In typography , leading ( / ˈ l ɛ d ɪ ŋ / LED -ing ) is the space between adjacent lines of type; the exact definition varies.
75-401: In hand typesetting , leading is the thin strips of lead (or aluminium ) that were inserted between lines of type in the composing stick to increase the vertical distance between them. The thickness of the strip is called leading and is equal to the difference between the size of the type and the distance from one baseline to the next. For instance, given a type size of 10 points and
150-407: A declaration block . In CSS, selectors declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself. Selectors may apply to the following: Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters, hyphens, and underscores. A class may apply to any number of instances of any element. An ID may only be applied to
225-424: A pseudo-element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as :: first-line or :: first-letter . Note the distinction between the double-colon notation used for pseudo-elements and the single-colon notation used for pseudo-classes. Multiple simple selectors may be joined using combinators to specify elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof. The order of
300-446: A 0 to 255 scale (e.g. rgb ( 255 , 0 , 0 ) ), RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency (e.g. rgba ( 255 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 8 ) ), or HSL or HSLA values (e.g. hsl ( 0 100 % 50 %) , hsl ( 0 100 % 50 % / 0 . 8 ) ). Non-zero numeric values representing linear measures must include a length unit, which is either an alphabetic code or abbreviation, as in 200px or 50vw ; or
375-403: A Compugraphics system for typesetting and page layout. The magazine did not yet accept articles on floppy disks, but hoped to do so "as matters progress". Before the 1980s, practically all typesetting for publishers and advertisers was performed by specialist typesetting companies. These companies performed keyboarding, editing and production of paper or film output, and formed a large component of
450-420: A balance between design intent and user accessibility. Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium. The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in
525-402: A case, contained cast metal sorts , each with a single letter or symbol, but backwards (so they would print correctly). The compositor assembled these sorts into words, then lines, then pages of text, which were then bound tightly together by a frame, making up a form or page. If done correctly, all letters were of the same height, and a flat surface of type was created. The form was placed in
600-404: A certain leading. Fonts that are darker require a wider leading than those that are lighter. As well, fonts that are serif should be leaded wider than those that are sans serif . Languages can decide the leading that a printer uses as well. Leading is an important issue to consider when printing, as it can enhance readability, but it can also affect the number of pages, as larger leadings decrease
675-413: A combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form. In CSS , leading refers to the difference between the content height and the value of the line-height property. Half the leading is called the half-leading. User agents center glyphs vertically in an inline box, which adds half-leading on
750-526: A custom LaTeX-inspired markup (SIL) or in XML. Via the adjunction of 3rd-party modules, composition in Markdown or Djot is also possible. Cascading Style Sheets Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG , MathML or XHTML ). CSS
825-424: A design without compromising the overall layout. Specificity refers to the relative weights of various rules. It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply. Based on the specification, a simple selector (e.g. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors have a specificity of 1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in
SECTION 10
#1732787112634900-473: A distance between baselines of 12 points, the leading would be 2 points. The term is still used in modern page-layout software such as QuarkXPress , the Affinity Suite, and Adobe InDesign . Consumer-oriented word-processing software often talks of line spacing or, more accurately, interline spacing . The word comes from lead strips that were put between set lines of lead type, hence
975-401: A family of typesetting languages with names that were derivatives of the word "SCRIPT". Later versions of SCRIPT included advanced features, such as automatic generation of a table of contents and index, multicolumn page layout, footnotes, boxes, automatic hyphenation and spelling verification. NSCRIPT was a port of SCRIPT to OS and TSO from CP-67/CMS SCRIPT. Waterloo Script was created at
1050-494: A free CSS validation service for CSS documents. In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML , plain XML , SVG , and XUL . CSS is also used in the GTK widget toolkit . CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties. A style sheet consists of a list of rules . Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors , and
1125-414: A heading element defined with red text would be written as: Using CSS, the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes: The advantages of this may not be immediately clear but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or, even better, an external CSS file. For example, suppose the document contains
1200-479: A keyboard or other devices could produce the desired text. Most of the successful systems involved the in-house casting of the type to be used, hence are termed "hot metal" typesetting. The Linotype machine , invented in 1884, used a keyboard to assemble the casting matrices, and cast an entire line of type at a time (hence its name). In the Monotype System , a keyboard was used to punch a paper tape , which
1275-489: A language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts (which are widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typefaces ). One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission. During much of the letterpress era , movable type was composed by hand for each page by workers called compositors . A tray with many dividers, called
1350-408: A light source to selectively expose characters onto light-sensitive paper. Originally they were driven by pre-punched paper tapes . Later they were connected to computer front ends. One of the earliest electronic photocomposition systems was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor . The typesetter typed a line of text on a Fairchild keyboard that had no display. To verify correct content of the line it
1425-464: A negative leading can enhance the message of the text and can create a more effective text. Negative leading can be affected by ascenders and descenders on certain letters. Letters with high ascenders and low descenders can interfere with one another between lines, if the leading is small enough to allow them to touch one another. Written texts with several portions that demand separate leading can lead to issue of text continuity. Written texts should have
1500-409: A percentage sign, as in 80% . Some units – cm ( centimetre ); in ( inch ); mm ( millimetre ); pc ( pica ); and pt ( point ) – are absolute , which means that the rendered dimension does not depend upon the structure of the page; others – em ( em ); ex ( ex ) and px ( pixel ) – are relative , which means that factors such as the font size of a parent element can affect
1575-512: A press and inked, and then printed (an impression made) on paper. Metal type read backwards, from right to left, and a key skill of the compositor was their ability to read this backwards text. Before computers were invented, and thus becoming computerized (or digital) typesetting, font sizes were changed by replacing the characters with a different size of type. In letterpress printing, individual letters and punctuation marks were cast on small metal blocks, known as "sorts," and then arranged to form
SECTION 20
#17327871126341650-561: A single element. Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree. One example of a widely used pseudo-class is : hover , which identifies content only when the user "points to" the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as in a : hover or # elementid : hover . A pseudo-class classifies document elements, such as : link or : visited , whereas
1725-619: A site or even across sites, promoting consistency and efficiency. For example, headings ( h1 elements), sub-headings ( h2 ), sub-sub-headings ( h3 ), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font , size , color and emphasis for these elements is presentational . Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h2 headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows
1800-658: A smaller font face is cast on the body of a larger font or vice versa. Such fonts are usually called "bastard" fonts or types. The usual way of indicating such a font is to write the face size first, then a slash and the body size: 10/12 means a 10-point face on a 12-point body, and 12/10 means a 12-point face on a 10-point body. Typesetting Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type (or sort ) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols). Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to
1875-479: A solvent the expensive sorts had to be redistributed into the typecase - called sorting or dissing - so they would be ready for reuse. Errors in sorting could later produce misprints if, say, a p was put into the b compartment. The diagram at right illustrates a cast metal sort: a face, b body or shank, c point size, 1 shoulder, 2 nick, 3 groove, 4 foot. Wooden printing sorts were used for centuries in combination with metal type. Not shown, and more
1950-502: A standard leading that does not deviate from page to page. There are instances that call for a change in leading, such as when a block quote is placed within a written text. The lines on the front of a page and the verso (back) should line up vertically, line for line. If there are several leadings contained on one page, this convention can be completely negated. Fonts can also affect the need for leading. No two fonts are exactly alike, and for that reason many have characteristics that demand
2025-444: A style sheet, allowing for shorter CSS. Inheritance in CSS is not the same as inheritance in class-based programming languages , where it is possible to define class B as "like class A, but with modifications". With CSS, it is possible to style an element with "class A, but with modifications". However, it is not possible to define a CSS class B like that, which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat
2100-434: A summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it. A declaration block consists of a pair of braces ( {} ) enclosing a semicolon-separated list of declarations . Each declaration itself consists of a property , a colon ( : ), and a value . Optional white-space may be around the declaration block, declarations, colons, and semi-colons for readability. Properties are specified in
2175-544: Is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web , alongside HTML and JavaScript . CSS is designed to enable the separation of content and presentation , including layout , colors , and fonts . This separation can improve content accessibility , since the content can be written without concern for its presentation; provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics; enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying
2250-624: Is considered fairly difficult to learn on its own, and deals more with appearance than structure. The LaTeX macro package, written by Leslie Lamport at the beginning of the 1980s, offered a simpler interface and an easier way to systematically encode the structure of a document. LaTeX markup is widely used in academic circles for published papers and books. Although standard TeX does not provide an interface of any sort, there are programs that do. These programs include Scientific Workplace and LyX , which are graphical/interactive editors; TeXmacs , while being an independent typesetting system, can also aid
2325-574: Is still included with a number of Unix and Unix-like systems, and has been used to typeset a number of high-profile technical and computer books. Some versions, as well as a GNU work-alike called groff , are now open source . The TeX system, developed by Donald E. Knuth at the end of the 1970s, is another widespread and powerful automated typesetting system that has set high standards, especially for typesetting mathematics. LuaTeX and LuaLaTeX are variants of TeX and of LaTeX scriptable in Lua . TeX
Leading - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-417: Is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form. The same block of text at 100% leading: Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using
2475-657: The Apple Macintosh , Aldus PageMaker (and later QuarkXPress ) and PostScript and on the PC platform with Xerox Ventura Publisher under DOS as well as Pagemaker under Windows. Improvements in software and hardware, and rapidly lowering costs, popularized desktop publishing and enabled very fine control of typeset results much less expensively than the minicomputer dedicated systems. At the same time, word processing systems, such as Wang , WordPerfect and Microsoft Word , revolutionized office documents. They did not, however, have
2550-591: The 1970s and early 1980s, such as Datalogics Pager, Penta, Atex , Miles 33, Xyvision, troff from Bell Labs , and IBM's Script product with CRT terminals, were better able to drive these electromechanical devices, and used text markup languages to describe type and other page formatting information. The descendants of these text markup languages include SGML , XML and HTML . The minicomputer systems output columns of text on film for paste-up and eventually produced entire pages and signatures of 4, 8, 16 or more pages using imposition software on devices such as
2625-542: The 1980s by fully digital systems employing a raster image processor to render an entire page to a single high-resolution digital image , now known as imagesetting. The first commercially successful laser imagesetter, able to make use of a raster image processor, was the Monotype Lasercomp. ECRM, Compugraphic (later purchased by Agfa ) and others rapidly followed suit with machines of their own. Early minicomputer -based typesetting software introduced in
2700-532: The CSS standard. Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements. Values may be keywords, such as "center" or "inherit", or numerical values, such as 200px (200 pixels), 50vw (50 percent of the viewport width) or 80% (80 percent of the parent element's width). Color values can be specified with keywords (e.g. " red "), hexadecimal values (e.g. # FF0000 , also abbreviated as # F00 ), RGB values on
2775-478: The HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML. And additionally, as more and more devices are able to access responsive web pages, different screen sizes and layouts begin to appear. Customizing a website for each device size is costly and increasingly difficult. The modular nature of CSS means that styles can be reused in different parts of
2850-601: The Israeli-made Scitex Dolev. The data stream used by these systems to drive page layout on printers and imagesetters, often proprietary or specific to a manufacturer or device, drove development of generalized printer control languages, such as Adobe Systems ' PostScript and Hewlett-Packard 's PCL . Computerized typesetting was so rare that BYTE magazine (comparing itself to "the proverbial shoemaker's children who went barefoot") did not use any computers in production until its August 1979 issue used
2925-582: The University of Waterloo (UW) later. One version of SCRIPT was created at MIT and the AA/CS at UW took over project development in 1974. The program was first used at UW in 1975. In the 1970s, SCRIPT was the only practical way to word process and format documents using a computer. By the late 1980s, the SCRIPT system had been extended to incorporate various upgrades. The initial implementation of SCRIPT at UW
3000-426: The bed of a press. In this process, called stereotyping , the entire form is pressed into a fine matrix such as plaster of Paris or papier mâché to create a flong , from which a positive form is cast in type metal . Advances such as the typewriter and computer would push the state of the art even farther ahead. Still, hand composition and letterpress printing have not fallen completely out of use, and since
3075-484: The concern of the casterman, is the "set", or width of each sort. Set width, like body size, is measured in points. In order to extend the working life of type, and to account for the finite sorts in a case of type, copies of forms were cast when anticipating subsequent printings of a text, freeing the costly type for other work. This was particularly prevalent in book and newspaper work where rotary presses required type forms to wrap an impression cylinder rather than set in
Leading - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-548: The content is accessed on a mobile device . The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which declaration applies if more than one declaration of a property match a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates
3225-490: The conversion to do-it-yourself easier, but also opened up a gap between skilled designers and amateurs. The advent of PostScript, supplemented by the PDF file format, provided a universal method of proofing designs and layouts, readable on major computers and operating systems. QuarkXPress had enjoyed a market share of 95% in the 1990s, but lost its dominance to Adobe InDesign from the mid-2000s onward. IBM created and inspired
3300-428: The decimal system, commas are used to separate the "digits" (a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11,11, not 121). Thus the selectors of the following rule result in the indicated specificity: Consider this HTML fragment: In the above example, the declaration in the style attribute overrides the one in the <style> element because it has a higher specificity, and thus,
3375-627: The designers, or may remove all added styles, and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes. Browser extensions like Stylish and Stylus have been created to facilitate the management of such user style sheets. In the case of large projects, cascading can be used to determine which style has a higher priority when developers do integrate third-party styles that have conflicting priorities, and to further resolve those conflicts. Additionally, cascading can help create themed designs, which help designers fine-tune aspects of
3450-457: The eyes of the reader are required to travel a greater distance between lines of text. Text set "solid" (no leading) appears cramped, with ascenders almost touching descenders from the previous line. The lack of white space between lines makes it difficult for the eye to track from one line to the next, makes rivers more obvious, and hampers readability . Leading can be affected by a series of issues, all of which can be rectified or used to
3525-445: The font size. Double spacing is an entrenched practice due to the era of typewriters and, in academic settings, to allow the addition of handwritten comments and proofreading . Typewriters had a limited number of options for leading, and double spacing was chosen as a default. Double spacing increases the amount of unused white space on a page and reduces the number of lines on a page. Too much leading can cause continuity problems, as
3600-566: The graphic arts industry. In the United States, these companies were located in rural Pennsylvania, New England or the Midwest, where labor was cheap and paper was produced nearby, but still within a few hours' travel time of the major publishing centers. In 1985, with the new concept of WYSIWYG (for What You See Is What You Get) in text editing and word processing on personal computers, desktop publishing became available, starting with
3675-466: The help of scripting languages. YesLogic's Prince is another one, which is based on CSS Paged Media. During the mid-1970s, Joe Ossanna , working at Bell Laboratories , wrote the troff typesetting program to drive a Wang C/A/T phototypesetter owned by the Labs; it was later enhanced by Brian Kernighan to support output to different equipment, such as laser printers . While its use has fallen off, it
3750-407: The highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. The process is called cascading . One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation . Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the website, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by
3825-508: The introduction of digital typesetting, it has seen a revival as an artisanal pursuit. However, it is a small niche within the larger typesetting market. The time and effort required to manually compose the text led to several efforts in the 19th century to produce mechanical typesetting. While some, such as the Paige compositor , met with limited success, by the end of the 19th century, several methods had been devised whereby an operator working
SECTION 50
#17327871126343900-429: The modifications. Given the following style sheet: Suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element ( <em> ) inside: If no color is assigned to the em element, the emphasized word "illustrate" inherits the color of the parent element, p. The style sheet p has the color pink, hence, the em element is likewise pink: This is to illustrate inheritance The whitespace between properties and selectors
3975-418: The negative film, resulting in a column of black type on white paper, or a galley . The galley was then cut up and used to create a mechanical drawing or paste up of a whole page. A large film negative of the page is shot and used to make plates for offset printing . The next generation of phototypesetting machines to emerge were those that generated characters on a cathode-ray tube display. Typical of
4050-567: The number of lines per page. In this way the leading of a page can have a profound effect on the written text. This block of text has default leading: Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form. The same block of text set with 50% leading: Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write")
4125-1096: The paragraph appears green: To demonstrate specificity Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants. Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of XHTML elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text-related properties, but their box-related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font, letter spacing, line-height, list-style, text-align, text-indent, text-transform, visibility, white-space, and word-spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max-height and -width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text-decoration, vertical-align, and z-index. Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in
4200-411: The photo of the composing stick, a lower case 'q' looks like a 'd', a lower case 'b' looks like a 'p', a lower case 'p' looks like a 'b' and a lower case 'd' looks like a 'q'. This is reputed to be the origin of the expression "mind your p's and q's". It might just as easily have been "mind your b's and d's". A forgotten but important part of the process took place after the printing: after cleaning with
4275-473: The preparation of TeX documents through its export capability. GNU TeXmacs (whose name is a combination of TeX and Emacs , although it is independent from both of these programs) is a typesetting system which is at the same time a WYSIWYG word processor . SILE borrows some algorithms from TeX and relies on other libraries such as HarfBuzz and ICU , with an extensible core engine developed in Lua . By default, SILE's input documents can be composed in
4350-403: The printer's advantage. Negative leading applies only to digital type. An example of negative leading is (12/10) where 2 points are removed from the default leading. A negative leading could be viewed as a hindrance to readability. It would cause the text to be harder to read, as lines would be forced together, lessening room between lines and hindering readability. However, for short bursts of text
4425-446: The pronunciation "ledding" and not "leeding". The practice became popular in the eighteenth century. Leading can be used to enhance the legibility of a page or block of text. In The Elements of Typographic Style , Robert Bringhurst recommends more leading for longer measures, and for typefaces with darker weight, larger x-height, a vertical axis, or no serifs. The typographer Matthew Butterick recommends leading between 20% and 45% of
4500-556: The relevant CSS in a separate .css file, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural content; and enable the .css file to be cached to improve the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting. Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader ), and on Braille-based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if
4575-542: The rendered measurement. These eight units were a feature of CSS 1 and retained in all subsequent revisions. The proposed CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 will, if adopted as a W3C Recommendation, provide seven further length units: ch ; Q ; rem ; vh ; vmax ; vmin ; and vw . Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders, and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within
SECTION 60
#17327871126344650-463: The selectors is important. For example, div . myClass { color : red ;} applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas . myClass div { color : red ;} applies to all div elements that are inside elements of class myClass. This is not to be confused with concatenated identifiers such as div . myClass { color : red ;} which applies to div elements of class myClass. The following table provides
4725-431: The separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The W3C has now deprecated the use of all presentational HTML markup. For example, under pre-CSS HTML,
4800-499: The style element: All h1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to: rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual h1 element. The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file, as described below, and loaded using syntax similar to: This further decouples
4875-418: The styles cannot be loaded or are disabled, this separation maintains the accessibility and readability of the content, ensuring that the site is usable for all users, including those with disabilities. Its multi-faceted approach, including considerations for selector specificity, rule order, and media types, ensures that websites are visually coherent and adaptive across different devices and user needs, striking
4950-639: The styling from the HTML document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file. CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, offers a flexible way to style web content, with styles originating from browser defaults, user preferences, or web designers. These styles can be applied inline, within an HTML document, or through external .css files for broader consistency. Not only does this simplify web development by promoting reusability and maintainability, it also improves site performance because styles can be offloaded into dedicated .css files that browsers can cache. Additionally, even if
5025-431: The text for a page. The size of the type was determined by the size of the character on the face of the sort. A compositor would need to physically swap out the sorts for a different size to change the font size. During typesetting, individual sorts are picked from a type case with the right hand, and set from left to right into a composing stick held in the left hand, appearing to the typesetter as upside down. As seen in
5100-499: The top and bottom. For example, if a piece of text is "12pt" high and the line-height value is "14pt", 2pt of extra space should be added: 1pt above and 1pt below the text (this applies to empty boxes as well, as if the empty box contained zero-height text). The leading may be increased to align the bottom line of text on a page in a process known as feathering, carding, or vertical justification. In metal typesetting some fonts have default increased or decreased leading. To achieve this,
5175-646: The type were the Alphanumeric APS2 (1963), IBM 2680 (1967), I.I.I. VideoComp (1973?), Autologic APS5 (1975), and Linotron 202 (1978). These machines were the mainstay of phototypesetting for much of the 1970s and 1980s. Such machines could be "driven online" by a computer front-end system or took their data from magnetic tape. Type fonts were stored digitally on conventional magnetic disk drives. Computers excel at automatically typesetting and correcting documents. Character-by-character, computer-aided phototypesetting was, in turn, rapidly rendered obsolete in
5250-542: The typographic ability or flexibility required for complicated book layout, graphics, mathematics, or advanced hyphenation and justification rules ( H and J ). By 2000, this industry segment had shrunk because publishers were now capable of integrating typesetting and graphic design on their own in-house computers. Many found the cost of maintaining high standards of typographic design and technical skill made it more economical to outsource to freelancers and graphic design specialists. The availability of cheap or free fonts made
5325-521: Was a SCRIPT variant developed at IBM in the 1980s. DWScript is a version of SCRIPT for MS-DOS, named after its author, D. D. Williams, but was never released to the public and only used internally by IBM. Script is still available from IBM as part of the Document Composition Facility for the z/OS operating system. The standard generalized markup language ( SGML ) was based upon IBM Generalized Markup Language (GML). GML
5400-631: Was a set of macros on top of IBM Script. DSSSL is an international standard developed to provide a stylesheets for SGML documents. XML is a successor of SGML. XSL-FO is most often used to generate PDF files from XML files. The arrival of SGML/XML as the document model made other typesetting engines popular. Such engines include Datalogics Pager, Penta, Miles 33's OASYS, Xyvision's XML Professional Publisher , FrameMaker , and Arbortext . XSL-FO compatible engines include Apache FOP , Antenna House Formatter , and RenderX 's XEP . These products allow users to program their SGML/XML typesetting process with
5475-556: Was documented in the May 1975 issue of the Computing Centre Newsletter, which noted some the advantages of using SCRIPT: The article also pointed out SCRIPT had over 100 commands to assist in formatting documents, though 8 to 10 of these commands were sufficient to complete most formatting jobs. Thus, SCRIPT had many of the capabilities computer users generally associate with contemporary word processors. SCRIPT/VS
5550-460: Was then fed to control a casting machine. The Ludlow Typograph involved hand-set matrices, but otherwise used hot metal. By the early 20th century, the various systems were nearly universal in large newspapers and publishing houses. Phototypesetting or "cold type" systems first appeared in the early 1960s and rapidly displaced continuous casting machines. These devices consisted of glass or film disks or strips (one per font ) that spun in front of
5625-419: Was typed a second time. If the two lines were identical a bell rang and the machine produced a punched paper tape corresponding to the text. With the completion of a block of lines the typesetter fed the corresponding paper tapes into a phototypesetting device that mechanically set type outlines printed on glass sheets into place for exposure onto a negative film . Photosensitive paper was exposed to light through
#633366