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62-456: The oldest historical record of the use of the Lastage dates from 1404. The city then gave Ysebrant Pietersz permission to settle with his family in the marshy land east of the city and to erect a house with a ropewalk here. In the 16th century, lastage developed into an industrial and port area of Amsterdam. Halfway through the 16th century, five ropewalks, some ship's mast factories, and

124-423: A Catholic to a Protestant city council), when Amsterdam finally joined the revolt led by William of Orange against Spain , the new mayors, among whom were some of the landowners on Lastage, made plans for the area and for the expansion and renovation of the port. When a ban on building activities was declared in 1579, the city council wanted to expropriate the land in Lastage, a proposal deemed unacceptable by

186-425: A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous plants rather than by woody plants . More in general, the word can be used for any low-lying and seasonally waterlogged terrain. In Europe and in agricultural literature low-lying meadows that require draining and embanked polderlands are also referred to as marshes or marshland. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form

248-506: A vegetation carpet to building land may result in a rise in economic growth and rising land prices , the irreversibility of lost flora and fauna because of habitat destruction , the loss of ecosystem services and resulting decline in environmental value is only considered a priori in environmental full-cost accounting . Conversion to building land is as a rule associated with road building , which in itself already brings topsoil abrasion, soil compaction and modification of

310-581: A different set of organisms. Saltwater marshes are found around the world in mid to high latitudes , wherever there are sections of protected coastline. They are located close enough to the shoreline that the motion of the tides affects them, and, sporadically, they are covered with water. They flourish where the rate of sediment buildup is greater than the rate at which the land level is sinking. Salt marshes are dominated by specially adapted rooted vegetation, primarily salt-tolerant grasses. Salt marshes are most commonly found in lagoons , estuaries , and on

372-513: A few shipyards for the caulking and repairing of ships were established here. Due to the location of the area outside the city wall, taxes were much lower and spatial planning regulations were much less strict. The adjacent bend in the IJ inlet called Waal was shallow, which, although unsuitable for merchant vessels , was ideal for docking ships in winter. During the Guelderian Wars ,

434-522: A freshwater marsh, the ocean tides affect this form of marsh. However, without the stresses of salinity at work in its saltwater counterpart, the diversity of the plants and animals that live in and use freshwater tidal marshes is much higher than in salt marshes. The most severe threats to this form of marsh are the increasing size and pollution of the cities surrounding them. Ranging greatly in size and geographic location, freshwater marshes make up North America's most common form of wetland. They are also

496-576: A habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that have adapted to living in flooded conditions or other environments. The plants must be able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels. Many of these plants, therefore, have aerenchyma , channels within the stem that allow air to move from the leaves into the rooting zone. Marsh plants also tend to have rhizomes for underground storage and reproduction. Common examples include cattails , sedges , papyrus and sawgrass . Aquatic animals, from fish to salamanders , are generally able to live with

558-512: A habitat free from fish, which eat the eggs and young of amphibians. An example is the endangered gopher frog . Similar temporary ponds occur in other world ecosystems, where they may have local names. However, vernal pool can be applied to all such temporary pool ecosystems. Playa lakes are a form of shallow freshwater marsh in the southern high plains of the United States. Like vernal pools, they are only present at certain times of

620-457: A low amount of oxygen in the water. Some can obtain oxygen from the air instead, while others can live indefinitely in conditions of low oxygen. The pH in marshes tends to be neutral to alkaline , as opposed to bogs , where peat accumulates under more acid conditions. Marshes provide habitats for many kinds of invertebrates, fish , amphibians, waterfowl and aquatic mammals. Marshes have extremely high levels of biological production, some of

682-466: A mayor and brewer from Haarlem and brother of Pelgrom's first husband. They were essentially developers, possibly in cooperation with the city council. Two other major speculators or land owners were Syvert P. Sem, governor of the Compagnie van Verre and French Hendricksz. Oetgens, who was in charge of urban development and public works . In 1601 the city government proposed a new appraisal for

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744-681: A potential fire hazard, the city government denied the plea again. When the Dutch Revolt broke out in 1566, and the Duke of Alba instituted the Council of Troubles , several of the landowners in the area fled the city and moved abroad. They would return again in 1578 with new insights and trade contacts in the Baltic Sea area. Immediately after the Alteration (the change of power from

806-406: A problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment. In order to prevent the loss of wildlife the forests must maintain a stable climate and the land must remain unaffected by development. Furthermore, forests can be sustained by different forest management techniques such as reforestation and preservation. Reforestation

868-477: A region in the East of England , the embanked marshes are also known as Fens . Some areas have already lost 90% of their wetlands, including marshes. They have been drained to create agricultural land or filled to accommodate urban sprawl . Restoration is returning marshes to the landscape to replace those lost in the past. Restoration can be done on a large scale, such as by allowing rivers to flood naturally in

930-456: A residual development appraisal or residual valuation. The residual appraisal calculates the sale value of the end product (the gross development value or GDV) and hypothetically deducts costs, including planning and construction costs, finance costs and developer's profit. The "residue", or leftover proportion, represents the land value. Therefore, in maximising the GDV (that which one could build on

992-406: A result of the process; "land conversion" tries to focus on the general physical and biological aspects of the land use change . "Land improvement" in the economic sense can often lead to land degradation from the ecological perspective. Land development and the change in land value does not usually take into account changes in the ecology of the developed area. While conversion of (rural) land with

1054-1004: A transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems . They are often dominated by grasses , rushes or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, and the marsh is sometimes called a carr . This form of vegetation is what differentiates marshes from other types of wetland such as swamps , which are dominated by trees , and mires , which are wetlands that have accumulated deposits of acidic peat . Marshes provide habitats for many kinds of invertebrates , fish , amphibians , waterfowl and aquatic mammals . This biological productivity means that marshes contain 0.1% of global sequestered terrestrial carbon . Moreover, they have an outsized influence on climate resilience of coastal areas and waterways, absorbing high tides and other water changes due to extreme weather . Though some marshes are expected to migrate upland, most natural marshlands will be threatened by sea level rise and associated erosion . Marshes provide

1116-582: Is a popular neighbourhood due to its relative tranquillity in the midst of a lively, central location in the city. Lastage borders Chinatown , De Wallen , the Waterlooplein area and is located near Centraal Station . Notable examples: Further reading: Complete list of listed buildings in Lastage (in Dutch) 52°22′23″N 4°54′12″E  /  52.373084°N 4.903207°E  / 52.373084; 4.903207 Marsh In ecology ,

1178-478: Is a reactive approach designed to replant trees that were previously logged within the forest boundary in attempts to re-stabilize this ecosystem. Preservation on the other hand is a proactive idea that promotes the concept of leaving the forest as is, without using this area for its ecosystem goods and services. Both of these methods to mitigate deforestation are being used throughout the world. The U.S. Forest Service predicts that urban and developing terrain in

1240-408: Is a substantial consideration for land development projects. On the local level an environmental impact report (EIR) may be necessary. In the United States, federally funded projects typically require preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS). The concerns of private citizens or political action committees (PACs) can influence the scope, or even cancel, a project based on concerns like

1302-408: Is also sometimes advertised as land improvement or land amelioration . It refers to investment making land more usable by humans. For accounting purposes it refers to any variety of projects that increase the value of the process . Most are depreciable, but some land improvements are not able to be depreciated because a useful life cannot be determined. Home building and containment are two of

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1364-432: Is because plantations of other trees as a means for water conservation and protection against wind erosion ( shelterbelts ), as a rule, lack the biodiversity of the lost forest, especially when realized as monocultures . These deforestation consequences may have lasting effects on the environment including soil stabilization and erosion control measures that may not be as effective in preserving topsoil as

1426-399: Is lost to concrete and asphalt surfaces, complementary interspersed garden and park areas notwithstanding. New creation of farmland (or 'agricultural land conversion') will rely on the conversion and development of previous forests , savannas or grassland . Recreation of farmland from wasteland , deserts or previous impervious surfaces is considerably less frequent because of

1488-475: Is the single greatest cause of extinction of terrestrial species . An example of land conversion being a chief cause of the critically endangered status of a carnivore is the reduction in habitat for the African wild dog , Lycaon pictus . Deforestation is also the reason for loss of a natural habitat , with large numbers of trees being cut down for residential and commercial use. Urban growth has become

1550-487: The Court of Holland . The city council was by now in a hurry to make the area more defensible against attacks, especially after Antwerp had fallen and there was a serious risk that the Duke of Parma would advance north towards Amsterdam. Dob and Cools were eventually forced to agree and cooperate, and hastily a defensive rampart was erected, known today as Oudeschans . In around 1586, the city started drawing up plans for

1612-537: The Schreierstoren on the quay along the IJ, a crane was built to lift cargo, masts and anchors. A ditch was dug between Montelbaansgracht (now Oudeschans) and Geldersekade around 1530, and was named Rechtboomssloot after Cornelis P. Boom , one of the landowners in the area. The old stream that ran through the Lastage was named Kromboomssloot . Local residents' proposals in 1543 and 1548 to incorporate Lastage into

1674-571: The Court of Holland, the last two ropeworks were demolished. Work then began on Jonkerstraat and Bantammerstraat. By this time, rents in the old city had already increased at an alarming rate, to almost double the amount. Subsequently, construction activity also spread out north and west. To finance site preparation for the two largest plots in the Lastage, so-called "producers" were used. These were, among others, mayor's daughter Jannetje Pelgrom, her fourth husband (John or Hans Vanderbeke), and Jan de Wael,

1736-595: The First Expansion had already been completed in 1593 and described Lastage as an overcrowded slum. In reality, the expansion on Lastage had taken at least fifteen years to complete, from 1589 to 1604. Only on plots owned by the city or the mayors could building commence immediately. The ropers, timber merchants, mast makers and shipwrights, supported by former mayor C.P. Hooft , who would regularly and vigorously defend their case in city council sessions, had all resisted giving up their conveniently located land between

1798-414: The Lastage. The proposal took into account the location of the land, which had increased in value, and the losses sustained from upgrading the area. The proposal was rejected by the landowners because it still required interest payments. It took until 1604 before a final, favourable decision was reached. After seven years of struggles between landowners, city council, and the courts, the amount of amelioration

1860-478: The Oudeschans rampart, a high bridge was built to the island of Uilenburg . This island became part of a second expansion that was intended to accommodate the now flourishing and rapidly expanding shipbuilding industry. This expansion was intended to allow the shipyards and mast makers to be relocated, enabling other parts of Lastage to be reorganized. In January 1595, blacksmiths were banned from Lastage due to

1922-513: The Waal, which was the city's harbour at that time, and the straightening of the banks had already been completed by then. Many owners objected to the valuations calculated, including Cleyn Ceesje, a mast maker on the Kromme Waal , who appealed against a calculation error. The surveyor, a former locksmith, was alleged to have a poor head for figures and had also made serious errors when calculating

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1984-548: The area came under threat several times by the troops of Charles of Guelders . When the nearby towns of Weesp and Muiden came under Charles' occupation in the spring of 1508, the city of Amsterdam burnt the area down as a precautionary measure. In December 1512, it was burnt down again, this time at the hands of the Guelders troops. The name Lastage derives from the various ship's ballast -related activities that took place here ( ballasten , ontlasten and belasten ). Near

2046-468: The city and the port, if it meant having to relocate at a high cost to Uilenburg or Rapenburg . Due to the expansion of the city, the city gate known as Sint Antoniespoort had lost its function. The gate was re-purposed to be used as a stock exchange , a weigh house , and as a guildhall . By partially filling in the canal in front of the gate, a new market square was created, which was to become Nieuwmarkt . The neighbourhood didn't change much for

2108-436: The city council planned for a traffic thoroughfare and a metro line to be built through the Lastage area. Under the leadership of Geurt Brinkgreve, an activist for the protection of cultural heritage , campaigning took place between 1967 and 1975 for the conservation of the monumental De Pinto House , which was situated directly on the planned route. Activists from the kraakbeweging (squatters' movement) managed to maintain

2170-472: The city were not accepted, despite efforts made by a delegation sent to the Great Council of Mechelen , who brought along a painting of the area by Cornelis Anthonisz. illustrating the local situation. In 1550 there were already 550 houses outside the city walls. In 1564, the residents, backed by the vogt , urged the city government once more to expand the city. Due to the activities in the area posing

2232-475: The degraded or missing fertile soil in the latter. Starting from forests, land is made arable by assarting or slash-and-burn . Agricultural development furthermore includes: Because the newly created farmland is more prone to erosion than soil stabilized by tree roots , such a conversion may mean irreversible crossing of an ecological threshold . The resulting deforestation is also not easily compensated for by reforestation or afforestation . This

2294-426: The development process itself under the microscope, identifying where enhancements and improvements can be introduced. These improvements aim to align with best design practice, political sensitivities, and the inevitable social requirements of a project, with the overarching objective of increasing land values and profit margins on behalf of the landowner or developer. Development analysis can add significantly to

2356-442: The fire hazard and the smell and noise they produced, and they relocated to the northern part of the island of Uilenburg. Due to a severe economic crisis , plot sales came to a complete standstill in around 1596, as is apparent from the city's register of lots offered for sale at public auctions . New disputes arose when the city surveyor Adriaen Ockersz. proposed a new cost-distribution plan, called Repartition . The renewal of

2418-641: The fringes of large rivers. The different types are produced by factors such as water level, nutrients, ice scour , and waves. Large tracts of tidal marsh have been embanked and artificially drained. They are usually known by the Dutch name of polders . In Northern Germany and Scandinavia they are called Marschland , Marsch or marsk ; in France marais maritime . In the Netherlands and Belgium, they are designated as marine clay districts. In East Anglia ,

2480-447: The highest in the world, and therefore are important in supporting fisheries. Marshes also improve water quality by acting as a sink to filter pollutants and sediment from the water that flows through them. Marshes partake in water purification by providing nutrient and pollution consumption. Marshes (and other wetlands) are able to absorb water during periods of heavy rainfall and slowly release it into waterways and therefore reduce

2542-434: The land), land value is concurrently enhanced. Land value is highly sensitive to supply and demand (for the end product), build costs, planning and affordable housing contributions, and so on. Understanding the intricacies of the development system and the effect of "value drivers" can result in massive differences in the landowner's sale value. Land development puts more emphasis on the expected economic development as

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2604-484: The layout of the streets, alleys and defensive walls. Local landowners were required to demolish existing buildings, such as drying sheds, tar houses, fences and ropewalks, and to raise the land with sand. The city provided the sand and stone needed for pavements and embankments. In return for this "amelioration" , the landowners were required to pay a tax, the amount of which was to be determined later. The ban on construction, which had been introduced eight years earlier,

2666-413: The local landowners. On the other hand, the high land value made it unacceptable for the city council to consider buying the land instead. In the following years a number of landowners agreed to an estimated value determined by a committee. Two owners, namely the rope maker Claes Burchmansz. Dob and Robrecht Cools, refused and were taken to court. The proceedings were taken all the way up to the highest body,

2728-779: The loss of an endangered species’ habitat. In most cases, the land development project will be allowed to proceed if mitigation requirements are met. Mitigation banking is the most prevalent example, and necessitates that the habitat will have to be replaced at a greater rate than it is removed. This increase in total area helps to establish the new ecosystem, though it will require time to reach maturity. The extent, and type of land use directly affects wildlife habitat and thereby impacts local and global biodiversity . Human alteration of landscapes from natural vegetation (e.g. wilderness ) to any other use can result in habitat loss , degradation , and fragmentation , all of which can have devastating effects on biodiversity. Land conversion

2790-469: The magnitude of flooding. Marshes also provide the services of tourism, recreation, education, and research. Marshes differ depending mainly on their location and salinity . These factors greatly influence the range and scope of animal and plant life that can survive and reproduce in these environments. The three main types of marsh are salt marshes , freshwater tidal marshes , and freshwater marshes . These three can be found worldwide, and each contains

2852-456: The most common and the oldest types of development. In an urban context, land development furthermore includes: A landowner or developer of a project of any size, will often want to maximise profits , minimise risk , and control cash flow . This "profitable energy" means identifying and developing the best scheme for the local marketplace, whilst satisfying the local planning process. Development analysis puts development prospects and

2914-486: The most diverse of the three types of marsh. Some examples of freshwater marsh types in North America are: Wet meadows occur in shallow lake basins, low-lying depressions, and the land between shallow marshes and upland areas. They also happen on the edges of large lakes and rivers. Wet meadows often have very high plant diversity and high densities of buried seeds. They are regularly flooded but are often dry in

2976-521: The next few centuries. With the settlement of Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews in the adjacent neighbourhoods, some areas of Lastage became part of the Jewish Quarter . After the Nazi occupation of World War II , many of the area's residents had relocated or been deported and large parts of the neighbourhood had fallen into disrepair. In the 1960s, as part of the 1953 Post-war Reconstruction Plan,

3038-498: The previous intact vegetation . Massive land conversion without proper consideration of ecological and geological consequences may lead to disastrous results , such as: While deleterious effects can be particularly visible when land is developed for industrial or mining usage, agro-industrial and settlement use can also have a massive and sometimes irreversible impact on the affected ecosystem. Examples of land restoration / land rehabilitation counted as land development in

3100-501: The property well, in conjunction with the De Pinto Foundation , newly established in 1971 at the initiative of Brinkgreve. By conserving this strategically located building, the construction of the controversial dual carriageway road was effectively blocked. On January 5, 1972 city council decided to abandon the project. The De Pinto Foundation successfully restored the heavily neglected house in 1974–1975. In addition to

3162-522: The road plan, many planned office buildings were scrapped as well, in favour of homes. Between 1975 and 1984, new residential developments arose around the Pinto House. The eastern line of the new Amsterdam Metro did go ahead as planned, and the method used to construct the metro tunnels required whole city blocks to be demolished. On March 24 and April 8, 1975, riots erupted over the demolition of homes that were still in good condition. Today, Lastage

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3224-463: The sheltered side of a shingle or sandspit . The currents there carry the fine particles around to the quiet side of the spit, and sediment begins to build up. These locations allow the marshes to absorb the excess nutrients from the water running through them before they reach the oceans and estuaries. These marshes are slowly declining. Coastal development and urban sprawl have caused significant loss of these essential habitats. Although considered

3286-407: The size of the body of water between Uilenburg and Marken . To the dismay of landowners, eight years of accumulated interest had to be paid. The owners were particularly irritated by charges for the cost of the timberwork and paving, as residents living within the old city walls did not have to pay separate taxes for those items. The mayors responded by trying to convince the landowners that paving

3348-549: The soil's chemical composition through soil stabilization , creation of impervious surfaces and, subsequently, (polluted) surface runoff water. Construction activity often effectively seals off a larger part of the soil from rainfall and the nutrient cycle , so that the soil below buildings and roads is effectively "consumed" and made infertile . With the notable exception of attempts at rooftop gardening and hanging gardens in green buildings (possibly as constituents of green urbanism ), vegetative cover of higher plants

3410-494: The spring, or on a small scale by returning wetlands to urban landscapes. Land improvement Land development is the alteration of landscape in any number of ways such as: Land development has a history dating to Neolithic times around 8,000 BC. From the dawn of civilization, the process of land development has elaborated the progress of improvements on a piece of land based on codes and regulations, particularly housing complexes. In an economic context, land development

3472-447: The strict sense are still rare. However, renaturation , reforestation , stream restoration may all contribute to a healthier environment and quality of life, especially in densely populated regions. The same is true for planned vegetation like parks and gardens , but restoration plays a particular role, because it reverses previous conversions to built and agricultural areas. The environmental impact of land use and development

3534-492: The summer. Vernal pools are a type of marsh found only seasonally in shallow depressions in the land. They can be covered in shallow water, but in the summer and fall, they can be completely dry. In western North America, vernal pools tend to form in open grasslands, whereas in the east, they often occur in forested landscapes. Further south, vernal pools form in pine savannas and flatwoods . Many amphibian species depend upon vernal pools for spring breeding; these ponds provide

3596-509: The value of land and development, and as such is a crucial tool for landowners and developers. It is an essential step in Kevin A. Lynch 's 1960 book The Image of the City , and is considered to be essential to realizing the value potential of land. The landowner can share in additional planning gain (significant value uplift) via an awareness of the land's development potential . This is done via

3658-664: The year and generally have a circular shape. As the playa dries during the summer, conspicuous plant zonation develops along the shoreline. Prairie potholes are found in northern North America, such as the Prairie Pothole Region . Glaciers once covered these landscapes, and as a result, shallow depressions were formed in great numbers. These depressions fill with water in the spring. They provide important breeding habitats for many species of waterfowl. Some pools only occur seasonally, while others retain enough water to be present all year. Many kinds of marsh occur along

3720-643: Was extremely important to prevent fires: Delft , Haarlem and Leiden were given as examples. Concerns about fire were much in people's minds that year, because 26 houses had burned down in Warmoesstraat and 33 in Sint Antoniesbreestraat , while several warehouses full of valuable Muscovy goods. had also been lost on Geldersekade . In February 1598, after the bankruptcy of the Doesburg brothers, and court proceedings that lasted up to

3782-408: Was reduced by 30%. The proceeds of over 10,000 guilders were given to the poor and that same year, at the request of the citizens in the area, work started on building a bridge to the Schreierstoren . The expansion of Lastage had taken longer than has been assumed by historians for a long time, on the authority of Tobias van Domselaer (1611–1685), a poet and chronicler . Van Domselaer believed that

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3844-496: Was then lifted. Before any building work was allowed, however, the amelioration tax had to be set for each plot of land. To do this, the plots were measured to calculate the loss of land to newly built streets, ditches and ramparts. It was not until 1589 that the plots south of the Rechtboomssloot, which the city had already purchased and raised, began to be built on. Building activities then spread eastward from there. At

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