57-581: Alfred "Lash" LaRue (June 15, 1917 – May 21, 1996) was a Western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s. Born Alfred LaRue in Gretna, Louisiana in 1917, he was reared in various towns throughout Louisiana, but in his teens the family moved to Los Angeles , California , where he attended St. John's Military Academy and the College of the Pacific . Strangely, his California death records reportedly indicate
114-632: A ferry across the River to New Orleans. The famous food and spice company Zatarain's , founded in 1889 in New Orleans, has been located in Gretna since 1963. Gretna was incorporated in 1913, absorbing the section of McDonogh within the Jefferson Parish boundaries. In the 1940 census, Gretna had a population of 10,879. The city and its police received considerable press coverage when, in
171-549: A general and provincial governor during the Gallic Wars . It fell out of use during the early Empire . In English common law , an outlaw was a party who had defied the laws of the realm by such acts as ignoring a summons to court or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a crime . The earliest reference to outlawry in English legal texts appears in the 8th century. The term outlawry refers to
228-536: A 1,000-square-foot (93 m ) meeting room that can accommodate 58 people. The library is almost twice the size of the previous 3,000-square-foot (280 m ) facility. The German American Cultural Center (GACC), headquartered at 519 Huey P. Long Avenue, was founded in 1988. It strives to interpret the contribution of German immigrants to Louisiana's history by presenting educational opportunities such as exhibits, lectures and other programs. GACC has sponsored special events such as Maifest and Oktoberfest . The latter
285-404: A bullwhip in some of his Republic Pictures Westerns made during the same period. LaRue made frequent personal appearances at small-town movie theaters that were showing his films during his heyday of 1948 to 1951, a common practice for cowboy stars in those days. However, his skillful displays of stunts with his whip, done live on movie theater stages, also convinced young Western fans that there
342-696: A clone of Lash LaRue?" LaRue is seen on the 1986 Johnny Cash and Waylon Jennings duet album Heroes . On the back cover, LaRue is standing with the duo. In Quentin Tarantino 's 1994 film Pulp Fiction , Winston Wolfe ( Harvey Keitel ) jokingly refers to Vincent Vega ( John Travolta ) as "Lash LaRue". Professional wrestler Mark LeRoux borrowed his ring name from LaRue, dubbing himself "Lash LeRoux" in 1999. Lash LaRue Western comic books were published first by Fawcett Comics (issues #1 through 46) and later by Charlton Comics (issues #47 through 84), between 1949 and 1961. The first issue alone today
399-755: A family from Algiers for $ 10,000. A fourth federal case, involving Regional Transit Authority workers, was scheduled to go to trial in April 2011. Several other cases were filed in New Orleans Civil District Court. Gretna has an elevation of 0 feet (0 m) behind the levee along the Mississippi River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km ), of which 3.5 sq mi (9.1 km )
456-566: A nearby FEMA facility. But he said the city enacted the blockade after a spate of door-to-door robberies began in Gretna and stores at the Oakwood Mall were looted and burned. Residents of Gretna were themselves required to evacuate after a few days. Four federal civil lawsuits were filed against the city for violation of civil rights. Two were dismissed, and in a third the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office settled with
513-419: A police helicopter was used to help clear refugees from the bridge. New Orleans Police Department 911 operator Patryce Jenkins, having walked the city for two days after her dispatch center was flooded, tried to return to her unflooded Gretna apartment via the bridge. Though she had ID to prove her status as a resident, she said instead of checking it police ordered her to turn back, used racial slurs, and fired
570-646: A portion of Gretna, is in Timberlane , an unincorporated area of Jefferson Parish. Most residents are zoned to Marrero Middle School in Marrero , while some are zoned to Livaudais Middle School in Terrytown . Most residents are zoned to West Jefferson High School in Harvey , an unincorporated area of Jefferson Parish, while some are zoned to John Ehret High School . For advanced studies, residents are zoned to
627-583: A portion of Gretna; it closed in 2012. Previously some residents were zoned to Helen Cox High School , also located in Harvey. Milestone Sabis Academy, a K-8 charter school , is in Gretna. Arden Cahill Academy is a private school in Gretna. Jefferson Parish Library operates the Gretna Public Library in Gretna. The current facility, with more than 5,800 square feet (540 m ) of space, opened on March 17, 2010. The library includes
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#1732791440096684-538: A radio, film and television actress. Their marriage lasted 14 months; they wed February 23, 1951 in Yuma, Arizona , and divorced June 2, 1952. They had no children but did have a godchild, child actor J.P. Sloane, the son of "Television's Singing Troubadour" Jimmie Jackson and "Television's Hollywood Hostess" Anita Coleman. In the later 1950s, LaRue was featured on the children's program The Gabby Hayes Show (in footage from his old PRC Westerns). He appeared several times on
741-536: A rate about fourteen times that of a typical city. Such arrests may have generated over $ 5 million in fines and other revenue for the city. In July 2019 it was reported that two officers of the Gretna Police were fired for threatening United States Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez . In 2024, Gretna was part of a investigation by ProPublica and WVUE-TV into fines and fees issued by municipalities in southeastern Louisiana, which found that Gretna had
798-415: A warning shot over her head, leaving her crying in disbelief. Gretna mayor Ronnie Harris pointed out though the city had not flooded, Gretna had been severely damaged as well, losing power, water, and sewage services, claiming the city had no food, no water, no shelters, and no capacity to take refugees. Harris said that the city had commandeered buses and been transporting a crowd of about 6,000 refugees to
855-411: A wolf or other wild animal. Women were declared "waived" rather than outlawed, but it was effectively the same punishment. Among other forms of exile , Roman law included the penalty of aquae et ignis interdictio ("interdiction of water and fire"). Such people penalized were required to leave Roman territory and forfeit their property. If they returned, they were effectively outlaws; providing them
912-414: Is a 3-day event held during the first weekend of October each year at the center. Schools Outlaw An outlaw , in its original and legal meaning, is a person declared as outside the protection of the law . In pre-modern societies, all legal protection was withdrawn from the criminal, so anyone was legally empowered to persecute or kill them. Outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in
969-455: Is an outlaw in the second sense but not the first ( Sándor Rózsa was tried and sentenced merely to a term of imprisonment when captured). In the common law of England , a "writ of outlawry" made the pronouncement Caput lupinum ("[Let his be] a wolf's head"), equating that person with a wolf in the eyes of the law. Not only was the subject deprived of all legal rights, being outside the "law", but others could kill him on sight as if he were
1026-412: Is declared outside protection of law in one jurisdiction but who receives asylum and lives openly and obedient to local laws in another jurisdiction is an outlaw in the first meaning but not the second (one example being William John Bankes ). A fugitive who remains formally entitled to a form of trial if captured alive but avoids capture because of the high risk of conviction and severe punishment if tried
1083-402: Is land and 0.4 sq mi (1.0 km ) (9.33%) is water. According to the 2020 United States census , there were 17,814 people residing in the city. The 2019 American Community Survey determined there were 7,156 households and 3,954 families residing in the city limits. In 2010, there were 17,734 people, 6,958 households, and 4,286 families residing in the city. The population density
1140-541: Is the second-largest city in, and parish seat of, Jefferson Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana . Gretna lies on the west bank of the Mississippi River , just east and across the river from uptown New Orleans . It is part of the New Orleans – Metairie – Kenner metropolitan statistical area . The population was 17,814 at the 2020 U.S. census . According to the history published by
1197-446: Is worth upwards of $ 1,000 in near mint condition. They were among the most popular Western-themed comics of the era. Initially, LaRue and other Western stars weren't paid royalties by Fawcett; they were satisfied with just the publicity. (AC later published two reprint editions in 1990.) LaRue comics sold well with a total of 12 million copies in 1952 alone. Many stories featured his godson, J.P. Sloane. Gretna, Louisiana Gretna
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#17327914400961254-566: The State Opening of Parliament ), romanticised outlaws became stock characters in several fictional settings. This was particularly so in the United States, where outlaws were popular subjects of 19th-century newspaper coverage and stories and 20th-century fiction and Western movies . Thus, "outlaw" is still commonly used to mean those violating the law or, by extension, those living that lifestyle, whether actual criminals evading
1311-530: The syndicated television series 26 Men , true stories of the Arizona Rangers . LaRue also appeared on Jimmie Jackson's television show Memory Lane . He appeared seven times in different roles in the 1956 TV Western Judge Roy Bean . One of his roles on Judge Roy Bean was as the outlaw John Wesley Hardin . He portrayed another real-life criminal, Doc Barker , in the TV series Gangbusters , which
1368-780: The 1974 Statler Brothers song "Whatever Happened to Randolph Scott ?". Writer/singer/producer Bruce Blackman of the pop group Starbuck wrote and recorded the tribute song "Lash LaRue", included on their 1976 album Moonlight Feels Right . He was mentioned in the Shel Silverstein song "The Great Conch Train Robbery" in Silverstein's 1980 album of the same name. A fifth season episode of Rockford Files , "A Material Difference", has Rockford confronting his notorious sidekick Angel Martin at an outdoor restaurant, asking of his leather jacket and dark clothing, "What are you,
1425-531: The Cartagena fleet to be " piratic ", which allowed any nation to prey on it. Taking the opposite road, some outlaws became political leaders, such as Ethiopia 's Kassa Hailu who became Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia . Though the judgment of outlawry is now obsolete (even though it inspired the pro forma Outlawries Bill which is still to this day introduced in the British House of Commons during
1482-544: The Gretna Academy. Gretna #2 Academy for Advanced Studies, a Pre-K to 5th grade magnet school, and L. W. Ruppel Academy, a Pre-K to 8th grade French immersion magnet school, are located in Gretna. Thomas Jefferson High School is another magnet school in Gretna. Previously Gretna Middle School was in Gretna. It closed in 2023, with Thomas Jefferson High scheduled to move there for the following school year. Previously Kate Middleton Elementary in Terrytown served
1539-582: The PRC brand name for its Westerns), and finally for producer Ron Ormond . It was at this time that he developed his image as cowboy hero Lash LaRue, dressed all in black. Al St. John had been Buster Crabbe 's comic sidekick in PRC Westerns; after Crabbe left the studio, St. John's character "Fuzzy Q. Jones" was written into the Lash LaRue scripts. Lash LaRue was different from the usual cowboy hero of
1596-703: The Queen's subjects, "whether a constable or not", and without "being accountable for using of any deadly weapon in aid of such apprehension." Similar provisions were passed in Victoria and Queensland . Although the provisions of the New South Wales Felons Apprehension Act were not exercised after the end of the bushranging era, they remained on the statute book until 1976. There have been several instances in military and political conflicts throughout history whereby one side declares
1653-571: The actor's father's surname was Wilson and that Lash was born in Michigan. LaRue was originally screen tested by Warner Bros. but was rejected because he looked too much like Humphrey Bogart , then one of the studio's contract stars. He signed a contract with Universal Pictures in 1944 as "Alfred LaRue", appearing in two Deanna Durbin musicals and a serial. Durbin and LaRue were romantically involved during his tenure there. In 1945 independent producer Robert Emmett Tansey , releasing through
1710-476: The adoption of international extradition pacts. It was obsolete when the offence was abolished in 1938. Outlawry was, however, a living practice as of 1855: in 1841, William John Bankes , who had previously been an MP for several different constituencies between 1810 and 1835, was outlawed by due process of law for absenting himself from trial for homosexuality and died in 1855 in Venice as an outlaw. There
1767-520: The adult nature of the film and would not have consented to appear in the film. He did not actually appear in any of the pornographic scenes. The film was later released without the pornographic scenes and retitled Hard Trail in an attempt to eliminate the double entendre . LaRue died of emphysema in 1996 at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank , California. He had recently undergone triple-bypass surgery and suffered from emphysema . He
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1824-662: The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, people who attempted to escape from New Orleans by walking over the Crescent City Connection bridge over the Mississippi River were turned back at gunpoint by City of Gretna Police, along with Crescent City Connection Police, and Jefferson Parish Sheriff's deputies, who set up a roadblock on the bridge in the days following the hurricane. According to eyewitnesses, some officers threatened to shoot those coming from New Orleans as they attempted to cross into Gretna on foot, shots were fired overhead, and downdraft from
1881-1039: The ancient Norse and Icelandic legal code . In early modern times, the term Vogelfrei and its cognates came to be used in Germany, the Low Countries , and Scandinavia , referring to a person stripped of his civil rights being "free" for the taking like a bird. In Germany and Slavic countries during the 15th to 19th centuries, groups of outlaws were composed of former prisoners, soldiers, etc. Hence, they became an important social phenomenon. They lived off of robbery, and local inhabitants from lower classes often supported their activity. The best known are Juraj Jánošík and Jakub Surovec in Slovakia, Oleksa Dovbush in Ukraine, Rózsa Sándor in Hungary, Schinderhannes and Hans Kohlhase in Germany. The concept of outlawry
1938-470: The city was $ 15,735. About 20.8% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 34.7% of those under age 18 and 20.2% of those age 65 or over. The United States Postal Service operates the Gretna Post Office. The city has a police department that was established in 1913. In 2016, press reports indicated that local police made 6,566 adult arrests in 2013,
1995-444: The city, Gretna's history can be traced to a plantation established by Jean-Charles de Pradel by 1750 (when the plantation house, Monplaisir , was built). By 1813, the plantation had passed into the hands of one François Bernoudy. John McDonogh (also spelled John McDonough), then a resident of New Orleans, bought the establishment, moved into the house and founded a settlement in 1815, that would be named McDonoghville . He subdivided
2052-449: The era. Dressed in black, he spoke with a "city tough-guy" accent somewhat like that of Humphrey Bogart , whom he physically resembled. His use of a bullwhip, however, was what set him apart from contemporary cowboy stars such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers . His influence was felt throughout the dying medium of B-Westerns; for example, he had an imitator, Whip Wilson , who starred in his own brief series, and even Roy Rogers started using
2109-445: The formal procedure of declaring someone an outlaw, i.e., putting him outside legal protection. In the common law of England , a judgment of (criminal) outlawry was one of the harshest penalties in the legal system since the outlaw could not use the legal system for protection, e.g., from mob justice . To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of civil or social death. The outlaw was debarred from all civilized society. No one
2166-685: The highest number of violations per case as well as the highest average amount levied per case among the seven municipalities studied. Gretna's public schools are operated by the Jefferson Parish Public Schools system. Schools serving portions of the city limits are in the City of Gretna unless otherwise noted. Zoned elementary schools serving sections of Gretna include Shirley T. Johnson Gretna Park Elementary School, William Hart Elementary School, and McDonogh #26 Elementary School. George Cox Elementary School, which also serves
2223-552: The legal system. In early Germanic law , the death penalty is conspicuously absent, and outlawing is the most extreme punishment, presumably amounting to a death sentence in practice. The concept is known from Roman law , as the status of homo sacer , and persisted throughout the Middle Ages . A secondary meaning of outlaw is a person systematically avoiding capture by evasion and violence. These meanings are related and overlapping but not necessarily identical. A fugitive who
2280-399: The median household income in Gretna was $ 47,244. Males had a median income of $ 44,902 versus $ 31,992 for females. Approximately 17.8% of the population lived at or below the poverty line. In 2010, the median income for a household in the city was $ 28,065, and the median income for a family was $ 31,881. Males had a median income of $ 28,259 versus $ 21,019 for females. The per capita income for
2337-754: The other as being "illegal", notorious cases being the use of proscription in the civil wars of the Roman Republic . In later times there was the notable case of Napoleon Bonaparte whom the Congress of Vienna , on 13 March 1815, declared had "deprived himself of the protection of the law" . In modern times, the government of the First Spanish Republic , unable to reduce the Cantonal rebellion centered in Cartagena, Spain , declared
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2394-482: The population. From 2010 to 2020, the growth of Hispanic or Latino Americans reflected nationwide demographic trends of diversification and identity. In 2010, there were 6,958 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.7% were married couples living together, 19.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who
2451-667: The possibility of being declared an outlaw for derelictions of civil duty continued to exist in English law until the passing of the Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 ( 42 & 43 Vict. c. 59) in 1879 and in Scots law until the late 1940s. Since then, failure to find the defendant and serve process is usually interpreted in favour of the plaintiff, and harsh penalties for mere nonappearance (merely presumed flight to escape justice) no longer apply. Outlawry also existed in other ancient legal codes, such as
2508-574: The racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 44.9% non-Hispanic White , 35.5% Black and African American , 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.9% Asian , 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander , 0.2% some other race, 1.3% two or more races , and 16% Hispanic and Latino American of any race. In 2010, the racial makeup of the city was 48.05% White, 20.43% African American, 1.20% Native American, 8.12% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 4.03% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race were 24.38% of
2565-541: The rest of the former plantation into regular city lots and 30- arpent farming strips. McDonoghville thus became the first subdivision in Jefferson Parish. McDonough either leased or sold these properties to white laborers or free people of color. Gretna was settled in 1836, originally as Mechanikham , growing with a station on the Mississippi River for the Missouri Pacific Railroad , Texas and Pacific Railway , and Southern Pacific Railroad , with
2622-411: The small PRC studio, launched a new Western series with a difference: the features would be filmed in then-unusual Cinecolor . Singing cowboy Eddie Dean starred, with "Al LaRue" featured as "The Cheyenne Kid" and using a bullwhip expertly to disarm villains. LaRue graduated to his own starring series (as "Cheyenne") in 1947, first for PRC, then for its successor Eagle-Lion (which continued to use
2679-578: The use of fire or water was illegal, and they could be killed at will without legal penalty. The interdiction of water and fire was traditionally imposed by the tribune of the plebs and is attested to have been in use during the First Punic War of the third century BC by Cato the Elder . It was later also applied by many other officials, such as the Senate , magistrates , and Julius Caesar as
2736-405: Was 4,685 inhabitants per square mile (1,809/km ). There were 7,665 housing units at an average density of 2,082 per square mile (804/km ). In 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup was 41.24% non-Hispanic white, 32.96% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 2.75% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.81% multiracial or some other race, and 18.73% Hispanic and Latino American of any race. In 2019,
2793-500: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 23.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years, higher than Louisiana's median age of 34.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males. As of 2019,
2850-400: Was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any other sort of support—to do so was to commit the crime of aiding and abetting , and to be in danger of the ban oneself. A more recent concept of " wanted dead or alive " is similar but implies that a trial is desired (namely if the wanted person is returned alive), whereas outlawry precludes a trial. An outlaw might be killed with impunity, and it
2907-502: Was also a doctrine of civil outlawry. Civil outlawry did not carry the sentence of capital punishment. It was, however, imposed on defendants who fled or evaded justice when sued for civil actions like debts or torts. The punishments for civil outlawry were harsh, including confiscation of chattels (movable property) left behind by the outlaw. In the civil context, outlawry became obsolete in civil procedure by reforms that no longer required summoned defendants to appear and plead. Still,
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#17327914400962964-462: Was an outlaw. If a man was accused of treason or felony but failed to appear in court to defend himself, he was deemed convicted. If he was accused of a misdemeanour , then he was guilty of a serious contempt of court which was itself a capital crime. In the context of criminal law , outlawry faded out, not so much by legal changes as by the greater population density of the country, which made it harder for wanted fugitives to evade capture, and by
3021-402: Was at least one cowboy hero who could perform in real life the things he did on screen. He continued working in films and television until he retired in 1990. For a time he was married to Reno Browne , a B-Western film actress, who together with Dale Evans was one of only two Western actresses ever to have their own comic book fashioned after their characters. He later married Barbra Fuller ,
3078-470: Was cremated at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California . He was survived by his wife, Frances Bramlett LaRue, three sons and three daughters. He had reportedly been married at least ten times. LaRue was mentioned in the 1973 song "Childhood – 1949", written and recorded by Bobby Goldsboro as the B-side to his hit single "Summer (The First Time)". He is one of many classic Western stars mentioned in
3135-573: Was later recut into the film Guns Don't Argue . LaRue and Steve Brodie shared the role (from 1959–1961) of Sheriff Johnny Behan in Cochise County , Arizona , on ABC 's The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , starring Hugh O'Brian . LaRue appeared five times; Brodie, nine times. A role as the villain in a pornographic Western, Hard on the Trail , in 1972, led him to repentance as a missionary for ten years, as he had not been informed of
3192-402: Was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief fleeing from justice—to do so was not murder . A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay; otherwise, the dead man's kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay weregild as for a true man. By the rules of common law, a criminal outlaw did not need to be guilty of the crime for which he
3249-482: Was reintroduced to British law by several Australian colonial governments in the late 19th century to deal with the menace of bushranging . The Felons Apprehension Act (1865 No 2a) of New South Wales provided that a judge could, upon proof of sufficiently notorious conduct, issue a special bench warrant requiring a person to submit themselves to police custody before a given date, or be declared an outlaw. An outlawed person could be apprehended "alive or dead" by any of
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