138-567: The Leyland-MCW Olympic was an underfloor-engined single-deck bus manufactured for at least eighteen countries from 1949 to 1971. 3,564 Olympics were built at four factories (three in the UK, one in South Africa) from 1949 to 1971, with 1,299 Olympics (36%) built as right hand drive and 2,265 (64%) as left hand drive. It was a very durable heavy-duty bus which ran in arduous conditions for longer periods than ever envisaged by its designers. In 1948,
276-419: A bipack colour filming process – dubbed "Technichrome" – whereby hundreds of hours of film documented the events in colour, without having to use expensive and heavy Technicolor cameras. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( Manx : Mannin [ˈmanɪnʲ] , also Ellan Vannin [ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ] ) or Mann ( / m æ n / man ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency in
414-405: A British coach firm but the destinations of most of the remaining 17 are unknown. 72% of this the most successful variant went to Cuba, 18% to Argentina and 7% to Uruguay. EL3 Production ran between 1966 and 1970; production of 497 went to two customers 60% to Istanbul and 40% to Cuba. The later Cuban examples were type EL3A with rationalised gearbox. When obituary writers looked for examples of
552-470: A U.S. team represented by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at the Empire Stadium. Only one modern pentathlon event was contested, the five component sports– riding, fencing, shooting, swimming, and running- being held over six days. Scoring was by point-for-place system across the five phases with the winner being the athlete with the lowest combined ranking. The sport's international federation,
690-509: A batch of 18 from an order of 200 were being unloaded at Havana docks when a French ammunition ship MV La Coubre in a nearby berth exploded. All 18 were damaged, but nine were repairable in Cuba, the rest being shipped back to MCW for repairs. Leyland lent one of these buses to Edinburgh who were anxious to try 11m single deck buses, following Glasgow 's lead with their BUT/Burlingham trolleybuses two years earlier. This led Edinburgh to become
828-632: A candidate for 1948. Great Britain almost handed the 1948 games to the United States due to post-war financial and rationing problems, but King George VI said that this could be the chance to restore Britain from World War II . The official report of the London Olympics shows that there was no case of London being pressed to run the Games against its will. It says: In June 1946 the IOC, through
966-520: A further 10% whilst Benoni were the other local authority customer taking four. In the Leyland Bus book Doug Jack makes mention of a model built only by Bus Builders, this variant was known as the SA2. Eighty of these were built for South African Railways (SAR) in the 1960s. SAR, operating buses in difficult terrain and often at altitude, required very high power outputs for the time and wanted more than
1104-582: A gold medal in Helsinki , won bronze in the team jumping event. Seven events were contested, six for men and one for women. Ilona Elek , who had won the women's foil competition in Berlin , was one of only two competitors to successfully defend an Olympic title in London. Elek's sister, Margit, placed sixth in the same event. Edoardo Mangiarotti won three medals, two silver and a bronze, having previously won
1242-641: A gold medal in the 1936 Games. Throughout his career the Italian won 13 Olympic fencing medals and 27 world championship medals, both of which remain records. Thirteen nations participated in the field hockey competition. The tournament was ultimately won by India, who defeated Great Britain to claim the country's first gold medal as an independent nation under captain Kishan Lal and Vice-Captain Kunwar Digvijay Singh . Eighteen teams entered
1380-482: A lack of strategic value of Man during the era of Britannia. No Roman lighthouses or signal towers have yet been found on Man. Around the 5th century AD, large-scale migration from Ireland precipitated a process of Gaelicisation , evidenced by Ogham inscriptions, and the Manx language developed. It is a Goidelic language closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic . In the 7th century, Man came under control of
1518-410: A medal sport, appearing as an indoor competition for the first time after poor weather disrupted the matches at the 1936 Berlin Games . The event, for men only, was contested by 23 nations split into four pools for the preliminary round; the top two in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals with the other teams entering playoffs for the minor placings. The United States and France reached the final which
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#17327836420721656-515: A member of the Hungary's world champion pistol shooting team in 1938 when a grenade shattered his right hand – his pistol hand. Takács taught himself to shoot with his left hand and, 10 years after his injury, he won an Olympic gold medal in the rapid-fire pistol event. Eleven events were contested, six for men and five for women. The United States won eight gold medals, including all six men's events, and 15 medals in total. Eighteen nations fielded
1794-649: A name of Greek origin. So, the 300 B36D vehicles sold to the Istanbul municipal bus fleet in 1968/9 were named Leyland-MCW Levend , a word meaning a crack soldier. UK sales (and Leyland retained vehicles) account for 101 Olympics (3%), including one non-psv. The rest of the world figure of 127 (4%) breaks down into: Iran 32, not known (includes at least 1 non-psv) 18; Canada 17; Rhodesia 15; shipwreck 14; Belgium 12; Australia 9; Spain 4; Dominican Republic 3, and one each to Costa Rica, Israel, New Zealand, Poland and Trinidad. The Leyland-MCW Olympian , built from 1953 to 1957,
1932-778: A number of other Canadian operators (Burley Bus Lines and Chambly Transport). It was exhibited by the British Pavilion at Montreal Expo 67 but was not continued with although its driveline layout inspired the MCW Metrobus . 1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially the Games of the XIV Olympiad and officially branded as London 1948 , were an international multi-sport event held from 29 July to 14 August 1948 in London , United Kingdom. Following
2070-468: A postal vote, gave the summer Games to London and the winter competition to St Moritz . London was selected ahead of Baltimore , Minneapolis , Lausanne , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . London, which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics , became the second city to host the Olympics twice; Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924. London later became the first city to host the Olympics for
2208-526: A seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune . The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell , where it is around 1,900 millimetres (75 in)
2346-670: A storm in the Bay of Biscay , the Magdeburg had to be cast adrift and sank for a second and final time. The remaining 28 Olympics were all sold, some (doubtless) for spares and scrap, some for non-psv uses; one was converted by Tiverton Coachbuilders to transport racing cars for the Tyrell team, (Most other racing car-teams of the time used Worldmasters or Leopards, although Gulf used an AEC Regal VI and Lotus an AEC Swift .) other salvaged Olympics became furniture vans, Jack states 'at least one'
2484-521: A stronger bus than any built before. It would be a standard bus for all world markets. The components in the Olympic under-frame, to be built at Leyland Motors' Farington works, were mainly as in the Tiger PS2 and Titan PD2, except that the radiator was a fabricated unit designed to fit behind the front axle and below the passenger floor, the rear axle was a new spiral-bevel unit. The variants of
2622-466: A team in these games, which were ultimately won by Italy, who were undefeated throughout. The tournament was conducted in a mult-tier bracket, with the best four teams from the group stages participating in a final round-robin bracket. Silver was claimed by Hungary, and bronze by the Netherlands. Six events were contested, all for men only. These games marked the addition of the bantamweight class to
2760-782: A third time when the city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics . Lord Burghley , a gold medal winner at the 1928 Olympics , member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and president of the Amateur Athletics Association was named Chairman of the Organising and Executive Committees. The other members of the committees were: Colonel Evan Hunter, General Secretary of the British Olympic Association , and Chief de mission for Great Britain; Lord Aberdare ,
2898-406: A total of 102 goals were scored; an average 5.66 goals per match. The joint top scorers with seven goals each were Gunnar Nordahl of Sweden and Denmark's John Hansen . Nordahl and Swedish teammates Gunnar Gren and Nils Liedholm went on to play for A.C. Milan and together were nicknamed Gre-No-Li . This was the first international football tournament ever to be broadcast on television, with
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#17327836420723036-469: A twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II , these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo and then for Helsinki , while the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London. This was the second time London hosted the Olympic Games, having previously hosted them in 1908 , making it
3174-485: A vertical Leyland O.680 transversely mounted under the rear bench seat. Transmission was by a 90° gear train into a Spicer 'Torquematic' torque converter then into a modified Worldmaster style rear axle. It had a very comprehensive heating and ventilation system and an insulated body. Unlike other Olympics it had all-round air suspension. It demonstrated with the Toronto Transit Commission as #507 and
3312-486: A welcome further development of the island's international relationships." Most Manx politicians stand for election as independents rather than as representatives of political parties. Although political parties do exist, their influence is not as strong as in the United Kingdom. There are three political parties in the Isle of Man: There are also a number of pressure groups on the island. Mec Vannin advocate
3450-641: A year. At lower levels it can be around 800 millimetres (31 in) a year. In drier spots, the Isle of Man is sunnier than either Ireland or the majority of England at 1,651 hours per year at the official Ronaldsway station. The highest recorded temperature was 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in Ronaldsway on 12 July 1983. Due to the moderate surface temperatures of the Irish Sea, the island does not receive bursts of heat that sometimes can hit Northern England. The stable water temperature also means that air frost
3588-520: Is a long history of relations and cultural exchange between the Isle of Man and Ireland . The Isle of Man's historic Manx language and its modern revived variant are closely related to both Scottish Gaelic and the Irish language and, in 1947, Éamon de Valera , the Taoiseach of Ireland, spearheaded efforts to save the dying Manx language. The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom; however,
3726-508: Is an island located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea , almost equidistant from England to the east, Northern Ireland to the west and Scotland (closest) to the north, while Wales to the south is almost the distance of the Republic of Ireland to the southwest. It is 52 kilometres (32 mi) long and, at its widest point, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide. It has an area of around 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi). Besides
3864-665: Is claimed to have been in continuous existence since 979 or earlier, purportedly making it the oldest continuously governing body in the world, though evidence supports a much later date. Tynwald is a bicameral or tricameral legislature, comprising the House of Keys (directly elected by universal suffrage with a voting age of 16 years) and the Legislative Council (consisting of indirectly elected and ex-officio members ). These two bodies also meet together in joint session as Tynwald Court. The executive branch of government
4002-563: Is deliberate as 8 'home' Olympics were purchased by the Isle of Man Road Services, and like the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man is not part of the UK. Four Leyland-owned prototypes/demonstrators were constructed at Metro-Cammell's Elmdon Birmingham works in 1948-9 and registered in 1950–1 with Birmingham Marks KOC233-4, 241–2, these formed 4% of the total production for use in the British Isles. The other 96% were built by Weymann who
4140-648: Is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön . The name is probably cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey , Ynys Môn , usually derived from a Celtic word for 'mountain' (reflected in Welsh mynydd , Breton menez and Scottish Gaelic monadh ), from a Proto-Celtic *moniyos . The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology (corresponding to Welsh Manawydan fab Llŷr ). In
4278-522: Is rare, averaging just ten occasions per year. On 10 May 2019 Chief Minister Howard Quayle stated that the Isle of Man Government recognises that a state of emergency exists due to the threat of anthropogenic climate change . The United Kingdom is responsible for the island's defence and ultimately for good governance , and for representing the island in international forums, while the island's own parliament and government have competence over all domestic matters. The island's parliament, Tynwald ,
Leyland-MCW Olympic - Misplaced Pages Continue
4416-543: Is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre . The island has one mountain higher than 600 metres (2,000 ft), Snaefell , with a height of 620 metres (2,034 ft). According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Man, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales and Heaven . Some versions add
4554-669: Is the Council of Ministers , which is composed of Members of Tynwald (usually Members of the House of Keys, though Members of the Legislative Council may also be appointed as Ministers). It is headed by the Chief Minister . Vice-regal functions of the head of state are performed by a lieutenant governor . In various laws of the United Kingdom, "the United Kingdom" is defined to exclude the Isle of Man. Historically,
4692-577: Is unrecorded in the sales lists. 521964 is ascribed to Cape Town but unregistered and without fleet number, maybe it was a set of spare components (Australian municipals did the same). A perhaps pivotal early sale though was of 'chassis' 504812 which went to PUTCO, Johannesburg, part of United Transport, the Red & White Group's colonial arm: Salisbury United were another member of the United Transport group, United Transport later gradually passed into
4830-580: The Anglo-Saxon King Edwin of Northumbria , who then launched raids from Man into Ireland . How much influence the Northumbrians exerted on Man is unknown, but very few place names on Man are of Old English origin. Vikings arrived at the end of the 8th century. They established Tynwald and introduced many land divisions that still exist. In 1266 King Magnus VI of Norway ceded the islands to Alexander III, King of Scots , in
4968-535: The Commonwealth Games . The Government of the Isle of Man has made calls for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth, including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said: "A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be
5106-700: The French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars . The 1st Battalion (of 3 companies) was raised in 1793. A 2nd Battalion (of 10 companies) was raised in 1795, and it saw action during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . The regiment was disbanded in 1802. A third body of Manx Fencibles was raised in 1803 to defend the island during the Napoleonic Wars and to assist the Revenue. It was disbanded in 1811. The Isle of Man Home Guard
5244-644: The International Olympic Committee but appeared on the 1948 Official Report as springboard diving and highboard diving , respectively. All four gold medals, and 10 out of 12 awarded in total, were won by the United States. Victoria Manalo Draves , who won both gold medals in the women's events, and Sammy Lee , who took a gold and a bronze in the men's events, became the first Asian Americans to win gold medals at an Olympic Games. Six gold medals were awarded in equestrian, individual and team dressage , individual and team eventing and individual and team show jumping . Harry Llewellyn and Foxhunter , who would claim
5382-511: The Irish Sea , between Great Britain and Ireland . It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Manx people , a Celtic ethnic group. As head of state , Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor . The government of the United Kingdom is responsible for the Isle of Man's military defence and represents it abroad, but
5520-688: The Legislative Council was appointed by the Crown. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. During both World Wars, the island was used for the internment of people originating from enemy countries. In recent times, the economy of the island has benefited from regulatory arbitrage in various contexts, such as low taxes. These have attracted wealthy individuals and, together with relatively low government interference, industries such as offshore financial services and more recently gambling. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings . The Isle of Man
5658-706: The Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man , who is formally responsible for issuing Isle of Man–issued British passports, titled " British passport – Isle of Man " . The powers conferred on the UK Secretary of State by the British Nationality Act 1981 extend to and are exercised in the Isle of Man by the Lieutenant Governor. Isle of Man-issued British passports can presently be issued to any British citizen resident in
Leyland-MCW Olympic - Misplaced Pages Continue
5796-469: The Royal Family , at 2.45 pm. Fifteen minutes later the competitors entered the stadium in a procession that took 50 minutes. The last team was that of the United Kingdom. When it had passed the saluting base, Lord Burghley began his welcome: After welcoming the athletes to two weeks of "keen but friendly rivalry", he said London represented a "warm flame of hope for a better understanding in
5934-662: The Treaty of Perth . But Scottish rule over Man did not become firmly established until 1275, when the Manx were defeated in the Battle of Ronaldsway , near Castletown . In 1290 King Edward I of England sent Walter de Huntercombe to take possession of Man. It remained in English hands until 1313, when Robert the Bruce took it after besieging Castle Rushen for five weeks. In 1314, it
6072-494: The Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne was founded during the Games, on 3 August 1948. Sweden won two medals in the event; William Grut won the gold, with a final points total of 16, and Gösta Gärdin took bronze. American George Moore won the silver medal. Seven rowing events were contested, all open to men only. Great Britain and the United States each claimed two gold medals. The events were held on
6210-730: The University College Isle of Man function under the department. Two-thirds of residents of Man are overweight or obese, four in ten are physically inactive, one-quarter are binge drinkers, one in twelve smoke cigarettes and about 15% are in poor general health. Healthcare is provided via a public health scheme by the Department of Health and Social Care for residents and visitors from the UK. The Crime Severity Rate in Man, which largely measures crimes directed against persons or property, remains substantially less than that in
6348-612: The University of Cambridge with impressive Olympian good looks. Mark ran a lap of the track – created with cinders from the domestic coal fires of Leicester – and climbed the steps to the Olympic cauldron. After saluting the crowd, he turned and lit the flame. After more speeches, Donald Finlay of the British team (given his RAF rank of Wing Commander ) took the Olympic Oath on behalf of all competitors. The National Anthem
6486-478: The decathlon , Bob Mathias of the United States became the youngest male ever to win an Olympic track and field gold medal at the age of seventeen. The most individual medals were won by Veikko Huhtanen of Finland, who took three golds, a silver and a bronze in men's gymnastics. The United States won the most gold and overall medals, having 300 athletes compared to the United Kingdom's 404. France fielded
6624-558: The genitive case as Vannin ( IPA: [vanɪnʲ] ), with initial consonant mutation , hence Ellan Vannin , "Island of Mann". The short form used in English is spelled either Mann or Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana . The Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano . Old Welsh records named it as Manaw , also reflected in Manaw Gododdin ,
6762-528: The "Austerity Games" due to the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II. No new venues were built for the games (with events taking place mainly at Wembley Stadium , also known as Empire Stadium, and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ), and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Games and
6900-520: The 200 bhp available from the Leyland O.680H, presumably the 15.2 litre Leyland-Albion O.900H was not suitable for the application, or had ceased production, as the SA2 Olympic featured a 220 bhp Cummins engine coupled to Twin-Disc torque-converter transmission. Some of these were 6x4 versions with non-reactive rear suspension as on Leyland-group goods models of the time. From 1949 to 1970
7038-457: The 9th century, Norsemen established the thalassocratic Kingdom of the Isles , which included the Isle of Man. Magnus III , King of Norway from 1093 to 1103, reigned as King of Man and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, King Magnus VI of Norway sold his suzerainty over Mann to King Alexander III of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth . After a period of alternating rule by
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#17327836420727176-469: The BBC's Television Newsreel programme do also still exist. The 1948 Summer Olympics featured 136 medal events, covering 23 disciplines in 17 different sports and in arts. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. These Games also included Lacrosse and Swedish (Ling) gymnastics as demonstration sports. Empire Stadium was the venue for 33 athletics events at
7314-759: The BLMC rationalised Pneumocyclic gearbox. Again the maximum seating capacity was 67. Apart from four sold to Salisbury United in Rhodesia, during 1961 all of the Port Elizabeth built ER2s were for South African consumption. The largest customer was PUTCO who had taken both of the two series one options, their 174 accounted for 36% of all Port Elizabeth-built ER2 sales, next largest was Pretoria Municipal who took 132 (28%), customers for 87 (18%) are not listed, South African Railways took 30 (6%), Large Cape Town independents Bay Transport (28) and Greyhound (20) accounted for
7452-595: The EL2 was Cuba which took 993 from 1960 to 1966, next largest was Buenos Aires with 242, then CUTCSA with 100, owners are unknown for two and three were sold to the government of the Dominican Republic. The first owner of the other 42 was Leyland Motors acting as insurer for the loss of the Magdeburg (see later), of those 42, 14 were lost at sea, 9 of the 28 salvaged went to an Australian operator Westbus , two to
7590-408: The Elmdon lines were building Olympics by the hundred. The majority of these were left hand drive, and at the beginning of the type's production life Metro-Cammell also had major commitments to London Transport for RTL and RF bodies, as well as their base load business with Birmingham and other corporation fleets and with the BET group. As a result, from 1950 to 1957 only 58 ER44 Olympics were built,
7728-425: The European sections of Smith's coach tours, only returning to Wigan in the off-season. The Olympic was sold to two South American countries, Argentina and Uruguay . Sales to Argentina amounted to 313. Of these all but 34 went to the Buenos Aires Municipality, most to a triple-entrance 44-seat design. The Olympic was popular in Montevideo, with 240 entering service in the 1950s and 1960s. 50 of these were new to
7866-422: The Games was watched by at least one viewer in the Channel Islands . The BBC's official report on the coverage estimated that an average of half a million viewers watched each of their Olympic broadcasts. The BBC paid £ 1,000 for the broadcasting rights. Of the live television coverage, only a small section of the opening ceremony broadcast still exists in the archives. However, various filmed reports shot for
8004-515: The Games; 24 for men and nine for women. Of these, four were making their Olympic debut – the men's 10 km walk, and the women's 200 metres, long jump and shot put. A total of 754 athletes from 53 countries participated in athletics. Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands, a 30-year-old mother of two children nicknamed "The Flying Housewife", won four gold medals, in the 100 metres, 200 metres, 80 metre high hurdles, and 4 x 100 metre relay. As world record holder in
8142-483: The Isle of Man Parliament , Tynwald , became the first national legislative body in the world to give women the right to vote in a general election, although this excluded married women. The Manx economy is bolstered by its status as a tax haven and offshore banking destination. Insurance and online gambling each generate 17% of the GNP , followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. This status has, however, also brought
8280-424: The Isle of Man and to British citizens who have a qualifying close personal connection to the Isle of Man but are now resident either in the UK or in either one of the two other Crown Dependencies. The Isle of Man was never part of either the EEC or the European Union (EU), nor did it have a special status , and thus it did not take part in the 2016 (Brexit) referendum on the UK's EU membership. However, it
8418-432: The Isle of Man still has a separate international identity. Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, when Irish missionaries following the teaching of St. Patrick began settling the island, and the Manx language , a branch of the Goidelic languages , emerged. In 627, King Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia . In
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#17327836420728556-460: The Kings of Scotland and England , the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested in the British Crown in 1765, but the island did not become part of the 18th-century Kingdom of Great Britain , nor of its successors, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . It has always retained its internal self-government. In 1881,
8694-428: The Leyland-MCW Olympic and was built over three series from 1949. A body frame comprising welded steel tube longitudinals, uprights and diagonals to the waistrail: with heavy duty stress-panels and aluminium upper frame sections riveted thereupon was constructed to a joint design by either Weymann or Metro-Cammell in England or by the MCW group's South African subsidiary Bus Bodies (South Africa) in Port Elizabeth ; this
8832-625: The Montevideo local authority, most of which passed to major independent and the other customer CUTCSA on privatisation. Some of the 240 were still in use as late as 2001 including a 1951 EL40 in use as a driver trainer; Additionally during 1962 and 1963, 70 units of the LERTW2 44 model were acquired by CUTCSA and 250 three door units of the same model were also acquired by AMDET for a total fleet renewal, AMDET units during its dissolution in 1975 were sold to recently formed Cooperatives COTSUR (103 units), RAINCOOP (70 units) and COPTROL (10 units) while another 53 units were given to pre-existen cooperative UCOT,
8970-507: The Olympic Flag at the Richmond Park camp at an opening ceremony in July as Minister of Works , Charles Key , declared the camp open. These were the first games to be held following the death of Pierre de Coubertin , founder of the International Olympic Committee , in 1937. They were also the last to include an arts competition , which took place at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Nicknamed "relay of peace" due to crossing through several countries in Europe to represent their union after
9108-413: The Olympic programme, the first change to the programme since 1920. The United States won four gold medals, and eight overall; the remaining two gold medals were claimed by Egypt. Rodney Wilkes won the first medal for Trinidad and Tobago in an Olympic games, winning silver and Mohammad Jafar Salmasi won the first medal for Iran in an Olympic games, winning bronze in the featherweight division; gold medal
9246-425: The Olympic were as follows: Factories producing the superstructure were planned as follows: Options for the HR, following a relaxation of UK dimensional rules in 1950 included greater, nominal 30 ft (9.2m), length, with the same wheelbase, with which models were coded HR44 (for 44 seats) and optional widths, the new UK maximum being 8 ft thus later HR series Olympics had designations such as HR44/90/S if to
9384-402: The Red & White Group sold its bus interests to the British Transport Commission but delivered afterwards so that the state-sector bought 3% of 'home' Olympics. The eight sold to the Isle of Man account for 8%. Municipal buyers were: The remaining ten buses went to independents: Already the Leyland-MCW idea of a totally standard bus had been stymied by the width and length changes, and
9522-449: The River Thames at Henley, over the same course as the Henley Royal Regatta . The sailing events at the Games took place in Torquay , in the southwest of Great Britain. Five events were contested, with the United States winning four total medals. One of host nation Great Britain's three gold medals at the Games came in the Swallow class from Stewart Morris and David Bond . In the Firefly class Danish sailor Paul Elvstrøm won gold
9660-505: The Royal Tiger Worldmaster (RT series) in 1954 as the replacement for the Royal Tiger and from about 18 months later the units from it became standard in EL and ER Olympics, around 1956 the series 2 Olympic was announced, this used Worldmaster units, in particular the O.680H diesel engine and the Pneumocylic gearbox and the body styling was revised. Designations were now EL2 or ER2 (home market sales were dropped in 1953). Lengths and wheelbases were quoted as follows: A radio celebrity at
9798-411: The Second World War, the torch relay for these games took place from 17 to 29 July 1948, with a distance of 3,160 kilometres (1,960 mi) and 1,416 torchbearers. The torch was designed by Ralph Lavers. There were three types of torches: the standard one made of aluminum and powered by solid fuel , a special one powered by butane gas (used aboard HMS Whitesand Bay ) and a third one used in
9936-640: The South African buses sat 44 and nine sat 45. An illustration in The Leyland Bus shows a South African HR44 differed from the Weymann built version in having full-depth sliding windows and having the emergency exit relocated from the rear face of the bus to the offside, thus having two, rather than three rear windows. Of the Rhodesian examples the seven for Salisbury United were 45 seaters and
10074-459: The UK has taken care of its external and defence affairs and retains paramount power to legislate for the Island. However, in 2007, the Isle of Man and the UK signed an agreement that established frameworks for the development of the international identity of the Isle of Man. There is no separate Manx citizenship. Citizenship is covered by UK law, and Manx people are classed as British citizens. There
10212-680: The UK is responsible for its defence and external affairs. There are no independent military forces on the Isle of Man, although HMS Ramsey was affiliated with the town of the same name . From 1938 to 1955, there existed the Manx Regiment of the British Territorial Army (TA), which saw extensive action during the Second World War . During the English Civil War , the 7th Earl of Derby , who
10350-628: The Wembley stadium, made of stainless steel and powered by a magnesium candle. The journey began with the lighting of the flame in Olympia . Due to the civil war in Greek soil , the Greek part of the relay went directly to Corfu , where HMS Whitesand Bay picked the flame to transport it to Bari . From there, the flame crossed Italy, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg and Belgium. After a boat trip from Calais to Dover (aboard of HMS Bicester ),
10488-657: The beginning of farming, and the people began to build megalithic monuments , such as Cashtal yn Ard in Maughold parish , King Orry's Grave in Laxey , Mull Hill near Cregneash and Ballaharra Stones at St John's . There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures . During the Bronze Age , the size of burial mounds decreased. The people put bodies into stone-lined graves with ornamental containers. The Bronze Age burial mounds survived as long-lasting markers around
10626-491: The contemporary work of Tilling-Stevens and a slightly later prototype from AEC , such designs were put into abeyance to further the war effort. Initially, the O.600H engine was sold to Scandanvian bus makers, Scania-Vabis of Sweden and Strømmen of Norway but, in exhibiting it at the 1948 Commercial Motor show at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre , Leyland made clear it would soon be available on
10764-458: The corporation fleets (whose General Managers and Transport Committee Chairmen were always trying to establish individuality for the sake of civic pride) further muddied the waters, Birmingham's five HR40s sat 36, Edinburgh's sole HR44 had only thirty two seats and an open rear-platform entrance as on contemporary double deckers (and most of the rest of Edinburgh's small single deck fleet). The Stockton bus had front and rear doors and 42 seats. Some of
10902-523: The countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia . During the four centuries when Rome ruled the Province of Britannia , the Roman military controlled the Irish Sea, providing safe passage of agricultural goods from the productive farms of Anglesey to Roman settlements at the English – Scottish frontier. Only a few Roman artefacts have been found on Man, suggesting
11040-509: The despite the Danish Olympic Committee having misgivings about sending him to compete as the 18-year-old could speak no English. This was the first of four consecutive Olympics with a gold medal for Elvstrøm. Four events were contested, all open to both men and women, although all medals were won by men. In the 50 metre rifle, prone position, only two points separated the top three competitors. Károly Takács had been
11178-403: The earliest Irish mythological texts, Manannán is a king of the otherworld , but the 9th-century Sanas Cormaic identifies a euhemerised Manannán as "a famous merchant who resided in, and gave name to, the Isle of Man". (Though others suggest it was the Isle that lent its name to the merchant, refer exhibit in "House of Manannan", of Isle of Man Museum, Peel.) Later, a Manannán is recorded as
11316-612: The end of the implementation period, the Isle of Man's relationship with the EU would depend on the agreement reached between the UK and the EU on their future relationship. The Isle of Man is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . By virtue of its relationship with the United Kingdom, it takes part in several Commonwealth institutions, including the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and
11454-460: The establishment of a sovereign republic . The Positive Action Group campaign for three key elements to be introduced into the governance of the island: open accountable government, rigorous control of public finances and a fairer society. Local government on the Isle of Man is based partly on the island's 17 ancient parishes. There are four types of local authorities: Each of these districts has its own body of commissioners. The Isle of Man
11592-466: The first king of Man in a Manx poem (dated 1504). The island was cut off from the surrounding islands around 8000 BC as sea levels rose following the end of the last ice age. Humans colonised it by travelling by sea some time before 6500 BC . The first occupants were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. Examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum . The Neolithic Period marked
11730-499: The first post-war Olympic Games were held in London . At the same time, Leyland Motors were working on a horizontally orientated version of their recently announced O.600 9.8-litre diesel engine. Leyland were not new to this design concept, the pre-war 8.6-litre engine was used in horizontal orientation for the London Transport TF-class Tiger FEC single-deckers and the sole Leyland Panda but, like
11868-569: The first time that a women's canoeing event had been contested in the Olympics. Sweden won four gold medals (two by Gert Fredriksson ) and Czechoslovakia three. Six events were contested – two road bicycle racing events and four track cycling events. No women's cycling events were contested. France won three gold medals and Italy two, while Great Britain captured five medals overall, but none were gold. Four diving events were contested, two for men, and two for women. The events are labelled as 3 metre springboard and 10 metre platform by
12006-406: The first time. There were twenty of them—one for each Olympic sport and three separate pictograms for the arts competition, the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony. They were called "Olympic symbols" and intended for use on tickets. The background of each pictogram resembled an escutcheon . Olympic pictograms appeared again 16 years later, and were used at all subsequent Summer Olympics. At
12144-646: The flame traveled to several towns in Southeast England until the arrival at Wembley for the Opening ceremony. The cities and towns visited by the Olympic flame were as follows: The Games opened on 29 July. Army bands began playing at 2 pm for the 85,000 spectators in Empire Stadium at Wembley Park . The international and national organisers arrived at 2.35 pm and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , with Queen Mary and other members of
12282-488: The football competition at these Olympics. Due to the rise of the professional game during the 12 years since the Berlin Olympics the number of talented amateurs for teams to select from was reduced. The gold medal was won by Sweden, who defeated Yugoslavia 3–1 in the final. Denmark defeated hosts Great Britain, managed by Matt Busby of Manchester United , 5–3 to win the bronze medal. In the tournament's 18 matches
12420-437: The forthcoming Leyland Tiger Cub . Weymanns did however build all 60 Leyland-MCW Olympians and did finishing and inspection work on MCW-built Olympics until its closure in 1966. Bus Builders (South Africa) of Port Elizabeth, a subsidiary of MCW, assembled 31 Olympics to HR44 pattern in 1951–5. 11 were sold to two operators in Rhodesia, Of the remaining 20 domestic sales 12 went to municipals and eight to independents. Eleven of
12558-462: The four for Guelph had "torque-converter transmission of US origin". (GM Turbo-Hydramatic perhaps?) Total production of the EL44 was 82, less 2 which were dismantled for spares, 6 of the 80 were kept by Leyland. Maximum quoted seating was B44D. Deliveries stretched from April 1951 to May 1960, the only major customer was CUTCSA who took 63; that sole Uruguayan order accounted for 78% of output, next were
12696-516: The four for Thatcher Hobson of Broken Hill were 56 seaters, (presumably 3+2 and not intended for those with paler skins) these last four were delivered in 1955, but like the rest of the 20 later South African HR Olympics they had 52xxxx numbers, suggesting completion of running units at Farington during 1952, the first 11 of the South African HR44s had 50xxxx numbers. There was one apparent demonstrator, Leyland chassis 504432 whose destiny
12834-625: The government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1765, the Act of Revestment occurred, whereby the feudal rights of the Dukes of Atholl as Lords of Man were purchased and revested into the British Crown. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys , but
12972-449: The home market. In 1948, Leyland and the MCW sales organisation concluded a twenty-year agreement that they would exclusively collaborate on integral designs and favour one another with body-on-chassis business. Their idea was that an under-frame comprising durable Leyland engines and other mechanical units would be permanently attached to a similarly heavy-duty body structure. This idea became
13110-555: The independent and BET fleets also went for non-standard seating plans, two of Fishwick's and the Jennings bus sat 40 in coach seats whilst Yorkshire Woollen District's second five had 42 bus seats. Still it was nothing to what began to happen elsewhere in the Olympic's complicated production schedule. Weymann-bodied HR Olympic production ceased in 1951, the Royal Tiger was more to the home market's taste, as (even more so) would be
13248-437: The island of Man itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man , Chicken Rock (on which stands an unstaffed lighthouse), St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle . The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast,
13386-664: The launch customer a year later for the Leyland Leopard PSU3. In October 1964, the East German ship MV Magdeburg with 42 Olympics onboard bound for Cuba sank in the River Thames after colliding with the MV Yamashiro Maru . In the ensuing salvage operation 28 were removed and brought to land while the wreck was refloated and taken under tow to Greece , with 14 buses still in the hold. During
13524-460: The line for the bronze. The decathlon was won by 17-year-old Bob Mathias of the United States. He became the youngest ever Olympic gold medallist in athletics and when asked how he would celebrate he replied: "I'll start shaving, I guess." Categories: sports-related architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture. These Olympics were the last time art competitions were considered Olympic events. Basketball made its second appearance as
13662-413: The long jump and high jump Blankers-Koen may have been able to win further medals but, at this time, female athletes were limited to three individual events. Duncan White won the first medal of any kind for Sri Lanka (then Ceylon ) when he finished second in the 400 metre hurdles. Arthur Wint became the first Jamaican to win an Olympic gold medal, in the men's 400 metres; he also won silver in
13800-403: The men's 800 metres. Audrey Patterson became the first African-American woman to win a medal, winning bronze in a track and field event. A few days later Alice Coachman became the first woman of colour in the world and the first African-American woman to win a gold medal in track and field in the history of the modern Olympics with a jump of 1.68 m (5' 6 1 ⁄ 4 "). She also
13938-534: The middle of 1968 the rationalised gearbox was fitted, the last models being ER3A/44. JOS gave class codes to their buses in the 1950s, the 1953 batch of ER2s were class C as were the first ten 1955 buses, subsequent ER44s were class G which also applied to ER2/44s, this suggests a break point of mid-1955 for the adoption of Worldmaster units within Olympic production. Jamaica Omnibus Service purchased 496 Olympics sold and had 15% of overall production. All EL series Olympics were built at Metro-Cammell. The rarest variant
14076-535: The name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth . In the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia , and Ptolemy (2nd century) as Monœda ( Mοναοιδα , Monaoida ) or Mοναρινα ( Monarina ), in Koine Greek . Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia ( Orosius , 416), and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers. It
14214-568: The one built in 1950 was an unseated development vehicle for Leyland. The other 57, built between 1953 and 1957 were B44D examples for Jamaica Omnibus Service (JOS) of Kingston , they were the only customer for the ER2 to be served from the UK, buying 270 ER2/44 to B44D layout and 19 shorter ER2/34 (presumably to 18 ft wheelbase and 33 ft overall length) also with dual doors and seating 36 between 1958 and 1966, they also took 150 ER3 from 1966 to 1969, 5 were to shorter length ER3/41 spec and from
14352-574: The other British member of the IOC; Sir Noel Curtis-Bennett ; Alderman H.E. Fern; E.J. Holt; J. Emrys Lloyd, who became the committee's legal advisor; C.B. Cowley of the London Press and Advertising; R.B. Studdert, managing director of the Army & Navy Stores ; A.E. Porritt , a member of the IOC for New Zealand who resided in London; S.F. Rous , Secretary of The Football Association ; and Jack Beresford . Olympic pictograms were introduced for
14490-647: The ownership of BET . PUTCO became the second largest customer for ER series Olympics, taking 174. From 1951 to 1958, Bus Bodies (South Africa) built 81 ER44 Olympics; none were exported from South Africa. Minimum seating capacity was 45 and the maximum was 67. Municipal users were Bloemfontein (2), Cape Town (8), Durban (15), Port Elizabeth (2) and Pretoria (1). The BET-owned PUTCO bought 32 and independents took fourteen, there were also four examples without initial registrations, presumably demonstrators or dealer stock. From 1957 to 1971, 479 ER2s were produced at Port Elizabeth, post 1969 models were coded ER2A because they had
14628-458: The previous width or EL44/96/S if 8 ft wide. The HR44 can be distinguished from the HR40 by a slightly longer rear overhang and a flatter panel above the side windows allowing for sign-painted advertisements. Although in the published production records the width suffixes are not used and the relationship between the type number and seats fitted soon becomes very tenuous indeed. Leyland announced
14766-538: The problems of money laundering , financial crime and terrorism financing. The Isle of Man is also known for the TT Motorcycle Races, and the Manx cat , a breed with short or no tails. In 2016, UNESCO awarded the Isle of Man biosphere reserve status . The Manx name of the Isle of Man is Ellan Vannin : ellan ( Manx pronunciation: [ɛlʲan] ), a Manx word meaning "island"; Mannin ( IPA: [manɪnʲ] ) appears in
14904-701: The remainer was keep by AMDET's owners, the Montevideo Intendancy with some burnt down units in storage being to CUTCSA a few years latter while the still working units were keep by the Intendancy for internal transport until they were given to the cooperatives in replacement of totally lost units; The bulk of these units were retired in the 1990 decade following the creation of a leasing system for fleet renewals. Only 5 early Olympics were sold in Turkey and Leyland sales personnel discovered resistance to
15042-577: The rest were single vehicles for Iran and Israel and a Leyland test vehicle. Iran looked to be a promising market and the EL40 demonstrator was sold to the Teheran municipality but at about the same time they also commissioned a report from the London Transport consultancy department, after that report they standardised on AEC chassis and Park Royal bodies. Some of the examples for Canada, including
15180-437: The salesmanship of Lord Stokes upon his death in 2008, it was his sale of 1,192 Olympics to the government of Cuba that was most frequently mentioned. The Olympic was a standard type there until well into the 1990s and it is believed some are still running. 33% of all Olympic output went to Cuba, some as 44-seat dual door buses, the rest as 41-seat express coaches. Two of them are still running in factories carrying workers to
15318-595: The same circumstances and restrictions as any other non-EU European relating country to work in the EU. The political and diplomatic impacts of Brexit on the island are still uncertain. The UK confirmed that the Crown Dependencies' positions were included in the Brexit negotiations . The Brexit withdrawal agreement explicitly included the Isle of Man in its territorial scope, but makes no other mention of it. The island's government website stated that after
15456-517: The second city to host summer olympics twice (after Paris). The Olympics would return again to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to host the games thrice, and the only such city until Paris , who hosted their third games in 2024 , and Los Angeles , who will host theirs in 2028 . The 1948 Olympic Games were also the first of two summer Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The 1948 Olympics came to be known as
15594-405: The second largest team, with 316 athletes and finished third in the medal standings. The host nation ended up twelfth. In June 1939, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) awarded the 1944 Olympic Summer Games to London, ahead of Rome , Detroit , Budapest , Lausanne , Helsinki , Montreal and Athens . World War II stopped the plans and the Games were cancelled so London again stood as
15732-443: The six remaining in the UK, then Madrid Corporation's four (Madrid at the time also took Worldmasters and PD3 Titans with MCW bodies), two for Argentina, two for Cuba whilst one each went to Costa Rica, Turkey and Poland. EL2 production was 1382 built at Birmingham from 1960 to 1967. Three (the last built) for the Dominican Republic are quoted as B45D whilst the buses for Buenos Aires had three doors and 44 seats. The major customer for
15870-590: The subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki. A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes, 3,714 men, and 390 women in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes, sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics. Israel requested to participate (symbolically represented by Raya Bronstein and Frieda Berson-Lichtblau [ he ] ) but
16008-404: The sugarcane fields; although they are in very bad shape and have been repaired so many times, they are still doing service with original engine and transmission. There are still some parts cannibalized from the more than one thousand buses that arrived in Cuba from England between 1960 and 1970. Not all of the buses meant for Cuba made it however; there were two shipping incidents. Firstly in 1960
16146-774: The time of the Games, food, petrol and building were still subject to the rationing imposed during the war in Britain; because of this the 1948 Olympics came to be known as the " Austerity Games". Athletes were given the same increased rations as dockers and miners, 5,467 calories a day instead of the normal 2,600. Building an Olympic Village was deemed too expensive, and athletes were housed in existing accommodation. Male competitors stayed at RAF camps in Uxbridge and West Drayton , and an Army camp in Richmond Park ; female competitors in London colleges. Lord Burghley unfurled
16284-546: The time of the Olympic's launch was Professor CEM Joad, whose catchphrase on the BBC programme The Brains Trust was: "It all depends what you mean by…" In the case of the HR series Olympic it really did all depend what you meant by home as of the 92 'home' models built in the British Isles 2 were exported (one each to Trinidad and New Zealand) and a further 31 'home' models were built by the South African subsidiary and they exported 11 of them to Rhodesia. The use of British Isles here
16422-745: The total medals given. London was the first Olympics to have a political defection. Marie Provazníková , the 57-year-old Czechoslovak President of the International Gymnastics Federation , refused to return home, citing "lack of freedom" after the Czechoslovak coup in February led to the country's inclusion in the Soviet Bloc . For the 1948 Olympics, the Technicolor Corporation devised
16560-488: The two semi-finals, the bronze medal match and the final all being shown live in full by the BBC. Nine events were contested, eight for men, and one for women. In the men's pommel horse, a tie was declared between three competitors, all Finns, and no medals other than gold were awarded in this event. Finland won six gold medals overall, and Switzerland three. Lacrosse was an exhibition sport at these Olympics. An English team composed of players from various universities played
16698-682: The world which has burned so low." At 4 pm, the time shown on the clock tower on the London Games symbol, the King declared the Games open, 2,500 pigeons were set free and the Olympic Flag raised to its 35 ft (11 m) flagpole at the end of the stadium. The Royal Horse Artillery sounded a 21-gun salute to welcome the last runner in the Torch Relay: John Mark , a British track and field sprinter and student at
16836-656: Was also the Lord of Mann, conscripted 10 men from each parish (170 in total) to fight for the Royalist cause; the majority were killed at the Battle of Wigan Lane in 1651. In 1779, the Manx Fencible Corps , a fencible regiment of three companies, was raised; it was disbanded in 1783 at the end of the American War of Independence . Later, the Royal Manx Fencibles was raised at the time of
16974-553: Was based on the Olympic superstructure, suitably lightened, and carried units from the Leyland Tiger Cub . 60 were built, all but one were right hand drive, the other being sold to the Chinese government. This was designed for a Canadian Motor Show in 1965. It had a restyled front entry centre exit body to 40 ft by 8 ft 6in dimensions with a long (22 ft) wheelbase and was the only rear-engined Olympic, having
17112-582: Was denied as the International Olympic Committee did not yet recognize the country, while the Olympic mandate of Palestine expired. This in turn shifted the view of the Arab countries who had intended to boycott the event and now decided to take part. One of the star performers at the 1948 Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed the "Flying Housewife", the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics. In
17250-539: Was for the EL40 was B40F. The largest sales were to South America; Fifty went to Montevideo municipal AMDET, and 26 to Montevideo-based independent CUTCSA; The municipalities of Buenos Aires and Córdoba in Argentina took 35 and 31 respectively, the next largest batch was of 12 for a Belgian dealer. Share of production by territory was as follows: Uruguay 41% (77) Argentina 38% (69) Canada 9% (17) Belgium 7% (12), Four for an Istanbul independent accounted for two per cent and
17388-514: Was included within the EU's customs area , as part of Protocol 3 of the UK's Act of Accession to the Treaty of Rome , allowing Manx goods to be traded throughout the EU without tariffs. It was not part of the EU's internal market and there were still limitations on the movement of capital, services and labour. EU citizens were entitled to travel and reside, but not work, in the island without restriction. British citizens with Manxman status were under
17526-471: Was meant to supply all of the home market vehicles and none for export but nevertheless exported the two mentioned earlier and provided a fifth Leyland Demonstrator in RPA771. The four KOC registered buses all eventually ended up in service with the Welsh independent Llynfi Motor Services of Maesteg who furnished most of their fleet requirement by buying demonstrators cheaply from major bus manufacturers. RPA771
17664-489: Was permanently attached to a Leyland under-frame, not drivable unless bodied. To this under-frame, Leyland attached all running units comprising radiator, engine, axles, suspension, steering, gearbox, brakes, controls etc. Once under-frame and body were permanently married up, the frame would be clad in aircraft-grade aluminium and finished. The original idea was to offer a bus to one of three specifications: home market, right-hand drive export or left-hand drive export. It would be
17802-476: Was purchased by Sheffield Transport for the wholly council-owned A fleet. The lion's share of 'home' Olympic sales (58%) were to BET group companies. Including the New Zealand and Trinidad buses and the demonstrators the percentage shares were as follows (of 92 buses so rounding errors have occurred): Red & White Services had 2 and its subsidiary United Welsh Services had one, these were ordered before
17940-572: Was raised during the Second World War for home defence. In 2015 a multi-capability recruiting and training unit of the British Army Reserve was established in Douglas. There is no citizenship of the Isle of Man as such; Isle of Man residents are entitled to British citizenship and can obtain a full UK British passport or British Isle of Man passport. The Passport Office, Isle of Man, Douglas, accepts and processes applications for
18078-504: Was retaken for the English by John Bacach of Argyll. In 1317, it was retaken for the Scots by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray and Lord of the Isle of Man. It was held by the Scots until 1333. For some years thereafter control passed back and forth between the two kingdoms until the English took it for the final time in 1346. The English Crown delegated its rule of the island to a series of lords and magnates. Tynwald passed laws concerning
18216-414: Was sung and the massed athletes turned and marched out of the stadium, led by Greece, tailed by Britain. The 580-page official report concluded: The opening ceremony and over 60 hours of Games coverage was broadcast live on BBC television , which was then officially available only in the London area. However, the BBC's transmissions could be received much further away in the right conditions, and some of
18354-513: Was the EL36, production totalled 31. One was exported to Teheran in 1951 (together with an EL40) as a demonstrator and as Doug Jack relates this prompted the Shah of Iran 's Police Force to purchase thirty EL36s for police transport. These were built and delivered in 1953. Total production of the EL40 was 182 (discounting four dismantled for spares) over the years 1949–52. Highest quoted seating capacity
18492-598: Was the last place in the British Isles to legalise same-sex sexual activity. While it had been legal in England and Wales since 1967, it remained illegal in the Isle of Man until 1992. The Isle of Man's former Chief Minister Howard Quayle issued an "unqualified apology" to gay men convicted of same-sex offences under previous Manx laws. Public education is overseen by the Department of Education, Sport & Culture. Thirty-two primary schools, five secondary schools and
18630-450: Was the only American woman to win an athletics gold medal during the 1948 Olympics. The marathon saw a dramatic finish with the first man to enter the stadium, Etienne Gailly of Belgium, exhausted and nearly unable to run. While he was struggling, Argentinian athlete Delfo Cabrera and Tom Richards of Great Britain passed him, with Cabrera winning the gold medal and Richards obtaining the silver. Gailly managed to recover enough to cross
18768-478: Was used as such in Europe. Some that were deck cargo were salvaged and sold. Australian operator Westbus purchased nine, two were used for parts, one placed in service with its MCW body while six were rebodied by CVI . Two of the salvaged Cuban Olympics were purchased by Smith of Wigan who had underframes built into a pair of Van Hool coaches registered CEK587-8D which retained left hand drive and were used on
18906-410: Was won by Egyptian Mahmoud Fayad , with a new Olympic and World record of 332.5 kg. Sixteen wrestling events were held, eight Greco-Roman and eight freestyle. All were open to men only. Both categories were dominated by two nations. Turkey was the most successful nation with six gold medals followed by Sweden receiving 5 gold medals. These two teams claimed 24 total medals, in other words half of
19044-573: Was won by the Americans 65–21 to claim the gold medal. This was the second of the United States' seven consecutive gold medals in Olympic men's and women's basketball. Brazil defeated Mexico 52–47 to claim bronze. Eight different classifications were contested ranging from flyweight , for boxers weighing less than 51 kg, to heavyweight , for boxers over 80 kg. South Africa, Argentina and Hungary each won two gold medals. Nine events were contested, eight for men and one for women. This marked
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