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95-626: The newspaper was first published as The Leader in 1883 by Nicholas Flood Davin , soon after Edgar Dewdney , Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, decided to name the vacant and featureless site of Pile-O-Bones, renamed Regina by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, the wife of the Governor General of Canada, as territorial capital, rather than the previously-established Battleford , Troy and Fort Qu'Appelle , presumably because he had acquired ample land on

190-678: A British peerage . Eventually branding itself as the Regina Leader-Post , the newspaper shut down its printing facilities in 2015 in favor of being printed in Saskatoon with the press of The StarPhoenix . In 2023, Postmedia announced that the StarPhoenix press would be shut down; both the StarPhoenix and Leader-Post were to continue publication, but printed at facility in Estevan . Like most Canadian daily newspapers ,

285-576: A Cabinet minister . A mercurial personality, he became depressed by the decline of his political and personal fortunes, and he shot himself during a visit to Winnipeg on October 18, 1901. He had an interesting, often-illustrious career and upon his death, he was so well-thought of that his colleagues in Ottawa had his body sent from Winnipeg to Ottawa to be buried in Beechwood National Cemetery . The epitaph , carved in stone beneath

380-712: A "Canadian citizen" is the Immigration Act, 1910. A citizen under this definition did not hold a substantive Canadian citizenship and the term was only a label for those who had the right to enter and remain in Canada; Canadians continued to be British subjects. Under the Act, a Canadian "citizen" was any person born in Canada who had not denaturalized , a British subject domiciled in Canada for at least three years, or an individual naturalized in Canada who had not since lost British subject status and remained permanently resident in

475-611: A Canadian national was any British subject who qualified as a Canadian citizen under the Immigration Act, 1910. By the end of the First World War , the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference , jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all

570-556: A Canadian parent in the second or subsequent generations after the 1977 Act came into force but had not yet reached age 28 on 17 April 2009 was able to retain Canadian citizenship without application. However, citizenship has not been transferrable by descent past the first generation born abroad since that date. Further changes became effective in 2015 that granted Canadian citizenship to certain groups of individuals who had never become citizens and their descendants. Canadian citizenship

665-597: A citizenship judge in the naturalization process was largely replaced by the Canadian Citizenship Test in 1995. Applicants who failed this test are still required to be interviewed by a judge, although the rate of successfully passing the test is over 90 percent. Naturalization requirements became more stringent in 2014, after passage of the Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act. The general residence requirement

760-452: A day’s education and were still under the ‘influence of the wigwam’. The industrial boarding school was in his view the best option for Indians ‘to be merged and lost’ within the nation. But Davin also felt that the migratory nature of Indigenous groups in the northwest made the extensive establishment of industrial boarding schools expensive and inefficient; he argued Canada should use its already existing network of denominational missions for

855-829: A father who himself was born or naturalized in Canada. Women no longer automatically took the nationality of their husbands when they married, but any British subject woman who was already married to someone qualifying as a Canadian citizen when the 1946 Act came into force automatically acquired citizenship on that date. Minor children born overseas to a Canadian father or unmarried Canadian mother who had already been admitted into Canada also automatically became Canadian citizens. All citizens of Canada and any other Commonwealth country remained defined as British subjects under this Act. The Act later became applicable in Newfoundland when it joined Canada in 1949. All other noncitizens could acquire citizenship by naturalization after fulfilling

950-545: A foreign nationality automatically lost subject status. On July 1, 1867, three British North American colonies (the Province of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia ) united to form the Dominion of Canada . The status of Canadians as British subjects remained unchanged despite the creation of this federation. Federal nationality legislation enacted in 1868 superseded laws of the new provinces; naturalization in one of

1045-532: A foreign nationality other than through marriage automatically lost their Canadian citizenship. Canadians who became foreign nationals by marriage, who held another nationality by birth, or had otherwise become foreign nationals as minors could retain Canadian citizenship unless they made a formal declaration of renunciation. The 1946 Act further contained extensive measures for revoking citizenship from Canadians who were not natural-born. Individuals who became domiciled outside of Canada for six years, showed disloyalty to

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1140-570: A general residence requirement and demonstrating proficiency in English or French. Candidates must have continuously resided in Canada for one year immediately preceding an application. Wives of Canadian citizens had no further residence requirement, but all other applicants were additionally required to have been resident in the country for at least four of the preceding six years, for a total requisite period of five years. Applicants who had been domiciled in Canada for at least 20 years were exempted from

1235-460: A married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. Imperial legal uniformity

1330-410: A maximum of 365 days. Applicants must have filed income taxes for three of the preceding five years, and those between the ages of 18 and 54 must additionally demonstrate proficiency in either the English or French language and pass the Canadian Citizenship Test . Minor children under the age of 18 who have a Canadian parent or are naturalizing at the same time as a parent are not required to fulfill

1425-709: A parent who did become a Canadian citizen when the 1946 Act became effective but who themself did not acquire citizenship, or were a foreign-born adoptee who was adopted before 1947 by a parent who became a Canadian citizen and who qualified to pass citizenship by descent. Any person who voluntarily renounced British subject status or had it revoked did not qualify to receive citizenship by this special grant. Nearly all individuals born in Canada receive Canadian citizenship by birth, including those who were born in Canadian airspace, internal and territorial waters, and Canadian-registered ships and aircraft. The only exceptions are children born to two foreign parents with at least one who

1520-424: A parent's naturalization, had been born abroad to an applicable parent (married Canadian father or unmarried Canadian mother) before 1977 and did not have their birth registered with Canadian authorities or failed to apply for citizenship retention before age 24, or had been born abroad to a Canadian parent who themself was born abroad after 1977 but failed to apply for retention before age 28. Any person born abroad to

1615-511: A plinth upon which his bust in bronze is ensconced, reads: "This monument has been erected by his former parliamentary associates and other people as a lasting proof of the esteem and affection which they entertained (sic) on one whose character was strongly marked by sincerity and fearlessness, whose mind by vivacity and clearness of comprehension and whose classical scholarship and wide culture united to his brilliant oration and singular wit made him intent in debate and delightful in society." Davin

1710-420: A retention requirement before age 28. The general residence requirement for acquiring citizenship was reduced to three years and remaining gender imbalances were removed from nationality regulations; citizenship has been transferrable by descent to children through mothers as well as fathers regardless of marital status since 1977. Additionally, automatic denaturalisation of Canadians acquiring foreign nationalities

1805-414: A special route for renunciation that only requires that they are citizens of another country and costs no fees. Former citizens who renounced their nationality may subsequently apply for nationality restoration, after reacquiring permanent residency and being physically present in Canada for at least 365 days during the two-year period preceding their applications. They must also have filed income taxes for

1900-496: A woman's consent to marry a foreign national was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise ; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality. There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after

1995-710: Is a farce on governmental coalitions and the corrupted role of media in Canadian politics – a power fully realized by Davin as a writer and founder of the Regina Leader newspaper located in Canada’s North-West. Three years later, Davin produced the Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds , otherwise known as The Davin Report (1879), in which he advised John A. Macdonald’s federal government to institute residential schools for Indigenous youth;

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2090-658: Is considered one of the architects of the Canadian Indian residential school system . In 1879, he was sent by the Canadian government to investigate Indian Education in the US . In his report, Davin applauded US efforts to concentrate Indigenous peoples on reservations , divide the communal territory into individually owned parcels of land , and prepare Indigenous children for citizenship through industrial education. Davin believed industrial boarding schools were superior to day schools, where children returned to their homes after

2185-464: Is employed by a foreign government, an employee of a foreign government, or an organization with diplomatic immunity . Abandoned children found before the age of seven are assumed to have been born in Canada, unless contrary evidence is found within seven years of discovery. Children born overseas are Canadian citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent (meaning by birth in Canada or naturalization). Citizenship by descent

2280-580: Is limited to only one generation born outside of the country, other than children or grandchildren of members of the Canadian Armed Forces . Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents and are subject to the same regulations regarding birthplace and descent. Foreign permanent residents or status Indians over the age of 18 may become Canadian citizens by grant after residing in Canada for more than three years. Candidates must be physically present in

2375-419: Is symbolic and does not grant awarded individuals substantive rights in Canada. Before 2015, the physical presence requirement was 1,095 days within a four-year period. Between 17 June 2015 and 11 October 2017, this was extended to 1,460 days within a six-year period, with an additional presence requirement of 183 days per year in four of those six years. Time spent within the country as a non-permanent resident

2470-446: Is the subject to doubt. It is thought he falsified his middle name, the year of his birth, his father’s occupation, and a claimed Catholic background. It is believed that his father died young and he was raised as a Protestant by his uncle, an apothecary . He was briefly apprenticed to a ironmonger before being admitted to Queen's College Cork , where he attended for only a year before moving to London. He claimed to have studied at

2565-856: The English or French language . Canada is composed of several former British colonies whose residents were British subjects . After Confederation into a Dominion within the British Empire in 1867, Canada was granted more autonomy over time and gradually became independent from the United Kingdom . Although Canadian citizens have not been British subjects since 1977, they continue to enjoy certain privileges in UK immigration law . As Commonwealth citizens , Canadians may both vote in British elections , and serve in public office there, including as MPs . European settlement of North America began with

2660-681: The Franco-Prussian War . In 1872 he returned to Ireland to edit the Belfast Times , but was dismissed after five months amid lawsuits and allegations of drunkenness. He then move to in Toronto in 1872, where he wrote for The Globe as the literary critic until 1875 when he switched to freelance work, especially for the Mail . He was again called to the bar of Ontario in 1876, but concentrated on his literary career and not

2755-573: The Leader-Post has seen a decline in circulation . Its total circulation dropped by 30 percent to 34,136 copies daily from 2009 to 2015. The opening sequence of the television sitcom The Big Bang Theory features a photo of the original building of The Leader. Regina Public Library. Newspapers. [1] Accessed August 13, 2015. Nicholas Flood Davin Nicholas Flood Davin , KC (January 13, 1840 – October 18, 1901)

2850-631: The North-West Rebellion and the subsequent trial of Louis Riel . Davin had immediate access to the developing story, and his scoops were picked up by the national press and briefly brought the Leader to national prominence. Davin's greatest coup was sending his reporter Mary McFadyen Maclean to conduct a jailhouse interview with Riel. Maclean obtained this by masquerading as a francophone Catholic cleric and interviewing Riel in French under

2945-458: The Regina Leader , the first newspaper in Assiniboia, which carried his detailed reports of the 1885 trial of Louis Riel . A spellbinding speaker and Conservative MP for Assiniboia West from 1887 to 1900, Davin tried to gain provincial status for the territory, economic, and property advantages for the new settlers, even the franchise for women , but he never achieved his ambition to be

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3040-488: The Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds , otherwise known as The Davin Report , in which he advised the federal government to institute residential schools for Indigenous children. In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that the assimilation amounted to cultural genocide . He was the only son of Nicholas Davin, doctor, and Eliza Davin (née Lane). Davin's own telling of his early life

3135-724: The Second World War , growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire led the Canadian government to develop a new substantive citizenship status based on a purely Canadian idea of nationhood. This was created with passage of the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 , which came into force on January 1, 1947. All British subjects who were born, naturalized, or resident for at least five years in Canada automatically acquired Canadian citizenship on that date. British subjects born to

3230-816: The University of London but there is no record to support this. Davin entered the Middle Temple in London to study law and was called to the bar on January 27, 1868. Despite being trained in law, while in England he mostly work in journalism, as editor of the Monthly Journal , parliamentary reporter for The Star , and war correspondent for the Standard and the Irish Times during

3325-547: The 'Gunhilda letters' "for felicity of expression, cogency of reasoning, fierceness of invective, keenness of satire and piquancy of style" and "Nothing equal to them has appeared in the Canadian press for years." In 1881, Susan Anna Wiggins used the nom de plume 'Gunhilda' to write the Gunhilda Letters--Marriage with a Deceased Husband's Sister: Letters of a Lady to [John Travers Lewis], the Right Rev.

3420-540: The 1946 Act came into force were eligible to became Canadian citizens, provided that their births were registered at a Canadian diplomatic mission within two years. On reaching age 21, these individuals were required to make a formal declaration of their intention to retain Canadian citizenship within one year. If they had acquired nationality of another country by birth or at any point as a minor, they were also required to renounce their other nationalities. Eligible minor children who had not already lawfully entered Canada when

3515-489: The 1946 Act. Legislation enacted in 2009 addressed this issue by restoring citizenship to specific categories of individuals who had involuntarily lost that status. This group of affected people became known as the Lost Canadians . Citizenship was restored to any person who: had naturalized as a Canadian citizen but resided overseas for more than 10 years before 1967, had acquired foreign nationality through their own or

3610-558: The 1950s until the Internet in the 1990s began to change people's gathering of news, compounded by the merger of local companies into ownership of local companies by national multi-corporation organizations. Other titles absorbed by the Leader-Post included the Regina Daily Star and The Province . In 1995, the Leader-Post released an electronic version of the newspaper so that subscribers could view their newspapers on

3705-529: The 2004 Federal Court case Augier v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) , it was ruled that the exclusion of children born to unmarried Canadian fathers infringed upon rights of equality granted by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Individuals born abroad to unmarried Canadian fathers before 1977 could apply for citizenship during a limited application period that ended on August 14, 2004. Citizenship granted through this process

3800-436: The Act became effective were subject to the same conditions for retaining Canadian citizenship on reaching age 21. The time limit to make a declaration of citizenship retention was later extended from one year to three years, before an applicable person's 24th birthday. Alternatively, they would also remain citizens if they were domiciled in Canada on reaching age 24. Canadian citizens residing overseas who voluntarily acquired

3895-613: The CAF with an equivalent amount of completed service time are exempt from holding permanent residence or filing income taxes. Stateless individuals under the age of 23 who were born overseas to at least one parent with Canadian citizenship after 17 April 2009 and meet the 1,095-day physical presence requirement for a four-year period may also be granted citizenship. The Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship has discretionary power to waive language and citizenship test requirements for any candidates in compassionate circumstances, and

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3990-666: The Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations . Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied

4085-650: The Dominion. Chinese immigration to Canada began in the 1850s during the British Columbia gold rushes . Growing hostility and anti-Chinese sentiment led to a concerted movement within the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia to restrict Chinese immigration. The provincial legislature attempted to discourage this migration with the Chinese Regulation Act of 1884, imposing an annual $ 10 fee on every Chinese person resident in

4180-541: The Empire. Married women generally followed the nationality status of their husbands. Upper Canada enacted local legislation in 1849 that automatically naturalized foreign women who married British subjects, mirroring regulations enacted in the UK in 1844. After Britain established marital denaturalization for British subject women who married non-British men in 1870, Canada adapted its rules to match this in 1881. The 1870 regulations provided that any British subject who acquired

4275-459: The Empire. Dominions that adopted this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalization. A Dominion could define a citizenship for its own citizens, although that status would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders. Canada adopted the common code in 1914, and Newfoundland in 1916. The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where

4370-553: The Internet. Electronic and daily print subscribers also enjoy access to extra content not available to all readers. Decline of local news coverage radically occurred in 1996, when the paper and its sister, the Saskatoon StarPhoenix , were acquired from their owner based in Markham, Ontario , Armadale group, by Hollinger Inc. , a company that was headed by the Canadian media baron Conrad Black . Within three months,

4465-604: The Lord Bishop of Ontario , which consisted of letters of support for Mr. Girouard's bill regarding the legalization of marriage with a deceased wife's sister, long-time prohibited by British law at home and overseas. The Gunhilda Letters were dedicated to the members of the Senate of Canada and of the House of Commons of Canada who supported Mr. Girouard's Bill. Canadian citizenship Canadian nationality law details

4560-509: The New World the division between Catholics and Protestants was irrelevant and the communities would merge into a pan-denominational "Irish" identity. He also wrote poetry and an unpublished novel. The highlight of his legal career was his 1880 defence of George Bennett , who murdered George Brown . A chance visit to the West in 1882 determined his future. In 1883, he founded and edited

4655-701: The Royal Commission investigating the Pacific Scandal chaired by Charles Dewey Day and again in 1885 as secretary to the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration . Davin's major early non-fiction work was The Irishman in Canada (1877) a history of the Irish diaspora (mainly, but not only, in Canada) which focused on famous personalities rather than social trends. He asserted that in

4750-840: The Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 . Ireland had continued to allow all British subjects free movement despite independence in 1922 as part of the Common Travel Area arrangement, but moved to mirror Britain's restriction in 1962 by limiting this ability only to people born on

4845-514: The UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalization, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalizing in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalization and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalized in British Columbia was a British subject there, but not in England or New Zealand . Nevertheless, locally naturalized British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of

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4940-669: The UK. The Citizenship Act 1977 expanded the available pathways to citizenship and allowed more situations to retain it. The retention requirement was abolished for individuals born overseas to natural-born or naturalized Canadians, and any applicable person who had not yet reached age 24 at that point was no longer required to make a declaration of retention; individuals born after February 1953 have not been subject to this requirement. Births overseas also no longer needed to be registered within two years to maintain eligibility for Canadian citizenship. However, persons born abroad to Canadian parents who themselves were born abroad became subject to

5035-553: The United Kingdom had been significantly weakened. The UK itself updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981 , which redefined British subject to no longer also mean Commonwealth citizen. Canadian citizens remain Commonwealth citizens in British law and are still eligible to vote and stand for public office in

5130-601: The arrival of the first colonists from England and France in the 16th century. The rival empires competed to expand their territorial control until British victory in the Seven Years' War and annexation of French Canada in 1763. Despite the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, British presence on the continent continued to expand through the 19th century, often in contest with the United States as

5225-542: The citizenship oath requirement for applicants with mental disabilities. The Minister also may grant citizenship extraordinarily without any requirements to persons who are stateless, subject to "special and unusual hardship", or have made exceptional contributions to the country. These atypical grants have been conferred more than 500 times since 1977, often on athletes competing for Canada internationally. The Parliament of Canada occasionally bestows honorary Canadian citizenship on exceptional foreigners, but this distinction

5320-400: The citizenship test, naturalization candidates became required to attain a level 4 rating in a Canadian Language Benchmark evaluation. When the 1977 Act was enacted, a provision was included that allowed children born abroad to unmarried Canadian mothers (but not fathers) who had not had their births registered within two years an extension to that deadline to register as Canadian citizens. In

5415-554: The conditions by which a person is a national of Canada . The primary law governing these regulations is the Citizenship Act, which came into force on February 15, 1977 and is applicable to all provinces and territories of Canada . With few exceptions, almost all individuals born in the country are automatically citizens at birth . Foreign nationals may naturalize after living in Canada for at least three years while holding permanent residence and showing proficiency in

5510-421: The country for at least 1,095 days during the five-year period immediately preceding their applications. This requirement may be partially met by time spent within the country before acquiring permanent residency; applicants may count each day within the preceding five-year period that they were present in Canada as a temporary resident or protected person as half a day of physical presence for this condition, up to

5605-576: The dissolution of her marriage. Minor children whose parents voluntarily lost British subject status by renunciation or acquiring a foreign nationality were considered to have automatically British nationality as well, but could resume their status as British subjects by declaration within one year of reaching age 21. Canada became an independent member of the League of Nations and the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1920. Each country

5700-602: The federal government enacted the Chinese Immigration Act, 1885, which limited the number of Chinese migrants who could land in Canada to one per 50 tons of cargo and imposed a $ 50 head tax on every Chinese person who entered the Dominion. These measures also applied to British subjects of Chinese ancestry, but not those who were already resident in Canada. The entrance tax was increased to $ 100 in 1900 and to $ 500 in 1903. When Japanese migrants started entering British Columbia in large numbers beginning in 1901,

5795-473: The federal government to limit the entrance of "immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada". The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 . British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across

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5890-401: The increasing television news coverage and the arrival and growth of the internet all increased difficulty in preserving, much less increasing, the Leader-Post 's significance. Black's company subsequently divested itself of the Leader-Post in 2000, together with most other Canadian news media it had owned, in conjunction with Black's renunciation of his Canadian citizenship to obtain

5985-533: The individual in question specifically requests the IRCC Minister to make that decision. Additionally, between 28 May 2015 and 19 June 2017, Canadians holding another citizenship who were convicted of treason or terrorism were liable for potential citizenship revocation . Although the King of Canada primarily resides in the United Kingdom, the sovereign is the physical embodiment of the Canadian state, and

6080-462: The islands of Great Britain or Ireland. Britain somewhat relaxed these measures in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens. As a sign of Canada's changing relationship with Britain, British subjects lost voting eligibility for federal elections in 1975. Provincial governments progressively phased out this entitlement until it

6175-414: The language requirement. Successful completion of the naturalization process was dependent on the outcome of an interview with a citizenship judge to verify an applicant's background and fulfillment of the citizenship requirements. Non-local British subjects applying for naturalization were not subject to this judicial requirement. Children born abroad to a Canadian father or unmarried Canadian mother after

6270-540: The law. He made his reputation in politics by delivering a speech against republicanism and materialism and in defence of order upheld by monarchy ; this was later published in book form as British versus American civilization (1873). He then help to found the Toronto branch of the youth section of the Liberal-Conservative Party in 1876. He found government work in 1873 as secretary to

6365-608: The local legislature attempted to legislate restrictions on this movement, but these measures were again struck down by the federal government in 1902, 1905, and 1907. Treaty obligations stemming from the Anglo-Japanese Alliance made total restriction impossible but the Dominion was able to limit Japanese migration to Canada in most cases with agreement from the Japanese government. Only individuals with government-approved work contracts, agricultural laborers for Japanese-owned farms, returning residents, and domestic workers for Japanese residents would be allowed entry. Migration from India

6460-434: The merger, and continued to publish daily editions of both before consolidating them under the title The Leader-Post in 1930. In 1922, the paper launched one of the oldest radio stations in Canada, CKCK . Five years later, the company was purchased by the Sifton family, which launched CKCK-TV , Saskatchewan's first television station, in 1954. Newspapers were a thriving industry in the days through television's arrival in

6555-460: The monarch, obtained naturalization through fradualent means, or traded with an enemy nation during a time of war were liable to have their citizenship revoked. Honorably discharged former service members of the Canadian Armed Forces were exempt from the six-year overseas residence limit. The maximum period of absence from Canada was extended to 10 years in the 1950s and later repealed in 1967. The creation of Canadian citizenship unilaterally broke

6650-421: The nose of uncomprehending anglophone watch-house guards. Having begun with a small wooden shack before Regina had full streets, or electricity and plumbing outside Government House , The Leader soon moved to a substantial office building on the southwest corner of Hamilton Street and 11th Avenue, one block east of what was then the post office, southwest across street from City Hall . Also around this time, it

6745-443: The physical presence or tax filing requirements, but those applying separately are subject to those conditions. Successful applicants over the age of 14 are required to take an oath of citizenship . Permanent residents in the Canadian Armed Forces may alternatively fulfill the physical presence requirement with 1,095 days of completed military service during the preceding six-year period. Foreign military servicemembers attached to

6840-432: The prior year. Individuals who had their citizenships revoked are ineligible for nationality resumption and must follow the naturalization process instead. Citizenship may be revoked from individuals who fraudulently acquired it, and renunciations may be similarly rescinded from persons who provided false information during that process. The Federal Court holds decision-making power for all revocation cases, except where

6935-467: The province and a $ 100 fine on recreational opium use. However, the law was struck down by the Supreme Court of British Columbia for legislating on issues beyond the scope of the provincial government. Laws directly restricting Chinese immigration were passed by the legislature in 1884 and 1885 but similarly struck down by orders in council . Fearing open violence if the situation were to continue,

7030-450: The provinces became automatically valid in all of them. Foreigners were able to naturalize as British subjects in Canada after residing in the Dominion for at least three years, fulfilling a good character requirement, and swearing an oath of allegiance . By 1880, Britain had transferred all of its remaining North American territory to Canada except Newfoundland Colony , which became a separate Dominion in 1907. The first law defining

7125-522: The recommendation led, in part, to the establishment of the Canadian Indian residential school system that decimated Canadian Aboriginal families. In 1884, while visiting Ottawa, Davin wrote Eos – A Prairie Dream (1884), a collection of poems that, in his own words, "strike a true and high note in Canadian politics and literature" while he represents, through his poetry, the destruction of Aboriginal culture. Nicholas Flood Davin complimented

7220-495: The residential schooling system. Soon after his report, several government-sponsored boarding schools opened. Davin used, among others, the literary device of inter-textuality to draw upon British canonical writers including Tennyson , Byron , and Shakespeare to connect the associations of empire with his 19th-century audience. In 1876, Davin wrote an adaptation of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet entitled The Fair Grit ; or The Advantages of Coalition. A Farce . The play

7315-454: The site for resale. "A group of prominent citizens approached lawyer Nicholas Flood Davin soon after his arrival in Regina and urged him to set up a newspaper. Davin accepted their offer – and their $ 5000 in seed money. The Regina Leader printed its first edition on March 1, 1883." Published weekly by the mercurial Davin, it almost immediately achieved national prominence during

7410-464: The staffs at each newspaper had been cut by one quarter, which becoming a cause célèbre in Canadian journalism. The event with substantial elimination of staff and coverage of local news corresponded with one at the Regina television station CKCK-DT , once locally owned but by 1985 no longer so. An immediate effect was a significant reduction in coverage of local and provincial news, and a greater coverage of national events. Loss of news reporter staff,

7505-428: The system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to imperial nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system. The British Nationality Act 1948 abolished the common code and each Commonwealth country would enact legislation to create its own nationality. British subject

7600-760: The two powers raced to settle the Pacific Northwest . British nationality law applied to the North American colonies, as was the case elsewhere in the British Empire. Residents of these colonies and all other imperial citizens were British subjects ; any person born in British North America , the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject. British nationality law during this time

7695-461: The various members of the Commonwealth. Irish citizens were treated as if they were British subjects, despite Ireland 's exit from the Commonwealth in 1949. All British subjects under the reformed system initially held an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following

7790-700: Was a lawyer, journalist and politician, born at Kilfinane , Ireland (then part of the United Kingdom). The first MP for Assiniboia West (1887–1900), Davin was known as the voice of the North-West . Davin founded and edited the Regina Leader , the first newspaper in Assiniboia . He tried to gain provincial status for the territory. Davin is considered one of the architects of the Canadian Indian residential school system . In 1879 he wrote

7885-414: Was able to nominate a candidate to be a judge on this court. It would have been possible for a successful Canadian candidate, as a British subject, to be turned down from the court if a British subject from Australia or another part of the Empire was also selected as a judge. The Canadian Nationals Act, 1921 was enacted to allow Canada to differentiate its own nationals in international bodies. Under this law,

7980-524: Was achieved through individual Acts of Parliament until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. The North American colonies emulated this system in their own naturalization legislation, which was enacted in all local legislatures by 1868. In 1847, the Imperial Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalized in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalized in

8075-582: Was acquired by the Sifton family It then moved to a multi-story building across Hamilton Street to the south of the Simpson's department store. It ultimately relocated in the 1960s to east-city outskirts on Park Street at Victoria Avenue, where it still remains. In 1920, the Leader merged with another paper, the Regina Evening Post , itself in a building on Twelfth Avenue at Rose Street before

8170-556: Was also limited beginning in 1908, despite the fact that Indians were British subjects. Any person who landed in Canada from a country other than that of their birth or citizenship could be denied entry into the Dominion. Because there was no direct steamship service from India, this measure directly limited persons from India. Similar measures were created targeting British subjects from Hong Kong . All "Asiatic immigrants" were required beginning in 1908 to hold at least $ 200 of currency to enter Canada. The 1910 Immigration Act further enabled

8265-441: Was fully abolished in 2006. Preferences that were afforded to non-local British subjects in the naturalization process were abolished in 1977. British subject status itself was removed from Canadian law in that year as well, although Canadians and citizens from other Commonwealth countries remain defined as Commonwealth citizens. By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to

8360-420: Was granted to individuals who: were born or naturalized in Canada but lost British subject status before the 1946 Act came into force, were non-local British subjects ordinarily resident in Canada but did not qualify as Canadian citizens when that status was created, were born outside Canada in the first generation to a parent in either of the preceding categories, were born outside Canada in the first generation to

8455-461: Was increased to a minimum of four of the preceding six years and applicants became required to be physically present in Canada for at least 183 days per year. The age range for candidates mandated to take citizenship and language tests was broadened to include all individuals aged 14 to 64 (previously 18 to 54) and the language requirement itself became stricter. While candidates were previously screened for language knowledge through their ability to pass

8550-494: Was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalized by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage. Canada partially reformed its rules on martial denaturalization in 1932; women who had not acquired foreign nationality on marriage were permitted to retain their British nationality. Following

8645-479: Was not counted toward the stricter presence requirements. The age range of applicants subject to language and citizenship tests during this regulatory period was between the ages of 14 and 65. Canadian citizenship can be relinquished by applying for renunciation, provided that the applicant already possesses or will possess another nationality. Individuals who automatically acquired citizenship in 2009 or 2015 because of amendments to nationality law in those years have

8740-655: Was not retroactive from birth and was only applicable from the date it was granted. Following the 2007 implementation of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative , Canadian citizens became required to hold Canadian passports when crossing the Canada–United States border . When applying for passports, a large number of individuals who believed themselves to be citizens discovered that they did not actually hold Canadian citizenship due to previous provisions concerning automatic loss under

8835-513: Was redefined to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. Commonwealth citizen is defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. The change in naming indicated a shift in the base idea of British subject status; allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to possess the common status, which would be maintained by voluntary agreement among

8930-514: Was repealed. As part of a 1988 agreement with the Japanese Canadian community in compensation for their internment during the Second World War , any individual of Japanese ancestry who was expelled from Canada or had their citizenship revoked between 1941 and 1949 was eligible for a special restoration of citizenship. This right to citizenship also extended to the descendants of applicable persons. The requirement for an interview with

9025-412: Was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on precedent and common law . Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether naturalization rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreign settlers as subjects. Naturalization in Britain

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