Misplaced Pages

#280719

77-821: Laptev (Russian: Лаптев ) may refer to: Laptev Sea , one of the seas in the Arctic Ocean Laptev Strait , strait in Russian Far East People with the surname [ edit ] Ari Laptev (born 1950), Ukrainian mathematician Dmitry Laptev (1701–1771), Russian explorer Khariton Laptev (1700–1763), Russian explorer Vladimir Laptev (born 1945), Russian politician Yury Laptev (born 1960), Russian opera singer, opera director, theatre lecturer, and presidential adviser Yuri Grigorievich Laptev (1903–1984), Russian and Soviet writer, journalist and actor Topics referred to by

154-718: A 135 cm freshwater layer over the entire sea; it is the second largest in the world after the Kara Sea . The salinity values vary in winter from 20 to 25‰ (parts per thousand) in the south-east to 34‰ in the northern parts of the sea; it decreases in summer to 5–10‰ and 30–32‰ respectively. Most of the river runoff (about 70% or 515 km /year) is contributed by the Lena River. Other major contributions are from Khatanga (more than 100 km ), Olenyok (35 km ), Yana (greater than 30 km ) and Anabar (20 km ), with other rivers contributing about 20 km . Owing to

231-412: A large scale by means of forced laborers in a penal colony. From the 1930s onwards Nordvik became an important source of salt supply for the northern fisheries. Although the original prospects for oil at Nordvik did not materialize, experience was gained in the exploration for hydrocarbons within the continuous permafrost zones. This experience proved invaluable in the later exploration and exploitation of

308-674: A mean depth of 110 metres (360 ft). Its main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. The Kara Sea contains the East-Prinovozemelsky field (an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin ), containing significant undeveloped petroleum and natural gas . In 2014, US government sanctions resulted in Exxon having until 26 September to discontinue its operations in

385-716: Is also diverse, with small mountains near the sea in places. The main gulfs of the Laptev Sea coast are the Khatanga Gulf , the Olenyok Gulf , the Buor-Khaya Gulf and the Yana Bay . There are several dozens of islands with the total area of 3,784 km (1,461 sq mi), mostly in the western part of the sea and in the river deltas. Storms and currents due to the ice thawing significantly erode

462-649: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Laptev Sea The sea is named after the Russian explorers Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev ; formerly, it had been known under various names, the last being Nordenskiöld Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшёльда ), after explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld . The sea has a severe climate with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) over more than nine months per year, low water salinity , scarcity of flora, fauna and human population, and low depths (mostly less than 50 meters). It

539-477: Is fed by the warm Atlantic waters. It takes them 2.5–3 years to reach the Laptev Sea from their formation near Spitsbergen . The deeper layer is colder at about −0.8 °С. In summer, the surface layer in the ice-free zones warms up by the sun up to 8–10 °С in the bays and 2–3 °С in the open sea, and remains close to 0 °С under ice. The water salinity is significantly affected by the thawing of ice and river runoff. The latter amounts to about 730 km and would form

616-502: Is frozen most of the time, though generally clear in August and September. The sea shores were inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous tribes of Yukaghirs and then Evens and Evenks , which were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry . They were then settled by Yakuts and later by Russians. Russian explorations of the area started in the 17th century. They came from the south via several large rivers which empty into

693-525: Is named after the wife of Pronchishchev. During the 1739–1742 Great Northern Expedition , Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral Dmitry Laptev described the sea coastline from the mouth of the Lena River, along the Buor-Khaya and Yana gulfs, to the strait that bears his name, Dmitry Laptev Strait . As part of the same expedition, Dmitry's cousin Khariton Laptev 's led a party that surveyed

770-640: The Arctic Ocean north of Siberia . The Kara Sea's northern limit is marked geographically by a line running from Cape Kohlsaat in Graham Bell Island , Franz Josef Land , to Cape Molotov (Arctic Cape), the northernmost point of Komsomolets Island in Severnaya Zemlya . The Kara Sea is roughly 1,450 km (900 mi) long and 970 km (600 mi) wide with an area of around 880,000 km (339,770 sq mi) and

847-590: The Gercules . Georgy Sedov intended to reach Franz Josef Land on ship, leave a depot over there, and sledge to the pole. Due to the heavy ice the vessel could only reach Novaya Zemlya the first summer and wintered in Franz Josef Land . In February 1914 Sedov headed to the North Pole with two sailors and three sledges, but he fell ill and died on Rudolf Island . Georgy Brusilov attempted to navigate

SECTION 10

#1732776774281

924-617: The Icebreaker Sedov carried groups of scientists to Severnaya Zemlya , the last major piece of unsurveyed territory in the Soviet Arctic; the archipelago was completely mapped under Georgy Ushakov between 1930 and 1932. Particularly worth noting are three cruises of the Icebreaker Sadko , which went farther north than most; in 1935 and 1936 the last unexplored areas in the northern Kara Sea were examined and

1001-570: The Northeast Passage , was trapped in the Kara Sea, and drifted northward for more than two years reaching latitude 83° 17' N. Thirteen men, headed by Valerian Albanov , left the vessel and started across the ice to Franz Josef Land , but only Albanov and one sailor ( Alexander Konrad ) survived after a gruesome three-month ordeal. The survivors brought the ship log of St. Anna , the map of her drift, and daily meteorological records, but

1078-578: The Soviet fleet under fair weather conditions. In October 2010, the Russian government awarded a license to Russian oil company Rosneft for developing the East-Prinovozemelsky oil and gas structure in the Kara Sea. There is concern about radioactive contamination from nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea and the effect this will have on the marine environment. According to an official "White Paper" report compiled and released by

1155-744: The Vtoroy under Captain A. Skuratov. After entering the little-explored Kara Sea, they sailed to the mouth of the Ob River . Malygin took careful observations of these hitherto almost unknown areas of the Russian Arctic coastline. With this knowledge he was able to draw the first somewhat accurate map of the Arctic shores between the Pechora River and the Ob River . In 1878, Finnish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld on ship Vega sailed across

1232-722: The moss genera Detrichum , Dicranum , Pogonatum , Sanionia , Bryum , Orthothecium and Tortura , as well as the lichen genera Cetraria , Thamnolia , Cornicularia , Lecidea , Ochrolechia and Parmelia . Permanent mammal species include ringed seal ( Phoca hispida ), bearded seal ( Erignathus barbatus ), harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ), walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ), collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx torquatus ), Arctic fox ( Alopex lagopus ), reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) wolf ( Canis lupus ), ermine ( Mustela erminea ), Arctic hare ( Lepus timidus ) and polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ), whereas beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) visit

1309-458: The 1770s, Lyakhov described several other islands, including Kotelny, which he named so after a large kettle (Russian: котёл – kotel) left there by previous visitors. He also established first permanent settlements on those islands. In 1735, Russian explorer of Siberia Vasili Pronchishchev sailed from Yakutsk down the Lena River on his sloop Yakutsk . He explored the eastern coast of

1386-463: The 2nd century and later, between 9th and 15th centuries, by much more numerous Yakuts . All those tribes moved north from the Baikal Lake area avoiding confrontations with Mongols. Whereas they all practiced shamanism , they spoke different languages. Russians started exploring the Laptev Sea coast and the nearby islands some time in the 17th century, going through the rivers emptying into

1463-630: The Arctic Ocean. A small part of the cyclone leaks through the Sannikov Strait to the East Siberian Sea. The cyclone has a speed of 2 cm/s which decreases toward the center. The center of the cyclone drifts with time that slightly alters the flow character. The tides are mostly semi-diurnal (rise twice a day), with the average amplitude of 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in). In the Khatanga Gulf it may reach 2 m because of

1540-643: The Arctic. It is based on four Arctic stations at one of the world's northernmost settlements , namely Eureka and Alert in Canada (in particular, Alert is the northernmost permanently inhabited place on Earth, only 817 km (508 mi) from the North Pole ), Tiksi in Russia, and Utqiagvik in Alaska. The water pollution is relatively low and mostly originates from the numerous plants and mines standing on

1617-518: The Icy Sea (Russian: Ледовитое мо́ре ) in the 19th century. It acquired the name Nordenskjold Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшельда ) in 1893. On 27 June 1935, the sea finally received its current name after the cousins Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev who first mapped its shores in 1735–1740. Both flora and fauna are scarce owing to the harsh climate. Vegetation of the sea is mostly represented by diatoms , with more than 100 species. In comparison,

SECTION 20

#1732776774281

1694-802: The K-27 nuclear submarine with its two reactors loaded with nuclear fuel. The Great Arctic State Nature Reserve —the largest nature reserve of Russia—was founded on 11 May 1993, by Resolution No. 431 of the Government of the Russian Federation (RF). The Kara Sea Islands section (4,000 km ) of the Great Arctic Nature Reserve includes: the Sergei Kirov Archipelago , the Voronina Island ,

1771-542: The Kara Sea are Bely Island , Dikson Island , Taymyr Island , the Kamennyye Islands and Oleni Island . Despite the high latitude, all islands are unglaciated except for Ushakov Island at the extreme northern limit of the Kara Sea. Water circulation patterns in the Kara Sea are complex. The Kara Sea tends to be sea ice covered between September and May, and between May and August heavily influenced by freshwater run-off (roughly 1200 km yr ) from

1848-528: The Kara Sea from Gothenburg , along the coast of Siberia, and despite the ice packs, got to 180° longitude by early September. Frozen in for the winter in the Chukchi Sea , Nordenskiöld waited and bartered with the local Chukchi people . The following July, the Vega was freed from the ice, and continued to Yokohama , Japan. He became the first to force the Northeast Passage . The largest group of islands in

1925-501: The Kara Sea throughout the year. Depending on the freshwater run-off, the dominant wind patterns, and the sea ice formation, the water currents change. Barents Sea is the fastest-warming part of the Arctic, and some assessments now treat Barents sea ice as a separate tipping point from the rest of the Arctic sea ice, suggesting that it could permanently disappear once the global warming exceeds 1.5 degrees. This rapid warming also makes it easier to detect any potential connections between

2002-592: The Kara Sea, the Nordenskiöld Archipelago , has been named in his honour. The year 1912 was a tragic one for Russian explorers in the Kara Sea. In that fateful year unbroken consolidated ice blocked the way for the Northern Sea Route and three expeditions that had to cross the Kara Sea became trapped and failed: Sedov 's on vessel St. Foka , Brusilov 's on the St. Anna , and Rusanov 's on

2079-478: The Kara Sea. It is named after the Kara river (flowing into Baydaratskaya Bay ), which is now relatively insignificant but which played an important role in the Russian conquest of northern Siberia. The Kara river name is derived from a Nenets word meaning ' hummocked ice '. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Kara Sea as follows: There are many islands and island groups in

2156-714: The Kara Sea. Unlike the other marginal seas of the Arctic, where most islands lie along the coasts, in the Kara Sea many islands, like the Arkticheskiy Institut Islands , the Izvesti Tsik Islands , the Kirov Islands , Uedineniya or Lonely Island, Wiese Island , and Voronina Island are located in the open sea of its central regions. The largest group in the Kara Sea is by far the Nordenskiöld Archipelago , with five large subgroups and over ninety islands. Other important islands in

2233-403: The Laptev Sea ) More than half of the sea (53%) rests on a continental shelf with the average depths below 50 meters (160 ft), and the areas south from 76°N are shallower than 25 m. In the northern part, the sea bottom sharply drops to the ocean floor with the depth of the order of 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) (22% of the sea area). There it is covered with silt , which is mixed with ice in

2310-402: The Laptev Sea and discovered Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island . However, they were killed on the way back from their expedition by mutineering team members. In 1770, the merchant Ivan Lyakhov revisited the islands and then asked the government for permission to commercially develop their ivory resources. Catherine II granted permission and named the islands after Lyakhov. While exploring the area in

2387-854: The Laptev Sea with the major port in Tiksi . During Soviet times , the Laptev Sea coastal areas experienced a limited boom owing to the first icebreaker convoys plying the Northern Sea Route and the creation of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The route was difficult even for icebreakers – so Lenin (pictured) and her convoy of five ships were trapped in ice in the Laptev Sea around September 1937. They spent an enforced winter there and were rescued by another icebreaker Krasin in August 1938. The major transported goods were timber, fur and construction materials. Tiksi had an active airport, and Nordvik harbor further west

Laptev - Misplaced Pages Continue

2464-496: The Lena River with an area of 14,300 km . In 1986, New Siberian Islands were included into the reserve. The reserve hosts numerous plants (402 species), fishes (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species). The coast of the sea is shared by the Sakha Republic ( Anabarsky , Bulunsky District and Ust-Yansky districts) on the east and Krasnoyarsk Krai ( Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ) of Russia on

2541-585: The Lena delta, and stopped to winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River . Unfortunately many members of his crew fell ill and died, mainly from scurvy . Despite these difficulties, in 1736, he reached the eastern shore of the Taymyr Peninsula and went north surveying its coastline. Pronchishchev and his wife succumbed to scurvy and died on the way back. Maria Pronchishcheva Bay in the Laptev Sea

2618-437: The Lena, Yana and Anabar rivers. Their waste is contaminated with phenols (0.002–0.007 mg/L), copper (0.001–0.012 mg/L) and zinc (0.01–0.03 mg/L) and is continuously washed down the rivers into the sea. Another regular polluter is the coastal Urban-type settlement of Tiksi. Occasional petrol spills occurred due to navigation and petrol mining. Another major contaminant is associated with floating and sunken wood in

2695-658: The New Siberian Islands. The later scientific studies demonstrated that the ivory accumulated over a period of some 200,000 years. The name of the Laptev Sea changed several times. It was apparently known as the Tartar Sea (Russian: Татарское мо́ре ) in the 16th century, the Lena Sea (Russian: Ленское мо́ре ) in the 17th century, the Siberian Sea (Russian: Сибирское мо́ре ) in the 18th century and

2772-624: The Novaya Zemlya Trough at depths of up to 380 meters. Liquid low-level wastes were released in the open Barents and Kara Seas. A subsequent appraisal by the International Atomic Energy Agency showed that releases are low and localized from the 16 naval reactors (reported by the IAEA as having come from seven submarines and the icebreaker Lenin ) which were dumped at five sites in the Kara Sea. Most of

2849-533: The Russian government in March 1993, the Soviet Union dumped six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors into the Kara Sea between 1965 and 1988. Solid high- and low-level wastes unloaded from Northern Fleet nuclear submarines during reactor refuelings were dumped in the Kara Sea, mainly in the shallow fjords of Novaya Zemlya, where the depths of the dumping sites range from 12 to 135 meters, and in

2926-695: The Russian rivers (e.g., Ob , Yenisei , Pyasina , Pur , and Taz ). The Kara Sea is also affected by the water inflow from the Barents Sea , which brings 0.6 Sv in August and 2.6 Sv in December. The advected water originates from the Atlantic , but it was cooled and mixed with freshwater in the Barents Sea before it reaches the Kara Sea. Simulations with the Hamburg shelf ocean model (HAMSOM) suggest that no typical water current pattern consists in

3003-663: The Ust-Yansky District. The meteorological station of Tiksi has been renovated in 2006 (for example, it has internet connection and security cameras with a wireless interface) and has become part of the Atmospheric Observatory program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration agency. The program aims at long-term, systematic and thorough measurements of clouds, radiation, aerosols, surface energy fluxes and chemistry in

3080-462: The alluvial deposits of modern rivers. The climate of the Laptev Sea is Arctic continental and, owing to the remoteness from both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the most severe among the Arctic seas. Polar night and midnight sun last about three months per year on the south and five months on the north. Air temperatures stay below 0 °С 11 months a year on the north and nine months on

3157-728: The coast of the Taimyr Peninsula starting from the mouth of the Khatanga River. Detailed mapping of the coast of the Laptev Sea and New Siberian Islands was performed by Pyotr Anjou , who in 1821–1823 traveled some 14,000 km (8,700 mi) over the region on sledges and small boats, searching for the Sannikov Land and demonstrating that large-scale coastal observations can be performed without ships. Anzhu Islands (the northern part of New Siberian Islands) were named after him. In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld

Laptev - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-523: The destiny of those who stayed on board remains unknown. In the same year the expedition of Vladimir Rusanov was lost in the Kara Sea. The prolonged absence of those three expeditions stirred public attention, and a few small rescue expeditions were launched, including Jan Nagórski 's five air flights over the sea and ice from the NW coast of Novaya Zemlya . After the Russian Revolution in 1917,

3311-858: The dumped reactors had suffered an accident. The Soviet submarine K-27 was scuttled in Stepovogo Bay with its two reactors filled with spent nuclear fuel. At a seminar in February 2012 it was revealed that the reactors on board the submarine could re-achieve criticality and explode (a buildup of heat leading to a steam explosion vs. nuclear). The catalogue of waste dumped at sea by the Soviets, according to documents seen by Bellona, includes some 17,000 containers of radioactive waste , 19 ships containing radioactive waste, 14 nuclear reactors, including five that still contain spent nuclear fuel; 735 other pieces of radioactively contaminated heavy machinery, and

3388-491: The entrance to the Kara Sea. Not until 1580 did another English expedition, under Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman , attempt its passage. They too failed to penetrate it, and England lost interest in searching for the Northeast Passage . In 1736–1737 Russian Admiral Stepan Malygin undertook a voyage from Dolgy Island in the Barents Sea . The two ships in this early expedition were the Perviy , under Malygin's command and

3465-407: The following annual estimates (in thousand tonnes) by species: sardine (1.2), Arctic cisco (2.0), Bering cisco (2.7), broad whitefish (2.6), Muksun (2.4) and others (3.6). Hunting sea mammals is only practiced by native people. In particular, walrus hunting is only allowed by scientific expeditions and local tribes for subsistence. Despite freezing, navigation is a major human activity on

3542-513: The funnel-like shape of the gulf. This tidal wave is then noticeable up to the unusually long distance of 500 km up to the Khatanga River – the tidal wave is damped at much shorter distance in other rivers of the Laptev Sea. The seasonal variations of the sea level are relatively small – the sea level rises up to 40 cm (16 in) in summer near the river deltas and lowers in winter. Wind-induced changes are observed all through

3619-547: The ice cover of Lake Qinghai on the Tibetan Plateau . The Kara Sea was formerly known as Oceanus Scythicus or Mare Glaciale and it appears with these names in 16th century maps. Since it is closed by ice most of the year it remained largely unexplored until the late nineteenth century. In 1556 Stephen Borough sailed in the Searchthrift to try to reach the Ob River , but he was stopped by ice and fog at

3696-407: The ice melting season, about 90% of the annual runoff occurs between June and September with 35–40% in August alone, whereas January contributes only 5%. Sea currents form a cyclone consisting of the southward stream near Severnaya Zemlya which reaches the continental coast and flows along it from west to east. It is then amplified by the Lena River flow and diverts to the north and north-west toward

3773-640: The islands and sea shores. The latter include little auk ( Alle alle ), black-legged kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla ), black guillemot ( Cepphus grylle ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), uria , charadriiformes and glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ). Among other bird species are skua , sterna , northern fulmar , ( Fulmarus glacialis ), ivory gull ( Pagophila eburnea ), glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ), Ross's gull ( Rhodostethia rosea ), long-tailed duck ( Clangula hyemalis ), eider , loon and willow grouse ( Lagopus lagopus ). There are 39 fish species, mostly typical of braskish environment;

3850-540: The islands, so the Semenovsky and Vasilievsky islands (74°12"N, 133°E) which were discovered in 1815 have already disappeared. The most significant groups of islands are Severnaya Zemlya , Komsomolskaya Pravda , Vilkitsky and Faddey , and the largest individual islands are Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km ), Belkovsky (500 km ), Maly Taymyr (250 km ), Stolbovoy (170 km ), Starokadomsky (110 km ), and Peschanyy (17 km ). (see Islands of

3927-706: The main land (see Russian chart No. 1484 of the year 1935). On the North A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ( 76°10′N 138°50′E  /  76.167°N 138.833°E  / 76.167; 138.833  ( Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ) ). On the East From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island – through Kotelni Island to Cape Madvejyi. Then through Malyi Island [ Little Lyakhovsky Island ], to Cape Vaguin on Great Liakhov Island . Thence to Cape Sviatoy Nos on

SECTION 50

#1732776774281

4004-499: The main land. Using current geographic names and transcription this definition corresponds to the area shown in the map. The Lena River , with its large delta , is the biggest river flowing into the Laptev Sea, and is the second largest river in the Russian Arctic after Yenisei . Other important rivers include the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok or Olenek , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea shores are winding and form gulfs and bays of various sizes. The coastal landscape

4081-445: The major ones are grayling and Coregonus (whitefishes), such as muksun ( Coregonus muksun ), broad whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ) and omul ( Coregonus autumnalis ). Also common are sardine , Arctic cisco , Bering cisco , polar smelt , saffron cod , polar cod , flounder and Arctic char and inconnu . In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was established in the delta (from Russian: устье – ust , meaning delta ) of

4158-426: The massive oil and gas fields of Western Siberia . The penal colony was closed and its traces erased in the mid-1940s right before Americans arrived in Nordvik as allies of the Soviet Union . In 2017, Rosneft found oil in the Laptev Sea at its Tsentralno-Olginskaya-1 well. In the Anabar District of Sakha, in the village of Mayat there is one of the northernmost diamond mines. There are also tin and gold mines in

4235-423: The models, while another study from that year suggests that the decline in BKS ice reduces snow cover in the North Eurasia but increases it in central Europe. There are also potential links to summer precipitation: a connection has been proposed between the reduced BKS ice extent in November–December and greater June rainfall over South China . One paper even identified a connection between Kara Sea ice extent and

4312-404: The north and October on the south, though it has progressively begun later because of human-driven climate change . In 2020 Siberia experienced record-breaking heat and formation did not begin until late October, marking the latest start ever recorded. The ice formation results in a large continuous sheet of ice, with the thickness up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in the south-eastern part of

4389-411: The north-west and south-east and often revealing remains of the mammoths. The ice formation varies from year to year, with the sea either clear or completely covered with ice. The sea is characterized by the low water temperatures, which ranges from −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) in the north to −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) in the south-eastern parts. The medium water layer is warmer, up to 1.5 °С because it

4466-647: The number of green algae , blue-green algae and flagellate species is about 10 each. The phytoplankton is characteristic of brackish waters and has a total concentration of about 0.2 mg/L. There are about 30 species of zooplankton with the concentration reaching 0.467 mg/L. The coastal flora mainly consists of mosses and lichens and a few flowering plants including Arctic poppy ( Papaver radicatum ), Saxifraga , Draba and small populations of polar ( Salix polaris ) and creeping ( Salicaceae ) willows. Rare vascular plants include species of Cerastium and Saxifraga . Non-vascular plants include

4543-434: The region seasonally. The walrus of the Laptev Sea is sometimes distinguished as a separate subspecies Odobenus rosmarus laptevi , though this attribution is questioned. There are several dozens species of birds. Some belong to permanent (tundra) species, such as snow bunting ( Plectrophenax nivalis ), purple sandpiper ( Calidris maritima ), snowy owl ( Bubo scandiacus ) and brent goose and other make large colonies on

4620-547: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Laptev . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptev&oldid=1256596657 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Short description

4697-460: The scale and scope of exploration of the Kara Sea increased greatly as part of the work of developing the Northern Sea Route. Polar stations, of which five already existed in 1917, increased in number, providing meteorologic, ice reconnaissance, and radio facilities. By 1932 there were 24 stations, by 1948 about 80, and by the 1970s more than 100. The use of icebreakers and, later, aircraft as platforms for scientific work were developed. In 1929 and 1930

SECTION 60

#1732776774281

4774-537: The sea as well as near the coast. The coastal sheet ends at the water depth of 20–25 m which occurs at several hundred kilometers from the shore, thus this coastal ice covers some 30% of the sea area. Ice is drifting north to this coastal band, and several polynyas are formed by the warm south winds around there. They have various names, such as the Great Siberian Polynya , and can stretch over many hundreds kilometers. The ice sheet usually starts melting from late May to early June, creating fragmented ice agglomerates on

4851-433: The sea, due to decades of rafting activities. As a result, the phenol concentration in the Laptev Sea is the highest over the Arctic waters. Kara Sea The Kara Sea is a marginal sea , separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya , and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Ultimately the Kara, Barents and Laptev Seas are all extensions of

4928-619: The sea, such as the prominent Lena River , the Khatanga , the Anabar , the Olenyok , the Omoloy and the Yana . The sea contains several dozen islands, many of which contain well-preserved mammoth remains. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Laptev Sea as follows: On the West The eastern limit of Kara Sea Komsomolets Island from Cape Molotov to South Eastern Cape; thence to Cape Vorochilov, Oktiabrskaya Revolutziya Island to Cape Anuchin. Then to Cape Unslicht on Bolshevik Island . Bolshevik Island to Cape Yevgenov . Thence to Cape Pronchisthehev on

5005-403: The sea. Many early explorations were likely unreported, as indicated by graves found on some of the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, Siberian Cossacks went through the Lena River and reached its delta. They left a note that the river flows into a sea. In 1633, another group reached the delta of Olenyok. By 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Merkury Vagin explored the eastern part of

5082-415: The shallow areas. The Laptev Sea is bound to the south by the East Siberian Lowland , an alluvial plain mainly composed of sediments of marine origin dating back to the time when the whole area was occupied by the Verkhoyansk Sea , an ancient sea at the edge of the Siberian Craton in the Permian period. As centuries went by, gradually, most of the area limiting the sea to the south became filled with

5159-438: The small and elusive Ushakov Island was discovered. In the summer of 1942, German Kriegsmarine warships and submarines entered the Kara Sea to destroy as many Russian vessels as possible. This naval campaign was named " Operation Wunderland ". Its success was limited by the presence of ice floes, as well as bad weather and fog. These effectively protected the Soviet ships, preventing the damage that could have been inflicted on

5236-400: The south. The average temperature in January (coldest month) varies across the sea between −31 °C (−24 °F) and −34 °C (−29 °F) and the minimum is −50 °C (−58 °F). In July, the temperature rises to 0 °С (maximum 4 °С) in the north and to 5 °С (maximum 10 °С) in the south, however, it may reach 22–24 °С on the coast in August. The maximum of 32.7 °C (90.9 °F)

5313-466: The state of sea ice and weather conditions elsewhere than in any other area. The first study proposing a connection between floating ice decline in the Barents Sea and the neighbouring Kara Sea and more intense winters in Europe was published in 2010, and there has been extensive research into this subject since then. For instance, a 2019 paper holds BKS ice decline responsible for 44% of the 1995–2014 central Eurasian cooling trend, far more than indicated by

5390-574: The surface waters, which occurs only to the depth of 5–10 meters. The Laptev Sea is a major source of arctic sea ice . With an average outflow of 483,000 km per year over the period 1979–1995, it contributes more sea ice than the Barents Sea , Kara Sea , East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea combined. Over this period, the annual outflow fluctuated between 251,000 km in 1984–85 and 732,000 km in 1988–89. The sea exports substantial amounts of sea ice in all months but July, August and September. Usually, ice formation starts in September on

5467-596: The weak winds and shallow waters, the sea is relatively calm with the waves typically within 1 meter (3 ft 3 in). In July–August waves up to 4–5 m are observed near the sea center, and they may reach 6 meters (20 ft) in autumn. The coast of the Laptev Sea was inhabited for ages by the native peoples of northern Siberia such as Yukaghirs and Chuvans (sub-tribe of Yukaghirs). Those tribes were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry , as reindeer sleds were essential for transportation and hunting. They were joined and absorbed by Evens and Evenks around

5544-627: The west. The coastal settlements are few and small, with the typical population of a few hundred or less. The only exception is Tiksi (population 5,873), which is the administrative center of the Bulunsky District. Fishery and hunting have relatively small volume and are mostly concentrated in the river deltas. Data are available for the Khatanga Bay and deltas of the Lena and Yana rivers from 1981 to 1991 which translate into about 3,000 tonnes of fish annually. Extrapolated, they give

5621-426: The year, but are more frequent in autumn when the winds are strong and steady. In general, the sea level rises with northern and lowers with southern winds, but depending on the area, the maximum amplitude is observed for a specific wind direction (e.g. western and north-western in the south-eastern part of the sea). They average amplitudes are 1–2 m and may exceed 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) near Tiksi. Owing to

5698-465: Was "a growing town," though it was closed in the mid-1940s. After the break-up of the Soviet Union commercial navigation in the Siberian Arctic went into decline in the 1990s. More or less regular shipping is to be found only from Murmansk to Dudinka in the west and between Vladivostok and Pevek in the east. Ports between Dudinka and Pevek see next to no shipping at all. Logashkino

5775-523: Was abandoned in 1998 and is now a ghost town . In the 1930, deposits of coal, oil and salt were discovered around the Nordvik Bay . In order to explore them in the extreme Arctic conditions, a Gulag penal labor camp was established in Nordvik. Drilling revealed only small, shallow oil pockets in connection with salt structures with little commercial significance. However the salt was extracted on

5852-403: Was recorded in Tiksi . Strong winds, blizzards and snow storms are common in winter. Snow falls even in summer and is alternating with fogs. The winds blow from south and south-west in winter with the average speed of 8 m/s which subsides toward the spring. In summer, they change direction to the northerly, and their speed is 3–4 m/s. Relatively weak winds result in low convection in

5929-699: Was the first to travel across the whole sea on a steamship Vega . In 1892–1894, and again in 1900–1902, Baron Eduard von Toll explored the Laptev Sea in the course of two separate expeditions. On the ship Zarya , Toll carried out geological and geographical surveys in the area on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. In his last expedition Toll disappeared off the New Siberian Islands under mysterious circumstances. Toll noted sizable and economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved fossil ivory in recent beaches, drainage areas, river terraces and river beds within

#280719