Las Bocas is a minor archaeological site in the Mexican state of Puebla , whose name has become attached, often erroneously, to a wide-ranging type of Olmec -style figurines and pottery.
85-586: The Las Bocas site, part of the Balsas River basin, was heavily plundered in the 1960s by looters looking for "Olmec" pottery and figurines. As the prestige associated with "Las Bocas" artifacts grew, that label was given to many similar artifacts – and occasional forgeries – of unknown origin. The high numbers of artifacts attributed to the site are "implausible at best", and as a result, the term "Las Bocas" has now little archaeological significance. The first systematic archaeological investigation of Las Bocas
170-842: A campus of the ITESM Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Toluca . Recently, the Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (TESE) has become relevant due to the number of students, careers and location. The state contains 9,723 km of highways with about 90% being state and 10% federal. There are 1227.4 km of rail line and two airports, "Lic. Adolfo López Mateos" in Toluca and "Dr. Jorge Jiménez Cantú" in Atizapán de Zaragoza . Helicopter facilities exist in Chimalhuacán and Jocotitlán . Toluca Airport had served as
255-531: A depression through the state of Guerrero , and discharges into the Pacific Ocean at 17°56′24″N 102°08′16″W / 17.94000°N 102.13778°W / 17.94000; -102.13778 . The climate of the basin varies from temperate to subtropical with mean annual temperatures between 12.5 and 28 °C. Rainfall in the basin is highly seasonal and some 90% of annual precipitation occurs between May and September, with 546 mm recorded in
340-466: A general overview of the contexts of the Las Bocas site, and to determine areas to be explored later. Paillés Hernández considered the Las Bocas site to include the nearby Caballo Pintado because of relevant sites found in the area. The third field season continued the work of the second field season and referenced its findings for a greater understanding of context. Several pits were excavated during
425-813: A new concession was given by the Government of Mexico for this purpose. The proposal was to use the river for passengers and freight from the point of crossing of the Acapulco Trail to the Pacific Ocean, over the river length of about 300 miles. Initially a 25-foot boat was commissioned at Balsas railroad bridge station by Gullermo Niven , a business man in Mexico City who set out to establish its feasibility in November/December 1911. He had carried recommendation letters from President Madero of Mexico to important persons in towns and villages on
510-604: Is Ecatepec de Morelos ("Ecatepec"). The State of Mexico surrounds Mexico City on three sides and borders the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo to the north, Morelos and Guerrero to the south, Michoacán to the west, and Tlaxcala and Puebla to the east. The territory that now comprises the State of Mexico once formed the core of the Pre-Hispanic Aztec Empire . During the Spanish colonial period ,
595-531: Is a 149 m rock fill embankment dam with a narrow central core. It is located on the Balsas River about 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Mexico City. Its height is about 148 m, crest length is 344 m, and the base width from the upstream toe to the downstream toe is 570 m. The reservoir has a storage capacity of 7,090 million m . This is the largest hydropower project in Mexico which is also expected to reduce
680-513: Is based on a fallacy; the Las Bocas-style figurines were never connected to the actual Las Bocas site. They were only claimed to have been found on the site by those who sold them on the art market contemporaneously with the occurrences of looting at Las Bocas. With their advertised origins, the figurines received higher market prices and considerably more interest – consequentially, those who sold them may have been motivated to misrepresent
765-680: Is composed of the Congress of the State of México ; the executive branch is composed of the Governor , Cabinet , and Public Prosecutor ; and the judicial branch is composed of the Judicial Council , High Court of Justice , and inferior courts. The state is divided into 125 municipalities , which are governed by local councils ( ayuntamientos ) and a mayor, and have their own municipal laws . The municipalities are in turn grouped into 8 regions: There are two metropolitan areas;
850-510: Is considered to be one of Rivera's best works. More recently, the school acquired an unnamed mural by Luis Nishizawa . This work depicts the agriculture of Mexico in both the past and the present. It is placed in a building that is commonly called "El Partenon". Other important educational institutions include the Universidad Technológica del Sur del Estado de Mexico Universidad Tecnológica del Sur del Estado de México and
935-523: Is largely absorbed by the state, along with similar trends in Greater Toluca. Outside than these two metropolitan zones, the state is composed largely of villages. Historically however, a handful of other states had been larger population centers until the 1960s, today it has by far the highest population in the country. In 2005, 85% of the population lived in urban centers, and 39% were born in other parts of Mexico. Five ethnicities are native to
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#17327902256321020-423: Is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico . Commonly known as Edomex (from E sta do de Méx ico ) to distinguish it from the name of the whole country, it is the most populous , as well as the second most densely populated , state in the country. Located in south-central Mexico, the state is divided into 125 municipalities . The state capital city is Toluca de Lerdo ("Toluca"), while its largest city
1105-596: Is one of the major monarch butterfly sanctuaries. At the far east is the Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park which is shared with neighboring Puebla state. The state is governed according to the Constitution of the State of Mexico and the law of the State of Mexico . The previous constitutions of 1827, 1861, and 1870 were replaced in 1917. The government is composed of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch
1190-533: Is the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) which offers 48 majors. This and other institutes of higher education have an enrollment of over 100,000 students. The beginnings of this institution go back to 1828, when the first Instituto Literario for the state was established in what is now the borough of Tlalpan in Mexico City. It was reestablished in Toluca in 1833. In 1886, the name
1275-579: The Mezcala River , or Atoyac River ) is a major river of south-central Mexico . The basin flows through the states of Guerrero , México , Morelos , and Puebla . Downstream of Ciudad Altamirano, Guerrero , it forms the border between Guerrero and Michoacán . The river flows through the Sierra Madre del Sur , and empties into the Pacific Ocean at Mangrove Point , adjacent to the city of Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán . Several rapids along
1360-465: The 1824 Constitution , with the first state congress convening in March of that year in Mexico City. This state still encompassed the vast territory of the old Aztec Empire . The first head of the state was Melchor Múzquiz . The vast territory of the state was divided into eight districts: Acapulco , Cuernavaca , Huejutla , Mexico, Taxco , Toluca, Tula and Tulancingo . Mexico City was the capital of
1445-548: The Aztec Triple Alliance ) were located. As such, the district that became Mexico City was properly known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan in the years shortly before and after Spanish conquest. After the Spanish Conquest , the term México came to be used for Tenochtitlan/Mexico City and all the pre-conquest lands it controlled, including several other aforementioned Mexican states originally incorporated in
1530-668: The Jesuits . During the colonial period, most of the area's economy was based on agriculture with some mining in the areas of Temascaltepec, Sultepec, Valle de Bravo , Tlatlaya , Amatepec and Zacualpan and the production of pulque in Otumba and Texcoco. In addition certain areas were known for crafts such as wool processing in Texcoco and Sultepec, soap in Toluca, saddles in Almoloya de Juárez, and rebozos in various areas. However,
1615-537: The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México . During much of rest of the 20th century, works to divert water from the Lerma River and other locations to Mexico City were built as well as highways through the state to connect Mexico City with the rest of the country. In 1990, the Commission Coordinadora para la Recuperación Ecológica de la Cuenca del Alto Lerma (Coordinating Commission for
1700-1024: The Valley of Mexico respectively. Part of the Toluca Valley was held by the Purépechas as well. Other dominions during the pre-Hispanic period include that of the Chichimecas in Tenayuca and of the Acolhuas in Huexotla , Texcotizingo and Los Melones. Other important groups were the Mazahuas in the Atlacomulco area. Their center was at Mazahuacán, next to Jocotitlán volcano . The Otomis were centered in Jilotepec . The origin of
1785-431: The 2020 Census, 1.74% of the state of Mexico's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. The state has over three million students who attend about 15,000 schools from kindergarten to high school. It is the largest school system in the country after that of Mexico City. However, as late as 1990, there were over half a million people who were illiterate over the age of 15. The state university
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#17327902256321870-559: The Ayotla phase (1250-1000 B.C.) to the Manantial phase (1000-800 B.C.) of the formative stage . The pieces found included several fragments of figurines. The head of a "baby-face" figurine was found with a similar cranial deformation to an Olmec skull found at Pampa el Pajón. Carved stone objects were also found during the third field season; they were composed of obsidian and either silex or chert . The burial of an adult individual
1955-593: The Balsas River basin to the Lerma River Basin and the Valley of Mexico. It aimed to meet the growing drinking-water needs of Mexico City, which is about 130 km from the basin. Such transfers are expected to create water-sharing disputes among the basin states in the future. The navigation of this river by shallow-draft steamers was initially promoted for the development of the Guerrero area, and in 1911
2040-413: The Balsas River valley are noted for their bark paintings , often depicting flowers and wildlife. 17°56′25″N 102°08′10″W / 17.94028°N 102.13611°W / 17.94028; -102.13611 State of Mexico The State of Mexico ( Spanish : Estado de México , pronounced [esˈtaðo ðe ˈmexiko] ), officially just Mexico ( Spanish : México ),
2125-578: The Balsas River. The two major projects are the La Villita and El Infiernello (in Michoacan). The Carlos Ramirez Ulloa (El Caracol) project is being developed in the Guerrero and four others are planned for the future. Water management has received due attention of the Government of Mexico over the past several decades. It included more efficient water use and aimed to meet water supply needs of
2210-650: The Chalco Valley. The state has a territory of 22,499.95km2. The state is divided into five natural regions: the Volcanos of the Valley of Mexico, the hills and plains north of the state, the western mountains, the Balsas Depression and the mountains and valleys of the southeast. The physical geography of the state varies. The eastern portion is dominated by the Sierra Nevada, which divides
2295-675: The Ecological Recuperation of the Upper Lerma River Basin) was established. Its main neighbor is Mexico City . The State of Mexico is located in the central zone of the Mexican Republic , in the eastern part of the Anáhuac table. It borders to the north with the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo ; to the south with Guerrero and Morelos ; to the east with Puebla and Tlaxcala ; and to
2380-528: The Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (National School of Agriculture) which was founded in 1854 at the Monastery of San Jacinto in Mexico City. The school was moved in 1923 to the ex Hacienda of Chapingo President Álvaro Obregón . One distinguishing feature of the campus is the mural done in the old chapel, now University Ceremonies Room by Diego Rivera called "Tierra Fecundada" (Fertile Land). It
2465-622: The Greater Mexico City area in both the Distrito Federal and the State of Mexico. From 1824 to 1941, the state had no seal. Governor Wenceslao Labra proposed one in 1940, which was adopted the following year. It was designed by Pastor Velázquez with the motto of "Patria, Libertad, Trabajo y Cultura" (Country, Liberty, Work and Culture). In 1956, the Instituto Cientifico y Literario was converted into
2550-541: The San Jeronimo and Chontalcoatlan rivers. The last two rivers originate around Popocatepetl volcano and flow through the State of Morelos. With a length of some 771 kilometers (479 mi) the Balsas River is one of Mexico's longest rivers. It originates at the confluence of the San Martin and Zahuapan Rivers as Atoyac River in the state of Puebla . From here it flows south-west and then westward, into
2635-514: The State of Mexico. The earliest evidence of human habitation in current territory of the state is a quartz scraper and obsidian blade found in the Tlapacoya area , which was an island in the former Lake Chalco . They are dated to the Pleistocene era which dates human habitation back to 20,000 years. The first people were hunter-gatherers. Stone age implements have been found all over
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2720-535: The State of Mexico. The capital of the state was moved permanently to Toluca in 1830. The struggles between the liberals (federalists) and the conservatives (centralized power) in the 19th century affected the state, especially in those areas which would later break away to form the states of Hidalgo, Morelos and Guerrero. During the Mexican–American War , the Americans occupied Toluca and Mexico City, with
2805-411: The Toluca Valley regions. In 1869, the areas north east and south of Mexico City were converted to the states of Hidalgo and Morelos respectively. The state promulgated a new constitution in 1869, which established the state as consisting of the districts of Chalco, Cuautitlan, Ixtlahuaca, Jilotepec, Lerma, Otumba, Sultepec, Temascaltepec, Tenango del Valle, Tenancingo and Texcoco, which is the territory
2890-463: The arid areas of the valley and 1000–1600 mm further upstream in the highland lakes area. The Balsas River basin has witnessed much economic development. Through building dams these activities aimed at irrigation, generation of electricity, and improving agriculture and living conditions of indigenous people, mainly the Nahuas who form the majority group. Seven hydropower projects are envisaged on
2975-511: The battle, he chose not to proceed to Mexico City and then turned towards Celaya . During the rest of the War, most battles were fought between local insurgent leaders such as Manuel de la Concha and Castillo Bustamante and royalist forces. Battles were fought in Sultepec , Amanalco , Temascaltepec, Lerma , Tenango , Tenancingo and Tecualoya . After the War, the State of Mexico was created by
3060-506: The best stratigraphy. Recent debates among scientists center on where exactly in the Balsas River valley this type of teosinte ( Zea mays ssp. parviglumis ) grew in times past, when corn was domesticated. During the Purépecha period, the people of the valley created many items of red-slipped buff-colored pottery, painted in white, cream, or red and made many ceramic pipes and tools using bronze alloys. The indigenous Amerindians inhabiting
3145-469: The borders of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala with annual precipitation between 500 and 700 milliliters. Due to the various climates, the state has a wide variety of flora. 609,000 hectares is covered in tree, most of which is in the temperate and cold climates of the state. In the extreme southwest of the state, rainforests can be found and desert plants in the Hidalgo border area. In the highest altitudes, such as
3230-409: The boundaries of the Mexico state. There are two possible origins for the name "Mexico." The first is that it derives from metztli (moon) and xictla (navel) to mean "from the navel of the moon". This comes from the old Aztec idea that the craters on the moon form a rabbit figure with one crater imitating a navel. The other possible origin is that it is derived from "Mextictli", an alternate name for
3315-460: The course of the Balsas River limit its navigability and thus the river has been largely used for generation of hydroelectric power , flood control and irrigation . The Balsas River valley was possibly one of the earliest maize growing sites in Mexico, dating from around 9200 years ago. Though it is known that successive communities of Yopis , Nahuatl -speaking Cohuixcas, Matlatzincas , Chontales , Tlahuicas and Xochimilcas have lived in
3400-675: The course of the colonial period, but the territory of the Aztecs would keep the name "Mexico". After the Conquest in 1521, Hernán Cortés ' cousin Juan Altamirano was given dominion of the Toluca Valley. Other conquistadors such as Antonio Caicedo, Juan de Jaramillo, Cristobal Hernandez and Juan de Samano received encomiendas in the state. Franciscan missionaries came soon after such as Martin de Valencia , Juan de Tecto, Juan de Ahora, and Pedro de Gante, who established missions and
3485-635: The earliest artifacts of these appearing in Tlapacoya, Atoto, Malinalco , Acatzingo and Tlatilco . In prehistoric State of Mexico, the Tepexpan Man is an important finding for Mexican and foreign anthropologists; it is an important key to understand what the Valley of Mexico area was like, 5,000 years ago, as well as helping establish the occupation chronology of the region. Currently some scholars attribute an age of 11,000 years, others 8,000, and some have suggested 5,000 years old. This individual
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3570-553: The enactment of a new Water Law in the country, a Master Plan was developed in 1975 covering 13 hydrological regions (102 subregions). River Basin Councils were established, and 25 are currently in position out of the 26 planned. The Balsas River has a discharge of 15–17 m /s during the lean flow season. The steep slope of the river in a stretch of 30 km creates an elevation difference of 1200 m, providing excellent opportunities for hydropower development. Initially, 120 MW of power
3655-533: The first is Greater Mexico City , in which there are 27 municipalities, and the city of Toluca, in which there are 6 municipalities. The judiciary ( Poder Judicial del Estado de México ) is composed of: The trial courts are divided on the municipalities basis. The fast-growing state contains about fourteen percent of the country's population and is one of the most densely populated with 740 people per square km. Since Mexico City has not absorbed many citizens since 1990, Greater Mexico City's explosive expansion
3740-601: The first place in the world where maize was domesticated about 9000 years ago. The so-called "Balsas teosinte ", now considered to be the direct predecessor of maize, grows mostly in the middle part of the Balsas Valley at this time. In the past, it may have grown in other parts of this valley, as palaeoclimatology studies show. In particular, the Xihuatoxtla Shelter, located in Iguala valley, provides
3825-524: The first school called San Antonio de Padua. In 1535, the areas around Mexico City were divided into a number of "alcaldías mayors" called Chalco y Ameca , Tlayacapan y Coatepec, Otumba , Ecatepec , Sultepec , Zacualpan , Temascaltepec , Malinalco, Metepec and Ixtlahuaca with Toluca and Texcoco recognized as cities. Other orders followed such as the Dominicans , the Augustinians and
3910-465: The floods in the area. La-Villita is an earth-cum-rock fill dam with a crest length of 320 m, a height of 60 m, and a power generation capacity of 300 MW. This was the first dam built on the Balsas River. It is located 15 km from the Pacific Ocean. Both dams have a solid structure and withstood well the five earthquakes of the magnitude up to 8.1 which occurred after their construction. A project has been implemented to redirect some water from
3995-576: The god Huitzilopochtli . Anáhuac was the proper term for all territories dominated by the Aztec Empire, from Cem Anáhuac , "the entire earth" or "surrounded by waters" e.g. the waters of Lake Texcoco which were considered to be the center of the Aztec world, and as such was proposed as an early name for the entire nation of Mexico prior to independence, to distinguish it from the (preexisting) administrative division of New Spain that became
4080-781: The importance of the Valley of Tehuacán , part of which also belongs to the Balsas valley, for maize domestication. He found over 10,000 teosinte cobs in the Coxcatlan Cave . Later, in 1989, the early date was confirmed by testing. Maize samples from Cueva San Marcos, and Cueva Coxcatlan in Tehuacán neighborhood had been tested. The oldest dates were 4700 BP (uncalibrated) or 3600 BC (calibrated). Balsas River valley continues downstream into Guerrero state. There are also very early maize sites there, which attracted attention more recently. Recent research supports Balsas River valley as
4165-619: The major cities in Mexico. The Tepalcatepec Commission was established in 1947 under the Ministry of Water Resources (one of the three commissions established initially) for the Balsas River development. In 1960, it was subordinated to the Balsas River Commission. Its tasks included planning, design, coordination and implementation of irrigation projects, flood control and hydropower generation, covering rural and urban development and health and communications aspects. Following
4250-559: The modern state is the reorganization of Aztec lands starting after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire. These lands were initially called the "audiencia" of Mexico and included Mexico City, much of modern states of Guerrero, Morelos and Hidalgo. As the Spanish expanded their control west and south, the entirety was called "New Spain" with former Aztec lands being called "Mexico." The organization of New Spain would change over
4335-460: The navigation itself was fairly smooth except for an encounter with a rock outcrop in the middle of a narrow section of the river where the boat overturned, injuring two people. While the river was proven navigable, investments to develop the facilities did not happen immediately due to the rebel activities in the area. Balsas Valley is known as the cradle of the original maize domestication. Archaeologist Richard MacNeish originally pointed out
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#17327902256324420-410: The northwest of the state is the Sierra de San Andrés Timilpan. Most of the rock and soil formation in the state is of volcanic origin. There are three river basins in the state: the Lerma, the Balsas and the Pánuco . The most important is the Lerma River, which begins in the municipality of Almoloya del Río and passes through a large number of municipalities in the state. The southwestern part of
4505-474: The origins of artifacts that were possibly found at other sites. Because of the lack of contextual evidence to link the figurines with Las Bocas, and the high probability of improperly represented origins, the Las Bocas-style figurines cannot be attributed to the site of Las Bocas. 18°40′N 98°19′W / 18.667°N 98.317°W / 18.667; -98.317 Balsas River The Balsas River (Spanish Río Balsas, also locally known as
4590-469: The peak of the Nevada de Toluca, alpine grassland can be found. In the extreme west, there are forests which receive thousands of monarch butterflies each winter. The state has 49 environmentally protected areas, with the most important being the Nevado de Toluca National Park . Other important areas include the state parks of Otomi-Mazahua, Sierra Morelos, and Nahuatlaca-Matlatzinca. The Bosencheve National Park extends into Mexico State from Michoacán, and
4675-417: The region was incorporated into New Spain . After gaining independence in the 19th century, Mexico City was chosen as the capital of the new nation; its territory was separated out of the state. Years later, parts of the state were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to
4760-415: The region, archeological excavations in the area have yet to establish the hierarchical succession of the various communities. During the period of 1300-1500 CE the region between the lower Balsas river valley and the Lerma-Santiago River fell under control of the Tarascan- Purépecha Empire . According to the 1980 Census, 47,000 people lived along the Balsas river banks, spread over 37 communities, within
4845-452: The relative lowlands in the south west with have an average temperature of between 18C and 22C and constitute about eight percent of the territory. The hottest regions occupy five percent of the state in the extreme southwest with temperatures averaging over 22C. The coldest areas in the highest elevations such as the Nevado de Toluca, Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl. Snow can be found on these elevations year round. There are some arid areas along
4930-423: The rituals of patronal feasts. The upper Balsas River basin includes the State of Puebla, the States of Mexico, Morelos, and the Guerrero Mountain Zone, as well as several river systems of the Mesa Central plateau. The main system is of the Tlapanec River, with tributaries originating in the mountains such as the Oaxaca Mixteca. It is joined by the Amacuzac River fed by streams around Xonacantapec volcano and by
5015-456: The six municipalities of the region. Nahua peoples constitute 47% of the population, 15% are indigenous people (speaking four different languages), other large communities are Mixtec (23%) and Tlapanec (19%), and the balance 4% are Amuzgo . The population increased to 60,000 in the 1990s. The communities, while retaining their individualities, show close linguistic, kinship, and cultural relationships - revealed, for example, when they perform
5100-474: The stage of unwelcome grass to high-yield maize fields. Two dams on the river provide for irrigation and power generation. The water stored by the dam built above Tierra Caliente is utilized for growth of cotton and rice. The Balsas River basin was first considered for hydropower development in the 1940s. The basin has an area of 105,900 km , and the two projects implemented here are the La Villita and El Infiernello (both in Michoacan). The Infiernillo Dam
5185-428: The state during the Mexican Revolution, especially by Zapatistas in the southwest part of the state, with Genovevo de la O and Francisco de Pacheco entering with their armies in 1912. Fighting intensified after Victoriano Huerta took power in 1913. In 1915, Toluca was the site of the Convencion de Generales y Gobernadores Revolucionaries (Convention of Generals and Revolutionary Governors) on two occasions. In 1917,
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#17327902256325270-417: The state from Puebla. In this mountain chain are the Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl volcanos. The Sierra de Monte Alto and Sierra de Monte Bajo divide the west side of the Federal District from the state and contain peaks such as Cerro de la Bufa and Monte de las Cruces. The Sierra de Xinantécatl is to the south of the Toluca Valley. At northern edge of this mountain range is the Nevado de Toluca volcano. In
5355-500: The state government temporarily located in the unoccupied Sultepec. By 1852, the state had lost a significant amount of territory to the creation of the state of Guerrero, which prompted the reorganization of the municipalities here. During the Reform War , General José María Cobos took and sacked a number of municipalities in the territory remaining. During this war, a number of major figures such as Melchor Ocampo , Santos Delgollado and Leandro Valle were executed by firing squad in
5440-423: The state had another new constitution, which divided the state into sixteen districts and 118 municipalities. The extension of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area began in 1940 with the creation of the industrial zone of Naucalpan . The increase of the metro area's population, commerce and industry has continued to this day. The Consejo del Area Metropolitana was created in 1988 to coordinate concerns and action of
5525-453: The state has a temperate moist climate, which consists of the highlands of the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco in the north, the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco. Average year-round temperature varies between 12C and 18C with annual precipitation above 700 millimeters. Higher elevations, about 13% of the state, in the center and east of the state have a semicold climate with average temperatures below 16C. Hotter climes are in
5610-401: The state has today. The period before the Mexican Revolution was relatively prosperous for the state, especially under governor José Vicente Villada , who promoted public education, government reform, the establishment of a teachers' college for women and the Instituto Cientifico y Literario (later UAEM). Mines in various parts of the state were at maximum production. Battles were fought in
5695-479: The state include the Laguna del Sol and Laguna de la Luna in the Nevado de Toluca, the lake in the crater of the Cerro Gorde. Atexcapan Lake in Valle de Bravo, San Simón Lake in Donato Guerra, San Pedro Lake and Concepcion de los Baños Lake and Tepetitlan Lake in San Felipe del Progreso, Acuitzilapan Lake at the food of Jocotitlan volcano, El Rodeo Lake near Xonacatlán , Xibojay and Santa Elena Lakes in Jilotepec and Huapango Lake in Timilpan. About seventy percent of
5780-419: The state is Teotihuacan , with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon being built between 100 BCE and 100 CE. Between 800 and 900 CE, the Matlatzincas established their dominion with Teotenango as capital. This city is walled with plazas, terraces, temples, altars, living quarters and a Mesoamerican ball game court. In the 15th century, the Aztecs conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys to the west and east of
5865-434: The state is dominated by the Balsas River basin. The eastern panhandle of the state is dominated by the Pánuco River basin. On the various rivers of the state are dams such as José Antonio Alzate in Temoaya , Ignacio Ramirez in Almoloya, Guadalupe in Cuautitlán Izcalli , Madín in Naucalpan, Vicente Guerrero in Tlatlaya, Tepetitlan in San Felipe del Progreso as well as those in Valle del Bravo and Villa Victoria . Lakes in
5950-416: The state. However, soon after, the federal government chose Mexico City as the capital of the new nation. Under the guidelines of the 1824 Constitution, the capital was appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The choice was made official on 18 November 1824 and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 ac) centered on the Zocalo . This area
6035-438: The state: the Mazahua , the Otomi , the Nahuas , the Matlazincas and the Ocuitecos or Tlahuicas . There are also communities of Mixtecs , Zapotecs , Totonaca , Mazateca , Mixe , Purépecha and Maya . According to the 2005 census, the state has 312,319 people who speak an indigenous language, which is about 3 out of every 100 people. Two thirds of those speaking an indigenous language also speak Spanish. According to
6120-571: The territory from mammoth bones, to stone tools to human remains. Most have been found in the areas of Los Reyes Acozac , Tizayuca , Tepexpan , San Francisco Mazapa , El Risco and Tequixquiac . Between 20,000 and 5000 BCE, the people here eventually went from hunting and gathering to sedentary villages with farming and domesticated animals. The main crop was corn, and stone tools for the grinding of this grain become common. Later crops include beans, chili peppers and squash grown near established villages. Evidence of ceramics appears around 2500 BCE with
6205-474: The third field season had been scheduled for 1999, but funding was not available that year. In 2000, FAMSI (Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.) gave $ 7,800 USD to Paillés Hernández for the third field season via INAH, but INAH delayed in relaying the funds for a month and a half, causing the third field season to take place during rains. The second field season was intended to yield
6290-453: The third field season; some stratigraphy was found to be unreliable because of the facts that, the artifacts near the surface had mixed dates, and "the land surface was removed with heavy machinery back in 1994," almost completely destroying the classic and post-classic artifacts. A looter's pit was also found while excavating. Several ceramic pieces were found during the third field season of Paillés Hernández; these dated from as early as
6375-512: The vast majority of the area's population was extremely poor due to exploitation. During the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla marched into what is now Mexico State from Michoacán in 1810, passing from the northwest to Toluca on his way to Mexico City. East of Toluca, he fought royalist forces at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 October 1810. While Hidalgo won
6460-470: The way. On this exploration he was accompanied by 11 people, including two river navigation experts and Fred Macfarlene, a California financier. The exploration lasted 22 days from the time of its departure till the return of the team back to Mexico City via Manzanillo on the steamboat S.S. Ramón Corral which picked the exploration party at the last point of their journey at Orilla. During this period many events happened en route due to rebel activities, but
6545-522: The west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state is mexiquense , distinct from mexicano ('Mexican'), which describes the people or things from the country as a whole. Mēxihco was originally the Nahuatl name for the Valley of Mexico where the cities of the Mexica (the proper name for
6630-527: The west with Guerrero and Michoacán , as well as with Mexico City , which it surrounds to the north (northwest), east (southeast) and west (southwest). The state is located in the center of the country, consisting mostly of the eastern side of the Anahuác Mesa. Most of the state consists of the Toluca Valley, the Tierra Caliente, Mezquital Valley with the eastern panhandle mostly defined by
6715-470: Was begun by David Grove in 1967. In 1997, the archaeologist Maria de la Cruz Paillés Hernández started the first of her three seasons at the site. The first field season of Maria de la Cruz Paillés Hernández, in 1997, was funded that same year by INAH ( Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ) in the amount of $ 30,000 pesos. The second field season, 1998, also funded by INAH, was supplied with $ 23,000 pesos and had to be shortened to 21 days. Originally,
6800-634: Was changed to the Instituto Científico y Literario. In 1943, the institution gained autonomy from direct state control and in 1956, it was reorganized as the UAEM. In 1964, the Ciudad Universitaria on the west side of Toluca was constructed. Another important public university is the Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo , located in Texcoco. It is an agricultural college offering technical and bachelor's degrees. The school began as
6885-529: Was found in here, called the Tequixquiac Bone, which had no known purpose, but reflected the ideological sense of the artist who carved the piece of bone from a camelid around 22,000 years BCE. The first native settlers of Tequixquiac were the Aztecs and Otomi, who decided to settle here permanently for the abundance of rivers and springs. They were engaged mainly in agriculture and the breeding of domestic animals. The earliest major civilization of
6970-554: Was generated at the power station at La Villita. This 336 MW station was built in the state of Michoacan, near the Pacific Coast. Another Balsas River project planned was the El Infiernillo; it became operational in 1964 and has an installed capacity of 1,120 MW. El Infiernillo Dam is a 149 m rockfill embankment dam. Agriculture in the basin has a rich history of over 9000 years, with an impressive transformation from
7055-551: Was originally identified as a male, but recent research confirms a female identity, although this is still a subject of discussion. Sacrum bone found in Tequixquiac is considered a work of prehistoric art. These people were thought to be nomadic, hunting large animals such as mammoths and gathering fruits as evidenced by archaeological evidence found at the site. One of the most salient discoveries of primitive art in America
7140-570: Was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing the state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco . This area did not yet include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán , Xochimilco , Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan , all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico. As the "federal district" of Mexico City grew in size, these and other territories were taken from
7225-422: Was uncovered during the third field season of 2000, it was the second burial found at the site. It was found with a cajete , a small figurine of a dog, and fragments of a small box. The term "Las Bocas-style" refers to a style of Olmec figurine allegedly found at the Las Bocas site. The style is defined by looted materials that may or may not have actually come from the Las Bocas site. The term "Las Bocas-style"
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