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59-994: Le Bon (French for "the Good ") may refer to: Fulk II, Count of Anjou (circa 905–960), nicknamed Foulques le Bon John II of France (1319–1364), nicknamed Jehan le Bon Philip the Good (1396–1467), Duke of Burgundy; in French Philippe le Bon Joseph Le Bon (1765–1795), French politician Philippe LeBon (1767–1804), French engineer Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931), French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist Simon Le Bon (1958–), singer with Duran Duran Yasmin Le Bon (1964–), British fashion model Cate Le Bon , Welsh singer Charlotte Le Bon (1986–), Canadian actress See also [ edit ] Lebon (disambiguation) Bon Topics referred to by

118-432: A (prescribed) way, mode, or manner. Metonymously , sect refers to a discipline or school of thought as defined by a set of methods and doctrines. The various modern usages of the term stem largely from confusion with the homonymous (but etymologically unrelated) Latin word secta (the feminine form of the past participle of the verb secare , to cut). Sociologists have developed various definitions and descriptions for

177-406: A distinction "right and wrong, good and bad" are cultural universals . The philosopher Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian gods into two opposing forces: Ahura Mazda ( Illuminating Wisdom ) and Angra Mainyu ( Destructive Spirit ) which were in conflict. This idea developed into a religion which spawned many sects , some of which embraced an extreme dualistic belief that

236-415: A doubt occurs to the mind—that is, scorpions and serpents are poisonous. Are they good or evil, for they are existing beings? Yes, a scorpion is evil in relation to man; a serpent is evil in relation to man; but in relation to themselves they are not evil, for their poison is their weapon, and by their sting they defend themselves." Thus, evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality. Since God

295-487: A form of protest against the prevailing societal values. The American sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge argue that sects present themselves as authentic, reformed versions of the faith they have separated from, maintaining a high degree of tension with the surrounding society. They further assert that sects have, in contrast to churches, a high degree of tension with the surrounding society. Other sociologists, like Fred Kniss, suggest that sectarianism

354-536: A harmful religious sect and translate into English as " cult ". The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion distinguishes three types of classification of Buddhism, separated into "Movements", "Nikāyas" and "Doctrinal schools": While the historical usage of the term "sect" in Christendom has had pejorative connotations, referring to a group or movement with heretical beliefs or practices that deviate from those of groups considered orthodox, its primary meaning

413-500: A larger organization to follow a distinct set of beliefs and practices. Sects often form when there is a perception of heresy either within the subgroup or from the larger group. In an Indian context, sect refers to an organized tradition. The word sect originates from the Latin noun secta (a feminine form of a variant past participle of the verb sequi , to follow) which translates to "a way, road". Figuratively, it signifies

472-492: A moral absolute). The idea was further developed in Late Antiquity by Neoplatonists , Gnostics , and Church Fathers . This development from the relative or habitual to the absolute is also evident in the terms ethics and morality both being derived from terms for "regional custom", Greek ήθος and Latin mores , respectively (see also siðr ). According to the classical definition of Augustine of Hippo , sin

531-611: A positive existence in itself and is merely the lack of good, just as darkness is the result of lack of light. In Judaism, yetzer hara is the congenital inclination to do evil, by violating the will of God. The term is drawn from the phrase "the imagination of the heart of man [is] evil" ( יֵצֶר לֵב הָאָדָם רַע ‎, yetzer lev-ha-adam ra ), which occurs twice at the beginning of the Torah. Genesis 6:5 and 8:21. The Hebrew word "yetzer" having appeared twice in Genesis occurs again at

590-530: A sect's creed and practices, often heightening tension with broader society by maintaining strict boundaries. In his book The Road to Total Freedom , the English sociologist Roy Wallis describes that a sect is characterized by " epistemological authoritarianism": meaning it has an authoritative source for determining heresy. According to Wallis, sects claim to have unique and privileged access to truth or salvation, and their followers often view those outside

649-470: A theological concept, as an "unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is 'something' that occurs in experience that ought not to be ." According to 1 Timothy 6:10 "For the love of money is the root of all of evil" In Mormonism , mortal life is viewed as a test of faith, where one's choices are central to the Plan of Salvation. See Agency (LDS Church) . Evil is that which keeps one from discovering

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708-402: Is ethics , of which there are three major branches: normative ethics concerning how we ought to behave, applied ethics concerning particular moral issues, and metaethics concerning the nature of morality itself. Every language has a word expressing good in the sense of "having the right or desirable quality" ( ἀρετή ) and bad in the sense "undesirable". A sense of moral judgment and

767-399: Is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God." Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of Good and evil until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions such as: Today the basic dichotomy often breaks down along these lines: The modern English word evil ( Old English yfel ) and its cognates such as

826-667: Is also the second pāramitā . Sīla is also wholehearted commitment to what is wholesome. Two aspects of sīla are essential to the training: right "performance" ( caritta ), and right "avoidance" ( varitta ). Honoring the precepts of sīla is considered a "great gift" (mahadana) to others, because it creates an atmosphere of trust, respect, and security. It means the practitioner poses no threat to another person's life, property, family, rights, or well-being. Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition. Most scholars of Buddhist ethics thus rely on

885-467: Is an ethical compass within self and relationships, rather than what is associated with the English word "morality" (i.e., obedience, a sense of obligation, and external constraint). Sīla is one of the three practices foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian Vipassana movement ; sīla, samādhi , and paññā as well as the Theravadin foundations of sīla , dāna , and bhavana . It

944-465: Is attributed to the existence of free will and human agency . Some argue that evil itself is ultimately based in an ignorance of truth (i.e., human value, sanctity , divinity ). A variety of thinkers have alleged the opposite, by suggesting that evil is learned as a consequence of tyrannical social structures . In Confucianism and Taoism , there is no direct analogue to the way good and evil are opposed, although references to demonic influence

1003-405: Is best understood through the lens of what the sect opposes. Some religious groups may be in tension primarily with other co-religious groups of different ethnic backgrounds, while others may conflict with society at large rather than the church they originally separated from. Sectarianism in the sociology of religion , is sometimes defined as a worldview that emphasizes the unique legitimacy of

1062-468: Is common in Chinese folk religion . Confucianism's primary concern is with correct social relationships and the behavior appropriate to the learned or superior man. Evil would thus correspond to wrong behavior. Still less does it map into Taoism, in spite of the centrality of dualism in that system , but the opposite of the basic virtues of Taoism (compassion, moderation, and humility) can be inferred to be

1121-508: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Good and evil Evil is often used to denote profound immorality . Evil has also been described as a supernatural force. Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives. However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving expediency , selfishness , ignorance , or negligence . The principal study of good and evil (or morality)

1180-603: Is good, and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good (Genesis 1:31) evil cannot have a true reality. Christian theology draws its concept of evil from the Old and New Testaments . The Christian Bible exercises "the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world." In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as

1239-519: Is good. Spinoza assumes a quasi-mathematical style and states these further propositions which he purports to prove or demonstrate from the above definitions in part IV of his Ethics  : Friedrich Nietzsche , in a rejection of Judeo-Christian morality, addresses this in two books, Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morals . In these works, he states that the natural, functional, "non-good" has been socially transformed into

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1298-544: Is independent from and equal with good in a dualistic sense. Within Islam, it is considered essential to believe that all comes from God , whether it is perceived as good or bad by individuals; and things that are perceived as evil or bad are either natural events (natural disasters or illnesses) or caused by humanity's free will to disobey God's orders. According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of Islam, evil does not have

1357-509: Is non-existent and that it is a concept for the lacking of good, just as cold is the state of no heat, darkness is the state of no light, forgetfulness the lacking of memory, ignorance the lacking of knowledge. All of these are states of lacking and have no real existence. Thus, evil does not exist, and is relative to man. `Abdu'l-Bahá , son of the founder of the religion, in Some Answered Questions states: "Nevertheless,

1416-585: Is of major importance in both the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata . However, the main emphasis in Hinduism is on bad action, rather than bad people. The Hindu holy text, the Bhagavad Gita , speaks of the balance of good and evil. When this balance goes off, divine incarnations come to help to restore this balance, as a balance must be maintained for peace and harmony in the world. In adherence to

1475-494: Is one of three sections of the Noble Eightfold Path , and is a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint with the principal motivation being nonviolence , or freedom from causing harm. It has been variously described as virtue , moral discipline and precept . Sīla is an internal, aware, and intentional ethical behavior, according to one's commitment to the path of liberation. It

1534-545: Is something external to them, because they project their shadow onto others. Jung interpreted the story of Jesus as an account of God facing his own shadow. In 2007, Philip Zimbardo suggested that people may act in evil ways as a result of a collective identity . This hypothesis, based on his previous experience from the Stanford prison experiment , was published in the book The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil . The Baháʼí Faith asserts that evil

1593-456: Is that necessarily makes a thing valuable, or in what the source of value consists. One attempt to define goodness describes it as a property of the world with Platonic idealism . According to this claim, to talk about the good is to talk about something real that exists in the object itself, independent of the perception of it. Plato advocated this view, in his expression that there is such a thing as an eternal realm of forms or ideas, and that

1652-422: Is that the good is based on the natural love, bonding, and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal development; another is that goodness is a product of knowing truth . Differing views also exist as to why evil might arise. Many religious and philosophical traditions claim that evil behavior is an aberration that results from the imperfect human condition (e.g. " The Fall of Man "). Sometimes, evil

1711-421: Is to indicate a community which has separated itself from the larger body from which its members came. The Indologist Axel Michaels writes in his book about Hinduism that in an Indian context the word "sect does not denote a split or excluded community, but rather an organized tradition, usually established by founder with ascetic practices." According to Michaels, "Indian sects do not focus on heresy, since

1770-419: The existence of God , and the right relations that humans ought to have to the divine first cause . Sect A sect is a subgroup of a religious , political , or philosophical belief system, typically emerging as an offshoot of a larger organization. Originally, the term referred specifically to religious groups that had separated from a main body, but it can now apply to any group that diverges from

1829-678: The history of Islam . Sunnis are separated into five maddhabs ; Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali and Ẓāhirī . The Shia, on the other hand, first developed Kaysanism , which in turn divided into three major groupings known as Fivers , Seveners and Twelvers . The Zaydis separated first. The non-Zaydis were initially called " Rafida ". The Rafidis later divided into two sub-groups known as Imamiyyah and Batiniyyah . An Islamic convention held in Jordan in July 2005, which brought 200 Muslim scholars from over 50 countries together, announced

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1888-515: The material world should be shunned and the spiritual world should be embraced. Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions which teach that gnosis (variously interpreted as enlightenment, salvation , emancipation or 'oneness with God' ) may be reached by practising philanthropy to the point of personal poverty, sexual abstinence (as far as possible for hearers , total for initiates ) and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others. Similarly, in ancient Egypt , there were

1947-720: The German Übel and Dutch euvel are widely considered to come from a Proto-Germanic reconstructed form of *ubilaz , comparable to the Hittite huwapp- ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European form *wap- and suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo- . Other later Germanic forms include Middle English evel , ifel , ufel , Old Frisian evel (adjective and noun), Old Saxon ubil , Old High German ubil , and Gothic ubils . The nature of being good has been given many treatments; one

2006-456: The analogue of evil in it. Pyrrhonism holds that good and evil do not exist by nature, meaning that good and evil do not exist within the things themselves. All judgments of good and evil are relative to the one doing the judging. Benedict de Spinoza states: 1. By good, I understand that which we certainly know is useful to us. 2. By evil, on the contrary I understand that which we certainly know hinders us from possessing anything that

2065-459: The basic meanings of κακός and ἀγαθός are "bad, cowardly" and "good, brave, capable", and their absolute sense emerges only around 400 BC, with pre-Socratic philosophy , in particular Democritus . Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialogues of Plato , together with the emergence of monotheistic thought (notably in Euthyphro , which ponders the concept of piety ( τὸ ὅσιον ) as

2124-427: The concepts of Ma'at , the principle of justice, order, and cohesion, and Isfet , the principle of chaos, disorder, and decay, with the former being the power and principles which society sought to embody where the latter was such that undermined society. This correspondence can also be seen reflected in ancient Mesopotamian religion as well in the conflict between Marduk and Tiamat . In Western civilisation ,

2183-452: The core principle of spiritual evolution, the Sikh idea of evil changes depending on one's position on the path to liberation. At the beginning stages of spiritual growth, good and evil may seem neatly separated. However, once one's spirit evolves to the point where it sees most clearly, the idea of evil vanishes and the truth is revealed. In his writings Guru Arjan explains that, because God is

2242-454: The decline of the popularity of slavery across cultures is the work of descriptive ethics , while advising that slavery be avoided is normative. Meta-ethics is the study of the fundamental questions concerning the nature and origins of the good and the evil, including inquiry into the nature of good and evil, as well as the meaning of evaluative language. In this respect, meta-ethics is not necessarily tied to investigations into how others see

2301-482: The end of the Torah: "I knew their devisings that they do". Thus from beginning to end the heart's "yetzer" is continually bent on evil, a profoundly pessimistic view of the human being. However, the Torah which began with blessing anticipates future blessing which will come as a result of God circumcising the heart in the latter days. The yetzer hara is man's misuse of things the physical body needs to survive. Thus,

2360-432: The examination of Buddhist scriptures , and the use of anthropological evidence from traditional Buddhist societies, to justify claims about the nature of Buddhist ethics. In Hinduism the concept of dharma or righteousness clearly divides the world into good and evil, and clearly explains that wars have to be waged sometimes to establish and protect dharma; this war is called Dharmayuddha . This division of good and evil

2419-565: The first question by researching the world by use of social science, and examining the preferences that people assert. However, one may answer the second question by use of reasoning, introspection, prescription, and generalization. The former kind of method of analysis is called " descriptive ", because it attempts to describe what people actually view as good or evil; while the latter is called " normative ", because it tries to actively prohibit evils and cherish goods. These descriptive and normative approaches can be complementary. For example, tracking

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2478-491: The follower and the sect itself. Sects often attract individuals from marginalized or underprivileged social groups and typically form from schisms within established churches that align with the dominant social order. Sects frequently critique liberal trends within mainstream denominations, advocating for a return to what they view as authentic religious practices. Their beliefs and practices are usually more radical and ethically strict than those of mainstream churches, acting as

2537-595: The good inclination is "born" and able to control his behavior. Moreover, the rabbis have stated: "The greater the man, the greater his [evil] inclination." Buddhist ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the enlightened perspective of the Buddha , or other enlightened beings such as Bodhisattvas . The Indian term for ethics or morality used in Buddhism is Śīla or sīla ( Pāli ). Śīla in Buddhism

2596-419: The good, or of asserting what is good. A satisfying formulation of goodness is valuable because it might allow one to construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction, elaboration, or prioritization. One could answer the ancient question, "How should we then live?" among many other important related questions. It has long been thought that this question can best be answered by examining what it

2655-489: The greatest of the ideas and the essence of being was goodness, or The good. The good was defined by many ancient Greeks and other ancient philosophers as a perfect and eternal idea, or blueprint. The good is the right relation between all that exists, and this exists in the mind of the Divine, or some heavenly realm. The good is the harmony of a just political community, love, friendship, the ordered human soul of virtues , and

2714-645: The group as being in error. In contrast, Wallis describes cults as being marked by "epistemological individualism," The corresponding words for "sect" in European languages other than English – Sekte (German), secte (French), secta (Spanish, Catalan), sectă (Romanian), setta (Italian), seita (Portuguese, Galician), sekta (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Latvian, Lithuanian), sekt (Danish, Estonian, Norwegian, Swedish), sekte (Dutch), szekta (Hungarian), секта (Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian), σέχτα (Greek) – refer to

2773-466: The lack of a center or a compulsory center makes this impossible – instead, the focus is on adherents and followers." Islam was classically divided into two major sects, known as Sunni Islam and Shia Islam . Kharijite and Murijite Islam were two early Islamic sects. Each sect developed several distinct jurisprudence systems reflecting their own understanding of the Islamic law during the course of

2832-799: The leader of the fallen angels Satan . In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm. Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas , who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good. French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as

2891-498: The mind and lead one astray from the prosecution of righteous action. These are: One who gives in to the temptations of the Five Thieves is known as " Manmukh ", or someone who lives selfishly and without virtue. Inversely, the " Gurmukh , who thrive in their reverence toward divine knowledge, rise above vice via the practice of the high virtues of Sikhism. These are: In the originally Persian religion of Zoroastrianism ,

2950-426: The nature of God. It is believed that one must choose not to be evil to return to God. Christian Science believes that evil arises from a misunderstanding of the goodness of nature, which is understood as being inherently perfect if viewed from the correct (spiritual) perspective. Misunderstanding God's reality leads to incorrect choices, which are termed evil. This has led to the rejection of any separate power being

3009-460: The need for food becomes gluttony due to the yetzer hara . The need for procreation becomes promiscuity, and so on. The yetzer hara could thus be best described as one's baser instincts. It is not understood as a demonic force. According to the Talmudic tractate Avot de-Rabbi Natan , a boy's evil inclination is greater than his good inclination until he turns 13 ( bar mitzvah ), at which point

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3068-463: The path towards goodness. It is possible to treat the essential theories of value by the use of a philosophical and academic approach. In properly analyzing theories of value, everyday beliefs are not only carefully catalogued and described , but also rigorously analyzed and judged . There are at least two basic ways of presenting a theory of value, based on two different kinds of questions: The two questions are subtly different. One may answer

3127-470: The religious concept of evil by the " slave mentality " of the masses, who resent their "masters", the strong. He also critiques morality by saying that many who consider themselves to be moral are simply acting out of cowardice – wanting to do evil but afraid of the repercussions. Carl Jung , in his book Answer to Job and elsewhere, depicted evil as the dark side of the Devil . People tend to believe evil

3186-622: The right relation to the Divine and to Nature. The characters in Plato's dialogues mention the many virtues of a philosopher, or a lover of wisdom. A theist is a person who believes that the Supreme Being exists or gods exist ( monotheism or polytheism ). A theist may, therefore, claim that the universe has a purpose and value according to the will of such creator (s) that lies partially beyond human understanding. For instance, Thomas Aquinas —a proponent of this view—believed he had proven

3245-463: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Le Bon . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Bon&oldid=1220544475 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

3304-411: The source of all things, what we believe to be evil must too come from God. And because God is ultimately a source of absolute good, nothing truly evil can originate from God. Nevertheless, Sikhism, like many other religions, does incorporate a list of "vices" from which suffering, corruption, and abject negativity arise. These are known as the Five Thieves , called such due to their propensity to cloud

3363-465: The source of evil, or of God as being the source of evil; instead, the appearance of evil is the result of a mistaken concept of good. Christian Scientists argue that even the most evil person does not pursue evil for its own sake, but from the mistaken viewpoint that he or she will achieve some kind of good thereby. There is no concept of absolute evil in Islam , as a fundamental universal principle that

3422-450: The term "sect." Early scholars like Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch (1912) were among the first to define sects within the church-sect typology, viewing them as voluntary associations of individuals who meet specific religious qualifications. Unlike churches, membership in a sect is not inherited at birth; rather, it arises from a person's voluntary acceptance of the sect's doctrines and disciplines, which requires ongoing validation from both

3481-524: The world is a battle ground between the God Ahura Mazda (also called Ormazd ) and the malignant spirit Angra Mainyu (also called Ahriman ). The final resolution of the struggle between good and evil was supposed to occur on a D ay of Judgement , in which all beings that have lived will be led across a bridge of fire, and those who are evil will be cast down forever. In Afghan belief, angels ( yazata ) and saints are beings sent to help us achieve

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