeding cages in the ocean. Fish are caught for recreation , or raised by fishkeepers as ornaments for private and public exhibition in aquaria and garden ponds . Fish have had
290-528: A dragon representing the emperor. From the Jiajing era (1522–1566) of the Ming dynasty onwards, a pair of phoenixes was differentiated by the tail feathers of the two birds, typically together forming a closed circle pattern – the male identified by five long serrated tail feathers or "filaments" (five being an odd, masculine, or yang number) and the female by what sometimes appears to be one but
348-552: A fish-like body shape through convergent evolution . Fishes of the World comments that "it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods". The biodiversity of extant fish is unevenly distributed among the various groups; teleosts , bony fishes able to protrude their jaws , make up 96% of fish species. The cladogram shows
406-427: A hard skull , but lacking limbs with digits . Fish can be grouped into the more basal jawless fish and the more common jawed fish , the latter including all living cartilaginous and bony fish , as well as the extinct placoderms and acanthodians . Most fish are cold-blooded , their body temperature varying with the surrounding water, though some large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold
464-613: A higher core temperature . Many fish can communicate acoustically with each other, such as during courtship displays . The earliest fish appeared during the Cambrian as small filter feeders ; they continued to evolve through the Paleozoic , diversifying into many forms. The earliest fish with dedicated respiratory gills and paired fins , the ostracoderms , had heavy bony plates that served as protective exoskeletons against invertebrate predators . The first fish with jaws ,
522-486: A major river on Lantau Island. Lantau Peak is located in central Lantau Island, with an elevation of 934 meters above sea level (23 metres shorter than Tai Mo Shan , Hong Kong's highest peak). Under the Köppen climate classification , Lantau Peak features a subtropical highland climate . Due to its elevation, strong winds and fog occur throughout the year. Winter is cold with temperatures often dipping below 0 °C; summer
580-436: A more spherical lens . Their retinas generally have both rods and cones (for scotopic and photopic vision ); many species have colour vision , often with three types of cone. Teleosts can see polarized light ; some such as cyprinids have a fourth type of cone that detects ultraviolet . Amongst jawless fish , the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Hearing too
638-412: A pair of peaks. The taller peak is known as "Fung Fung" ( Chinese: 鳳峰 lit: male phoenix summit ), and the lower peak is known as "Wong Fung" ( Chinese: 凰峰 lit: female phoenix summit ). Together, they form "Fung Wong Shan". Lantau Peak is located within Lantau South Country Park , near the center of Lantau Island, and west of Sunset Peak , which is the second-highest peak on the island. Lantau Peak
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#1732790728143696-419: A protective bony cover or operculum . They are able to oxygenate their gills using muscles in the head. Some 400 species of fish in 50 families can breathe air, enabling them to live in oxygen-poor water or to emerge on to land. The ability of fish to do this is potentially limited by their single-loop circulation, as oxygenated blood from their air-breathing organ will mix with deoxygenated blood returning to
754-582: A role in human culture through the ages, serving as deities , religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies. The word fish is inherited from Proto-Germanic , and is related to German Fisch , the Latin piscis and Old Irish īasc , though the exact root is unknown; some authorities reconstruct a Proto-Indo-European root * peysk- , attested only in Italic , Celtic , and Germanic . About 530 million years ago during
812-441: A sense of touch and of hearing . Blind cave fish navigate almost entirely through the sensations from their lateral line system. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have the ampullae of Lorenzini , electroreceptors that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt. Vision is an important sensory system in fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have
870-463: A separate male feng and a female huang as symbols of yin and yang. The male feng represented the yang aspect while the huang represented the yin aspect; and together, the feng and huang image was symbolic of love between husband and wife. However, since the Qin dynasty , the fenghuang progressively went through a feminization process as the dragon became a symbol of masculinity. Eventually,
928-485: A tail fin, jaws, skin covered with scales , and lays eggs. Each criterion has exceptions, creating a wide diversity in body shape and way of life. For example, some fast-swimming fish are warm-blooded, while some slow-swimming fish have abandoned streamlining in favour of other body shapes. Fish species are roughly divided equally between freshwater and marine (oceanic) ecosystems; there are some 15,200 freshwater species and around 14,800 marine species. Coral reefs in
986-589: A true "land fish" as this worm-like catfish strictly lives among waterlogged leaf litter . Cavefish of multiple families live in underground lakes , underground rivers or aquifers . Like other animals, fish suffer from parasitism . Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites. The best known of these are the bluestreak cleaner wrasses of coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. These small fish maintain cleaning stations where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract
1044-422: A typical fish is adapted for efficient swimming by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the tail fin, force is applied to the water, moving the fish forward. The other fins act as control surfaces like an aircraft's flaps, enabling the fish to steer in any direction. Since body tissue
1102-486: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fenghuang Fenghuang are mythological birds featuring in traditions throughout the Sinosphere . Fenghuang are understood to reign over all other birds: males and females were originally termed feng and huang respectively, but a gender distinction is typically no longer made, and fenghuang are generally considered a feminine entity to be paired with
1160-526: Is a symbol of virtue and grace. The fenghuang also symbolizes the union of yin and yang . The first chapter of the Classic of Mountains and Seas , the "Nanshang-jing", states that each part of fenghuang's body symbolizes a word. The head represents virtue ( 德 ), the wing represents duty ( 義 ), the back represents propriety ( 禮 ), the abdomen represents credibility ( 信 ) and the chest represents mercy ( 仁 ). The fenghuang originally consisted of
1218-425: Is also related to *plum , OC : * 風 , mod. fēng "wind". Historical linguist Marc Miyake reconstructs 鳳凰 , OC : * N-prəm-s ɢʷˁɑŋ , mod. fènghuáng , which he proposes, though with uncertainty, to be the affixed form of 風皇 , OC : * prəm [ɢ]ʷˁɑŋ ( B&S ) , mod. fēng huáng "wind sovereign". The fenghuang has positive connotations. It
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#17327907281431276-465: Is an important sensory system in fish. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and otoliths in their ears, inside their heads. Some can detect sound through the swim bladder. Some fish, including salmon, are capable of magnetoreception ; when the axis of a magnetic field is changed around a circular tank of young fish, they reorient themselves in line with the field. The mechanism of fish magnetoreception remains unknown; experiments in birds imply
1334-431: Is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that allows them to adjust their buoyancy by increasing or decreasing the amount of gas it contains. The scales of fish provide protection from predators at the cost of adding stiffness and weight. Fish scales are often highly reflective; this silvering provides camouflage in
1392-461: Is in fact usually two curling or tendrilled tail feathers (two being an even, feminine, or yin number). Also during this period, the fenghuang was used as a symbol representing the direction south. This was portrayed through a male and female facing each other. Their feathers were of the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, green, and yellow. These colours are said to represent Confucius ' five virtues: The phoenix represented power sent from
1450-536: Is reachable by the Lantau Trail . At the foot of Lantau Peak, a tourist spot called the Wisdom Path ( 心經簡林 ) can be found. Lantau Peak is formed by Volcanic rocks , including porphyritic rhyolites, like many of the tallest mountains in Hong Kong, such as Tai Mo Shan . Some shorter mountains in Hong Kong are formed by older Granitic rocks. Lantau Peak is also the source of water for Tung Chung River ,
1508-629: Is the Silk Painting of Human Figure with Dragon and Phoenix , pictured left. In the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), phoenix hairpins (i.e. hairpins with fenghuang decorations) and shoes which were also decorated with phoenix designs were supposed to be worn by the Imperial concubines of the Qin Emperor. During the Han dynasty (2,200 years ago) two phoenixes, one a male ( feng , 鳳 ) and
1566-465: Is the biggest part of the brain; it is small in hagfish and lampreys , but very large in mormyrids , processing their electrical sense . The brain stem or myelencephalon controls some muscles and body organs, and governs respiration and osmoregulation . The lateral line system is a network of sensors in the skin which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish, whether predators or prey. This can be considered both
1624-621: Is warm with temperatures reaching tops of 18-22 °C; spring is cool and humid; autumn is cool and dry. Because there is no weather station at the top of Lantau Peak (934m), the Ngong Ping Weather Station of the Hong Kong Observatory (593m) can be used as reference for the temperature at the summit. This article related to a mountain or hill in Hong Kong is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This New Territories location article
1682-541: The Cambrian explosion , fishlike animals with a notochord and eyes at the front of the body, such as Haikouichthys , appear in the fossil record . During the late Cambrian , other jawless forms such as conodonts appear. Jawed vertebrates appear in the Silurian , with giant armoured placoderms such as Dunkleosteus . Jawed fish, too, appeared during the Silurian: the cartilaginous Chondrichthyes and
1740-723: The Indo-Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests , especially the Amazon , Congo , and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon ) to
1798-683: The Shang dynasty , phoenix and dragon images appear to have become popular as burial objects. Several archeological artifacts of jade phoenix and jade dragons were unearthed in tombs dating from the Shang dynasty period. During the Spring and Autumn period (c. 771 – c. 476 BC) and the Warring States period , common form of unearthed artifacts is the combination of dragon-phoenix designs together. One such artifact
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1856-477: The abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eels and snailfish ), although none have been found in the deepest 25% of the ocean. The deepest living fish in the ocean so far found is a cusk-eel, Abyssobrotula galatheae , recorded at the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench at 8,370 m (27,460 ft). In terms of temperature, Jonah's icefish live in cold waters of
1914-1206: The evolutionary relationships of all groups of living fishes (with their respective diversity ) and the tetrapods. Extinct groups are marked with a dagger (†); groups of uncertain placement are labelled with a question mark (?) and dashed lines (- - - - -). Jawless fishes (118 species: hagfish , lampreys ) [REDACTED] † Thelodonti , † Conodonta , † Anaspida [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] † Galeaspida [REDACTED] † Osteostraci [REDACTED] † Placodermi [REDACTED] † Acanthodii [REDACTED] (>1,100 species: sharks , rays , chimaeras ) [REDACTED] (2 species: coelacanths ) [REDACTED] Dipnoi (6 species: lungfish ) [REDACTED] Tetrapoda (>38,000 species, not considered fish: amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) [REDACTED] (14 species: bichirs , reedfish ) [REDACTED] (27 species: sturgeons , paddlefish ) [REDACTED] Ginglymodi (7 species: gars , alligator gars ) [REDACTED] Halecomorphi (2 species: bowfin , eyetail bowfin ) [REDACTED] (>32,000 species) [REDACTED] Fishes (without tetrapods) are
1972-558: The feng and the huang merged into a single female entity. In ancient and modern Chinese culture, fenghuang can often be found in the decorations for weddings or royalty , along with dragons . This is because the Chinese considered the dragon-and-phoenix design symbolic of blissful relations between husband and wife, another common yang and yin metaphor. In some traditions, it appears in good times but hides during times of trouble, while in other traditions it appeared only to mark
2030-400: The intertidal zone , are facultative air breathers, able to breathe air when out of water, as may occur daily at low tide , and to use their gills when in water. Some coastal fish like rockskippers and mudskippers choose to leave the water to feed in habitats temporarily exposed to the air. Some catfish absorb air through their digestive tracts. The digestive system consists of a tube,
2088-425: The stout infantfish . Swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, salmon , and jacks that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second. A typical fish is cold-blooded , has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills, has two sets of paired fins, one or two dorsal fins, an anal fin and
2146-601: The Southern Ocean, including under the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf at a latitude of 79°S, while desert pupfish live in desert springs, streams, and marshes, sometimes highly saline, with water temperatures as high as 36 C. A few fish live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water. Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows. A single undescribed species of Phreatobius has been called
2204-556: The attention of the cleaners. Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, Etroplus maculatus , the cleaner, and the much larger E. suratensis . Fish occupy many trophic levels in freshwater and marine food webs . Fish at the higher levels are predatory , and a substantial part of their prey consists of other fish. In addition, mammals such as dolphins and seals feed on fish, alongside birds such as gannets and cormorants . The body of
2262-424: The beginning of a new era. In China and Japan, it was a symbol of the imperial house, and it represented "fire, the sun, justice, obedience, and fidelity". The phoenix is still used in modern Japan and Korea in relation to the head of state: Other uses include: Fish A fish ( pl. : fish or fishes ) is an aquatic , anamniotic , gill -bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and
2320-550: The body, and produce a concentrated urine. The reverse happens in freshwater fish : they tend to gain water osmotically, and produce a dilute urine. Some fish have kidneys able to operate in both freshwater and saltwater. Fish have small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal. However, some fish have relatively large brains, notably mormyrids and sharks , which have brains about as large for their body weight as birds and marsupials . At
2378-733: The bony Osteichthyes . During the Devonian , fish diversity greatly increased, including among the placoderms, lobe-finned fishes, and early sharks, earning the Devonian the epithet "the age of fishes". Fishes are a paraphyletic group, since any clade containing all fish, such as the Gnathostomata or (for bony fish) Osteichthyes , also contains the clade of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates, mostly terrestrial), which are usually not considered fish. Some tetrapods, such as cetaceans and ichthyosaurs , have secondarily acquired
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2436-405: The front of the brain are the olfactory lobes , a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves . Fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish and sharks, have very large olfactory lobes. Behind these is the telencephalon , which in fish deals mostly with olfaction. Together these structures form the forebrain. Connecting the forebrain to
2494-412: The gills flows in the opposite direction to the water, resulting in efficient countercurrent exchange . The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Cartilaginous fish have multiple gill openings: sharks usually have five, sometimes six or seven pairs; they often have to swim to oxygenate their gills. Bony fish have a single gill opening on each side, hidden beneath
2552-532: The gills. Oxygen-rich blood then flows without further pumping, unlike in mammals, to the body tissues. Finally, oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart. Fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx . Gills consist of comblike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide . Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. Capillary blood in
2610-447: The gut, leading from the mouth to the anus. The mouth of most fishes contains teeth to grip prey, bite off or scrape plant material, or crush the food. An esophagus carries food to the stomach where it may be stored and partially digested. A sphincter, the pylorus, releases food to the intestine at intervals. Many fish have finger-shaped pouches, pyloric caeca , around the pylorus, of doubtful function. The pancreas secretes enzymes into
2668-410: The head of a golden pheasant , the body of a mandarin duck , the tail of a peacock , the legs of a crane , the mouth of a parrot , and the wings of a swallow . The fenghuang's body symbolizes the celestial bodies: the head is the sky, the eyes are the sun, the back is the moon, the wings are the wind, the feet are the earth, and the tail is the planets. The fenghuang is said to have originated in
2726-457: The heart from the rest of the body. Lungfish, bichirs, ropefish, bowfins, snakefish, and the African knifefish have evolved to reduce such mixing, and to reduce oxygen loss from the gills to oxygen-poor water. Bichirs and lungfish have tetrapod-like paired lungs, requiring them to surface to gulp air, and making them obligate air breathers. Many other fish, including inhabitants of rock pools and
2784-481: The heavens to the Empress. If a phoenix was used to decorate a house it symbolized that loyalty and honesty were in the people that lived there. Or alternatively, a phoenix only stays when the ruler is without darkness and corruption ( 政治清明 ). Linguist Wang Li relates element 鳳 , OC : * bums ( ZS ) , mod. fèng to 鵬 , OC : * bɯːŋ (ZS) " peng , fabulous great bird"; 鳳
2842-455: The intestine to digest the food; other enzymes are secreted directly by the intestine itself. The liver produces bile which helps to break up fat into an emulsion which can be absorbed in the intestine. Most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia . This may be excreted through the gills or filtered by the kidneys . Salt is excreted by the rectal gland. Saltwater fish tend to lose water by osmosis ; their kidneys return water to
2900-419: The midbrain is the diencephalon ; it works with hormones and homeostasis . The pineal body is just above the diencephalon; it detects light, maintains circadian rhythms, and controls color changes. The midbrain contains the two optic lobes . These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow trout and cichlids . The hindbrain controls swimming and balance.The single-lobed cerebellum
2958-443: The nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these are Cyprinidae , Gobiidae , Cichlidae , Characidae , Loricariidae , Balitoridae , Serranidae , Labridae , and Scorpaenidae . About 64 families are monotypic , containing only one species. Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft) whale shark to some tiny teleosts only 8-millimetre (0.3 in) long, such as the cyprinid Paedocypris progenetica and
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#17327907281433016-402: The open ocean. Because the water all around is the same colour, reflecting an image of the water offers near-invisibility. Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system . The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body; for comparison, the mammal heart has two loops, one for the lungs to pick up oxygen, one for the body to deliver the oxygen. In fish, the heart pumps blood through
3074-451: The other a female ( huang , 凰 ) were often shown together facing one other. In the Han dynasty , an imperial edict decreed that the phoenix hairpins had to become the formal headpiece for the empress dowager and the imperial grandmother. Later, during the Yuan dynasty the two terms were merged to become fenghuang , but the "King of Birds" came to symbolize the empress when paired with
3132-454: The placoderms, appeared in the Silurian and greatly diversified during the Devonian , the "Age of Fishes". Bony fish, distinguished by the presence of swim bladders and later ossified endoskeletons , emerged as the dominant group of fish after the end-Devonian extinction wiped out the apex placoderms. Bony fish are further divided into the lobe-finned and ray-finned fish . About 96% of all living fish species today are teleosts ,
3190-562: The sun. Its body contains the five fundamental colors: black, white, red, yellow, and green. It sometimes carries scrolls or a box with sacred books. It is sometimes depicted with a fireball. It is believed that the bird only appears in areas or places that are blessed with utmost peace and prosperity or happiness. Chinese tradition cites it as living atop the Kunlun Mountains in northern China. The earliest known ancient phoenix design dates back to about 7000–8000 years ago and
3248-513: The traditionally masculine Chinese dragon . Fenghuang are known under similar names in various other languages ( Japanese : hō-ō ; Vietnamese : phượng hoàng or phụng hoàng ; Korean : bonghwang ). In the West, they are commonly called Chinese phoenixes or simply phoenixes , although mythological similarities with the Western phoenix are superficial. A common depiction of fenghuang
3306-756: Was discovered in Hongjiang , Hunan Province , at the Gaomiao Archeological Site. The earliest known form of dragon-phoenix design, on the other hand, dates back to the Yangshao culture ( c. 5000 – c. 3000 BC) and was found at an archeological site near Xi'an in Shaanxi Province . This ancient usage of phoenix and dragon designs are all evidence of an ancient form of totemism in China. During
3364-470: Was of it attacking snakes with its talons and its wings spread. According to the Erya 's chapter 17 Shiniao , fenghuang is made up of the beak of a rooster , the face of a swallow , the forehead of a fowl , the neck of a snake , the breast of a goose , the back of a tortoise , the hindquarters of a stag and the tail of a fish . Today, however, it is often described as a composite of many birds including
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