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39-511: Lewis David Einstein (March 15, 1877 – December 4, 1967) was an American diplomat, historian апd art collector. Einstein was born on March 15, 1877, in New York City. He was the only son of wool magnate David Lewis Einstein (1839–1909) and, his wife, Caroline (née Fatman) Einstein (1852–1910). Lewis had two sisters: Amy Einstein, who married Joel Elias Spingarn , and Florence Einstein, who married Sir Charles Waldstein . Among his family

78-456: A chargé d'affaires may be appointed for long periods, such as when a mission is headed by a non-resident ambassador who is accredited to multiple countries. In addition, a mission may be downgraded from an ambassadorial to a chargé d'affaires level to show displeasure, yet avoid taking the extremely serious step of breaking diplomatic relations. For example, Saudi Arabia and Thailand did not exchange ambassadors between 1989 and 2022, due to

117-404: A cura di Emanuele Cutinelli-Rendina, Istituto italiano per gli studi storici, Napoli, 2001). From 1904, his role in academic politics marked him as an independent spirit—too independent for the university's autocratic president Nicholas Murray Butler . His differences with the administration ranged from personality conflicts to educational philosophy. Things came to a head in 1910, when he offered

156-508: A diary entry that the "persecution of Armenians is assuming unprecedented proportions, and is carried out with nauseating thoroughness." He kept in contact with both Enver and Talat and tried to persuade them to reverse their policy towards the Armenians. In a diary entry, he states that Talat insisted that the Armenians sided with the enemies and that Enver believed the policy was out of military necessity, but in reality both leaders feared

195-417: A diplomat serves as a chargé d'affaires on a temporary basis in the absence of the ambassador. In unusual situations, in cases where disputes between the two countries make it impossible or undesirable to send agents of a higher diplomatic rank , a chargé d'affaires may be appointed for an indefinite period. Chargés d'affaires ad interim ("a.i.") are those who temporarily head a diplomatic mission in

234-480: A nature calculated to upset what has for centuries been the recognized political fabric of Europe, America can remain indifferent thereto only at its own eventual cost. If it then neglects to observe that the interests of the nations crushed are likewise its own, America will be guilty of political blindness which it will later rue." In November 1914, when the First World War was already raging, he published

273-743: A resolution at a university faculty meeting in support of Harry Thurston Peck , a Columbia professor who had been summarily dismissed by Butler because of a public scandal involving a breach-of-promise suit. That precipitated Spingarn's dismissal just five weeks later. He became part of a distinguished series of prominent academics who resigned or were dismissed during Butler's tenure as president, including George Edward Woodberry , Charles Beard , and James Harvey Robinson —all of them, like Peck and Spingarn, notable progressive scholars. Without an academic appointment but of independent means, Spingarn continued to publish in his field much as he had before, writing, editing, and contributing to collections of essays. He

312-482: A second article "The War and American Policy" in the same publication. Both articles were in early 1918 reprinted as a book with a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt He returned to Constantinople in 1915, and wrote his diaries which would be later published under the name Inside Constantinople: A Diplomatist's Diary During the Dardanelles Expedition, April–September, 1915 . Einstein kept the diary from

351-460: A statement condemning racial discrimination to the party platform. He served as professor of comparative literature at Columbia University from 1899 to 1911. His academic publishing established him as one of America's foremost comparativists. It included two editions of A History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance in 1899 and 1908 as well as edited works like Critical Essays of

390-426: A sum of $ 125,000. After Einstein's death, newspapers reported that a $ 1,250,000 share of the elder Einstein's estate, valued in total at approximately $ 4,000,000, had been set aside for Lewis Einstein in the event that he divorced his wife, and that it passed to his sister Lady Waldstein after he declined to do so. This report was denied by Lady Waldstein, who indicated that the father's only wish regarding Lewis Einstein

429-604: Is a diplomat who serves as an embassy's chief of mission in the absence of the ambassador . The term is French for "person charged with business", meaning they are responsible for the duties of an ambassador. Chargé is masculine in gender ; the feminine form is chargée d'affaires (pronounced the same way). A chargé enjoys the same privileges and immunities as an ambassador under international law , and normally these extend to their aides as well. However, chargés d'affaires are outranked by ambassadors and have lower precedence at formal diplomatic events. In most cases,

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468-524: Is extended to a new government, a chargé may be sent to immediately establish diplomatic representation. However, if a timely exchange of ambassadors does not take place, this may result in a prolonged period of chargé -level relations. For example, the United Kingdom recognized the People's Republic of China in 1950 and posted a chargé d'affaires in the new capital of Beijing . However, China

507-547: The Blue Diamond Affair . The Holy See recalled the ambassador to Taipei right after United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 ceased to recognize the Republic of China as the sole legitimate representative of China, and thus chargé d'affaires becomes the most top-ranked de facto envoy to Taipei since then (the ambassador did not leave his position until 1979). Sometimes when diplomatic recognition

546-542: The Young Turk Revolution of 1908, remaining in Constantinople despite the hostilities. For one month in 1911, he served as United States Ambassador to Costa Rica (having been appointed by President William H. Taft ) before his wife's ill health in the country's high altitude forced him to leave the post. In the winter 1912/13, he published anonymously the article "The Anglo-German Rivalry and

585-617: The Armenians. Einstein served as the United States Diplomatic Representative ( Chargé d'Affaires ), with responsibility for looking after British interests, in Sofia , Bulgaria from October 1915 to June 1916. He provided asylum in his hotel rooms and prevented the arrest of the British vice consul. He also succeeded in "a game of hide and seek" with the authorities to get considerable improvement in

624-511: The Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce , with whom he was in correspondence since 1899. Croce had Spingarn's masterwork translated in Italian ( La critica letteraria nel Rinascimento. Saggio sulle origini dello spirito classico nella letteratura moderna , trad. di Antonio Fusco, pref. di B. Croce, Laterza, Bari 1905). Their correspondence was published in Naples in 2001 ( Carteggio Croce-Spingarn ,

663-537: The Seventeenth-Century in 3 volumes. He summarized his philosophy in The New Criticism: A Lecture Delivered at Columbia University, March 9, 1910 . There he argued against the constraints of such traditional categories as genre, theme, and historical setting in favor of viewing each work of art afresh and on its own terms. Spingarn's criticism and aesthetical thought was deeply influenced by

702-673: The Troutbeck Inn and Conference Center in Amenia, New York . They had two sons, including Stephen J. Spingarn , and two daughters. He died after a long illness on July 26, 1939. His will included a bequest to fund the Spingarn Medal in perpetuity. Charg%C3%A9 d%27Affaires A chargé d'affaires ( French pronunciation: [ʃaʁʒe dafɛʁ] ), plural chargés d'affaires , often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes in colloquial English to charge-D ,

741-629: The United States" in the British magazine The National Review , in which he warned of a coming war between Germany and Britain, claiming that "unperceived by many Americans, the European balance of power is a political necessity which can alone sanction on the Western Hemisphere the continuance of an economic development unhandicapped by the burden of extensive armaments" and that "if ever decisive results are about to be registered of

780-445: The absence of the accredited head of that mission. It is usual to appoint a minister-counsellor , counsellor, or embassy secretary as chargé d'affaires ad interim , and that person is presented to the foreign minister of the receiving state. By definition, chargés d'affaires ad interim do not possess diplomatic credentials . Chargés d'affaires en pied ("e.p.") are appointed to be permanent heads of mission, in cases where

819-487: The events and stated that "the policy of murder then carried out was planned in the coldest blood" in the preface of his diary. Einstein blamed the cooperative pact between Germany and the Ottoman Empire as the supportive and responsible agents behind the massacres He also pointed out that the stockpiles of armaments that was used as a justification for the arrests was in fact a "myth". By August 4, Einstein wrote in

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858-521: The importance of the study of comparative literature as a discipline distinct from the study of English or any other language-based literary studies. Politics was one of his lifetime passions. In 1908, as a Republican he ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives . In 1912 and 1916, he was a delegate to the national convention of the Progressive Party . At the first of those conventions, he failed in his attempts to add

897-603: The months of April to September, covering the Entente 's campaign to conquer the capital city of the Ottoman Empire starting with a landing on the northern shore of the Dardanelles , which went in the history as the defeat of the Gallipoli Campaign ( Gelibolu in modern Turkish). Einstein also paid special attention to the massacres of Armenians and wrote about it extensively throughout the diary. He described

936-573: The receiving country may decline to receive an ambassador, but still maintain diplomatic relations by accepting a chargé . For example, the Republic of Cyprus appoints a number of chargés d'affaires en pied to its embassies abroad. In modern use, chargés d'affaires essentially differ from ambassadors in that, like all diplomats, chargés represent their nation, but unlike an ambassador, they are not personal representatives of their head of state. Apart from rank and precedence , chargés enjoy

975-469: The same privileges and immunities as other diplomatic agents. However, there have been rare historical circumstances in which the title chargé d'affaires was in fact employed in a more significant colonial role, as commonly held by a resident . Thus, in Annam - Tonkin (most of present Vietnam ), the first French chargé d'affaires at Huế , the local ruler's capital, since 1875, one of them (three terms)

1014-516: The treatment and the condition of British prisoners of war . On October 8, 1921, Warren Harding appointed Einstein to replace Richard Crane as the United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Czechoslovakia . He was recommended by Senators Wadsworth and William M. Calder . He presented his credentials on December 20, 1921, and held the position until he left his post on February 1, 1930. He

1053-423: The two countries lack ambassadorial-level relations. They are appointed by letters of credence from the foreign minister of the sending state to the foreign minister of the receiving state. Chargés d'affaires en pied have precedence over chargés d'affaires ad interim , but are outranked by ambassadors. They are sometimes referred to as chargés d'affaires ad hoc or en titre . In certain cases,

1092-648: The volume The Holmes-Einstein Letters ;: Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Lewis Einstein 1903–1935 , edited by James Bishop Peabody . Lewis Einstein was general editor of the Humanists' Library, published by Merrymount Press . Joel Elias Spingarn Spingarn was born in New York City to an upper middle-class Jewish family. His younger brother was Arthur B. Spingarn . He graduated from Columbia College in 1895. He grew committed to

1131-734: The years following 1920 he amassed the world's largest collection of clematis —250 species—and published the results of his research on the early history of landscape gardening and horticulture in Dutchess County, New York . He served as a member of the Board of Managers for the New York Botanical Garden . He lived with his wife, Amy Einstein Spingarn, in Manhattan and at their country estate which later became

1170-475: The younger Einstein's career; Ralli was twice a divorcee (including to Alexander Ralli), and divorced women could not be received in some European courts. From his wife's marriage to Ralli, she was the mother of Marguerite Christine Ralli, who later married William Hay, 11th Marquess of Tweeddale , becoming the Marchioness of Tweeddale. Einstein was disinherited by his father after marrying Ralli, except for

1209-470: Was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations . In 1904, he married Helen (née Carew) Ralli (1863–1949), a noted Anglo-Greek beauty who was fourteen years older than him. Helen was a daughter of Robert Russell Carew and her sister, Jessica Philippa Carew, was married to Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys . This marriage led to friction between Einstein and his father, who worried that Ralli would damage

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1248-561: Was appointed the first resident-general on 11 June 1884, as they stopped being tributary to the Chinese Empire, less than a year after the 25 August 1883 French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin (central and northern regions). In French, chargé d'affaires may be used outside diplomacy to designate an individual with some more or less temporary responsibility for a specific area of business, understood broadly. Chargé d'affaires generally follows French usage: chargé d'affaires

1287-571: Was commissioned in the U.S. Army and served as a major during World War I . In 1919 he was a co-founder of the publishing firm of Harcourt, Brace and Company . He also took up the other cause of his life, racial justice. An influential liberal Republican, he helped realize the concept of a unified black movement by joining the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) shortly after its founding and

1326-701: Was established and about 1,000 Negro officers commissioned." Spingarn also served as an intelligence officer on the Military Intelligence Board (MIB), and provided information to the government about the NAACP's membership, which had been accused of having Communist influences. W. E. B. Du Bois (who had been unsuccessfully recommended by Spingarn for the MIB ) dedicated his 1940 autobiography Dusk of Dawn to Spingarn's memory, calling him "scholar and knight." Always interested in gardening , in

1365-473: Was one of the first Jewish leaders of that organization, serving as chairman of its board from 1913 to 1919, its treasurer from 1919 to 1930, its second president from 1930 until his death in 1939. In 1914 he established the Spingarn Medal , awarded annually by the NAACP for outstanding achievement by an African American . During World War I, according to an NAACP publication, he was instrumental in seeing that "a training camp for Negro officers at Des Moines

1404-674: Was the widow of Jay Bucknell Lippincott and daughter of Brig. Gen. Luther Rector Hare , known for participating in the Battle of the Little Big Horn . Einstein died at his home in Paris, France, on December 2, 1967, and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Einstein received the following honors and awards: Einstein wrote the following books: Einstein also engaged in a longtime correspondence with Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , and in 1964 their collected letters were published in

1443-439: Was to see that he was "taken care of", a means she accomplished by granting him an annual allowance of $ 20,000. Earlier, Lewis had received nothing from the estate of his mother Caroline Einstein, who instead divided her property among Einstein's sisters and various friends among European nobility. After the death of his first wife on June 25, 1949, he remarried to Camilla Elizabeth (née Hare) Lippincott (1879–1976) in 1950. Camilla

1482-627: Was uncle, Henry L. Einstein, the proprietor of The New York Press , and Judah P. Benjamin , a U.S. Senator from Louisiana who served as the Confederate States Attorney General , Secretary of War , and Secretary of State . Einstein graduated from Columbia University in 1898, and earned a master's degree in 1899. Einstein's diplomatic career began in 1903, when he was appointed as Third Secretary of Legation at Constantinople. Einstein advanced from Second Secretary to First Secretary and then Charge d'Affairs during

1521-464: Was unwilling to exchange ambassadors until the United Kingdom withdrew its consulate from Taipei . Sino-British relations were not upgraded to the ambassadorial level until 1972. Since a chargé d'affaires presents his or her credentials to the foreign minister rather than the head of state, the appointment of a chargé may avoid a politically sensitive meeting that would imply approval or recognition of that head of state or government. Similarly,

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