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24-600: The interest aroused by the debates of the first National Assembly suggested to Hugues-Bernard Maret the idea of publishing them in the Bulletin de l'Assemblée . Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (1736-1798), owner of the Mercure de France and publisher of the famous Encyclopédie of 1785, persuaded him to merge this into a larger paper, the Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universel . On December 2, 1799 Le Moniteur

48-514: A legislative body known as the National Constituent Assembly ( Assemblée nationale constituante ), although the shorter form was favored. The Estates-General had been called on 5 May 1789 to manage France 's financial crisis, but promptly fell to squabbling over its own structure. Its members had been elected to represent the estates of the realm : the 1st Estate (the clergy), the 2nd Estate (the nobility ) and

72-473: Is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact. Originally and usually, the process entails successive travel ("shuttling") by the intermediary, from the working location of one principal, to that of another. The term was first applied to describe the efforts of United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , beginning November 5, 1973, which facilitated

96-501: The 3rd Estate (which, in theory, represented all of the commoners and, in practice, represented the bourgeoisie ). The Third Estate had been granted "double representation"—that is, twice as many delegates as each of the other feudal estates—but at the opening session on 5 May 1789 was informed that all voting would be "by power" not "by head", so the double representation would be meaningless in terms of power. They refused this and proceeded to meet separately. Shuttle diplomacy among

120-616: The Communes on some points while holding firm on others. No longer interested in Necker's advice, Louis XVI, under the influence of the courtiers of his privy council , resolved to go in state to the Assembly, annul its decrees, command the separation of the orders, and dictate the reforms to be effected by the restored Estates-General. On 19 June he ordered the Salle des États, the hall where

144-875: The French Revolution , the National Assembly ( French : Assemblée nationale ), which existed from 17 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, was a revolutionary assembly of the Kingdom of France formed by the representatives of the Third Estate (commoners) of the Estates-General and eventually joined by some members of the First and Second Estates. Thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on 30 September 1791), it became

168-543: The Golan Heights (1974). The term became widespread during Kissinger's service as Secretary of State . Soon after Kissinger's efforts, shuttle diplomacy came to the United States in the form of Israel and Egypt conducting negotiations at Camp David . The negotiations were successfully facilitated by President Jimmy Carter . Turkey has carried out shuttle diplomacy, often involving Israel: Turkey

192-584: The Conference in protest of the other international delegations' refusal to grant its irredentist territorial claims promised by the Treaty of London in 1915. Upon Italy's return, Colonel Edward House of the U.S. delegation attempted to solve its conflict with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes by placing the two countries' delegates in separate rooms and attempting to broker a compromise between

216-586: The National Assembly met, closed, and remained at Marly for several days while he prepared his address. Two days later, also deprived of use of the tennis court that they had been using as an improvised meeting place, the National Assembly met in the Church of Saint Louis, where the majority of the representatives of the clergy joined them: efforts to restore the old order had served only to accelerate events. When, on 23 June in accord with his plan,

240-443: The National Assembly. Jacques Necker , finance minister of Louis XVI, had earlier proposed that the king hold a Séance Royale (Royal Session) in an attempt to reconcile the divided Estates. The king agreed; but none of the three orders were formally notified of the decision to hold a Royal Session. All debates were to be put on hold until the séance royale took place. Events soon overtook Necker's complex scheme of giving in to

264-598: The arrival of the Emperor in the Tuileries . Immediately after the July Revolution of 1830, one of the first steps of the provisional government was to seize control of Le Moniteur and the government of Louis Philippe put it under the control of the ministerial departments. Le Moniteur ceased the publication of the official part after a conflict with Napoleon III on December 31, 1868, being superseded as

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288-538: The cessation of hostilities following the Yom Kippur War . Negotiators often use shuttle diplomacy when one or both of two principals refuses recognition of the other prior to mutually desired negotiation . Mediators have adopted the term "shuttle diplomacy" as well. An early form of shuttle diplomacy emerged at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 when Italy briefly withdrew from

312-454: The estates continued without success until 27 May; on 28 May, the representatives of the 3rd Estate began to meet on their own, calling themselves the Communes ("Commons") and proceeding with their "verification of powers" independently of the other bodies; from 13 June to 17 June they were gradually joined by some of the nobles and the majority of the clergy as well as other people such as the peasants. On 17 June this group began to call itself

336-508: The king finally addressed the representatives of all three estates , he encountered a stony silence. He concluded by ordering all to disperse. The nobles and clergy obeyed; the deputies of the common people remained seated in a silence finally broken by Mirabeau , whose speech culminated, "A military force surrounds the assembly! Where are the enemies of the nation? Is Catiline at our gates? I demand, investing yourselves with your dignity, with your legislative power, you inclose yourselves within

360-721: The need for troops, and assured them that the troops had deployed strictly as a precautionary measure. Louis "offered" to move the assembly to Noyon or Soissons : that is to say, to place it between two armies and deprive it of the support of the Parisian people. Public outrage over this troop presence precipitated the Storming of the Bastille , beginning the next phase of the Revolution. Shuttle diplomacy In diplomacy and international relations , shuttle diplomacy

384-431: The newspaper's name on January 1, 1811, when it became Le Moniteur Universel . The newspaper also became less exclusively political, articles on literature, science, and art occupying a considerable portion of its columns. Napoleon's return from exile on Elba on March 20, 1815 confirmed Le Moniteur in its position as official journal; Le Moniteur announced in the same edition both the departure of King Louis XVIII and

408-518: The nobility, including the Duke of Orléans , soon joined them; by 27 June the royal party had overtly given in, although the likelihood of a military counter-coup remained in the air. The French military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles . In the séance royale of 23 June the King granted a Charte octroyée , a constitution granted of the royal favour, which affirmed, subject to

432-664: The official journal of the French Empire (and later the French Republic) by what is known now as the Journal Officiel de la République Française . A decree of November 5, 1870 gave the new journal the monopoly to publish laws and regulations. De facto deprived of its official function, Le Moniteur Universel continued to exist as an independent, tendentially conservative newspaper until June 30, 1901. National Assembly (French Revolution) During

456-413: The religion of your oath. It does not permit you to separate till you have formed a constitution." The deputies stood firm. Necker, conspicuous by his absence from the royal party on that day, found himself in disgrace with Louis, but back in the good graces of the National Assembly. Those of the clergy who had joined the Assembly at the church of Saint Louis remained in the Assembly; forty-seven members of

480-465: The same deputies elected by the separate orders. Messages of support poured into the Assembly from Paris and other French cities. On 9 July 1789, the Assembly, reconstituting itself as the National Constituent Assembly , addressed the king in polite but firm terms, requesting the removal of the troops (which now included foreign regiments, who showed far greater obedience to the king than did his French troops), but Louis declared that he alone could judge

504-446: The traditional limitations, the right of separate deliberation for the three orders, which constitutionally formed three chambers. This move failed; soon that part of the deputies of the nobles who still stood apart, joined the National Assembly at the request of the king. The Estates-General had ceased to exist, having become the National Assembly (and after 9 July 1789, the National Constituent Assembly ), though these bodies consisted of

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528-672: The two. House's efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, leading to the collapse of Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando 's government in Rome and Gabriele D'Annunzio 's takeover of Fiume . Kissinger continued to participate in shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East during the Nixon and Ford administrations (1969–1977); it resulted in the Sinai Interim Agreement (1975) and arrangements between Israel and Syria on

552-458: Was Israel's closest ally in the Muslim world , and some Arab countries (notably Syria, which has common borders with both Turkey and Israel) have been amenable to Turkey, with its own Muslim majority population. Another Turkish mediation took place between Russia and Georgia during their war in 2008 . US Secretary of State Alexander Haig attempted to use shuttle diplomacy to mediate between

576-518: Was declared an official newspaper. Napoleon controlled it via Hugues-Bernard Maret and Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès , who were responsible for its content. Due to Napoleon's strict controls of the press, the Moniteur's reports of legislative debates were replaced by bulletins of the Grand Army and polemical articles directed against England. The words Gazette Nationale were dropped from

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