Misplaced Pages

#289710

52-507: The Lebak Regency is the regency to which the Dutchman Eduard Douwes Dekker, better known by his pseudonym Multatuli , was appointed in 1856 as Assistant Resident. Douwes Dekker observed that the local regent exploited the local population and requested his removal. He made a few mistakes in this. He bypassed his direct chief and overlooked the size of abuse by the regent. The regent being of local nobility but paid by

104-498: A Sumatran noble family, was offered to Douwes Dekker. Douwes Dekker later described her as "one of my first loves". A lock of hair, which Douwes Dekker kept with him all his life, is still kept at the Multatuli Museum. Back then it was very common to match young native women with single Dutch civil servants. Financial irregularities and a deficit in funds – at least some of which dated to before his time in office – led to

156-583: A background in classical Latin as well as training in humanistic scripts. Still considered as the language of the learned, Latin was esteemed and used frequently in the academic field. However, at the start of the 14th century, writers started writing in the vernacular . Due to this event and the common practice of interweaving Latin with a dialect even at advanced stages in learning, the precedence of Latin schools from other pedagogical institutions diminished. Clergy often funded ecclesiastical schools where clerics taught. Many historians argue that up until 1300

208-466: A book containing dialogues written for the study of Latin grammar, was written by Erasmus and became one of the most popular books of its time. Students of Studia Humanitatis were seen as well prepared for occupations pertaining to politics or business. Learning the classics and other subjects in this curriculum enabled the individual to speak, argue and write with eloquence and relevance. Early Modern children were first taught to read and write

260-600: A deficit in the official funds and had also run up private debts, a situation that raised suspicions of financial irregularities but was never cleared up. Nonetheless, at the end of 1851 he was promoted up the administrative ladder, being sent to Ambon as Assistant Resident. After a few months, he went on furlough to the Netherlands for health reasons. From 1852 to May 1855 he was in Holland, where he gambled extensively and accumulated more debt. Despite his later success as

312-516: A large sum of other books (though not nearly as popular) was often referred to as the "canon of textbooks". Similarly, as the student advanced into the Ars Dictaminis stage more theory and practice writing formal or prose letters were focused on. Poetry was often a teachers favorite as it taught not only Latin , but mnemonic value and "truth". Poetry was not chiefly studied during the medieval times, although some classic poems were taken into

364-796: A new kind of education in Latin. Schools and academies that centred on instructing classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , medieval texts, the Greek language , as well as modern foreign languages, emerged. They called this new curriculum the Studia Humanitatis . Latin school formed the basis of education in the elite Italian city-states . Positions such as headmaster of grammar schools or professor of Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialect, were filled in by erudite humanists. Guarino da Verona , another humanist, devised three stages for humanistic learning:

416-402: A series of colonial government posts. Initially employed in the general accounting department, he was promoted in the following years to administrative officer, although he disliked financial work. In 1842, he was appointed comptroller of the troubled district of Natal , Noord Sumatra , Dutch East Indies (now part of Indonesia ). In 1843 a 13-year-old girl, Si Oepi Ketch, a member of

468-423: A serious reprimand from the governor of Sumatra 's west coastal region, General Andreas Victor Michiels , and to a temporary suspension. Aggrieved, he wrote a revenge play De Oneerbare (The Dishonorable Man), later published as De bruid daarboven (The Upstairs Bride). He would later include a version of this episode in his satirical novel Max Havelaar . Although the general was later shown to have been in

520-477: A student could stay in school, although if a relative was one of the school's founders then an extended stay was possible. Schools were managed by appointing a committee who then employed a teacher and paid their salary. These schools usually had limited supervision from the town authorities. Freelance Latin masters opened up their own schools quite frequently and would provide Latin education to anyone willing to pay. These freelance schools usually taught students in

572-605: A writer, he would be pursued by creditors for most of his adult life. In 1857 he was appointed Assistant Resident of Lebak , in the Bantam-Kidoel area of Java (now Banten province in Indonesia). By this time, however, he had begun to openly protest against the abuses of the Dutch colonial system and was threatened with dismissal. Instead, he resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands. Determined to expose

SECTION 10

#1732772431290

624-494: Is actually another mordant satire, this time in the form of a fictitious correspondence. The following year, he began to publish a wide range of miscellaneous writings in a series of uniform volumes called Ideën ( Ideas ), of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877. His semi-autobiographical novel Woutertje Pieterse ( Little Walter Pieterse ) was first printed in the Ideas series. Multatuli made several attempts to write for

676-748: Is suitable for professional surfers with the high tides of the Indian Ocean . Since 2018, the regency has operated a history museum in Rangkasbitung, the Multatuli Museum , which focuses on the anti-colonial struggle and the Dutch author Multatuli . Rob Nieuwenhuys, Oost-Indische Spiegel, Amsterdam, 1978. Rob Nieuwenhuys, De mythe van Lebak, Amsterdam,1987. Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin multa tulī , "I have suffered much"),

728-590: The Latin school located at the Singel . A precursor of the present day Barlaeus Gymnasium . His father originally intended for Eduard to become a minister , though the idea was later abandoned. Eduard then worked for a time at a textile firm, as a clerk . In 1838, he left on one of his father's ships for Batavia (present-day Jakarta ) in the Dutch East Indies , where over the next two decades he held

780-649: The Renaissance so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools. Renaissance humanists criticized Medieval Latin calling it "barbaric jargon". Scholars like the Dutch humanist, Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536), denounced the church and the way it taught. He desired that a Renaissance in the Roman Catholic Church should accompany the study of the classics . Humanist ideas became so influential that residents in Italian states began to call for

832-449: The 1450s. In some countries, but not England, they later lost their popularity as universities and some Catholic orders began to prefer the vernacular. Medieval Europe thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate. Grammar schools otherwise known as Latin schools taught Latin by using Latin. Latin was the language used in nearly all academic and most legal and administrative matters, as well as

884-563: The 16th century, the Catholic Counter-Reformation supported the establishment of municipal schools. Jesuits founded their own schools and offered free training in Latin grammar, Philosophy, Theology, Geography, Religious Doctrine and History for boys. It was important for Jesuits as well as the Catholic Reformation to instruct clergymen as well as laymen in this type of education. The Jesuits pursued

936-517: The Catholic Church tried to deal with the surfacing of Protestant Latin schools that involved itself with orienting church authorities and pastors. John Calvin , a reformer, taught Latin grammar along with the Geneva catechism. Nevertheless, there were some reformers who wanted to cease using Latin in worship, finding the vernacular a more efficient language to use. In the latter part of

988-713: The Church had a monopoly on education in Medieval Italy. Latin church schools seemed to appear around the 12th century, however very few remained after the 14th century as a vernacular, more definite form of Latin school emerged in Italy. In some areas in Spain during the late 15th century, the church encouraged priests and sacristans to train others in reading and writing. After the Protestant Reformation ,

1040-592: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company , a pamphlet-novel, which had great influence on later administrators, less by force of analysis than by the vigour of its language, setting a new standard for Dutch literature. The regency is divided into 28 districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and populations from the 2010 census and the 2020 census; together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes

1092-599: The Freemason periodical "De Dageraad" (The Dawn) in 1859. In 1865 it was reprinted in "Bloemlezing door Multatuli" by R.C. Meijer, a fellow Freemason in Amsterdam. Already in 1861 the book "Minnebrieven" (Love letters) was published at the same printer/bookseller. Many more books and editions of Dekker were published by R.C. Meijer. Although Douwes Dekker's friend and fellow writer Jacob van Lennep had seen to it that identifiable place names were changed before publication,

SECTION 20

#1732772431290

1144-513: The book still caused enormous controversy. Apologists for colonialism accused Multatuli of exaggeration, and he was unsuccessfully pressured to withdraw the inflammatory book. Critics claimed it lacked literary merit; nonetheless, Max Havelaar was read all over Europe. The poet and critic Carel Vosmaer proved to be an ally, publishing a book ( The Sower , 1874) praising Multatuli. Multatuli continued to write prolifically. His misleadingly titled second book, Minnebrieven ( Love Letters , 1861),

1196-630: The colonial government was regularly in poor circumstances having to keep up with demands of patronage for his large family, according to the adat, the traditional law. Bad practices were known and condoned to a certain extent by the colonial administration. Governmental research that same year showed however more serious abuse by the lesser local officials. The governor-general disapproved of Dekker's tactless conduct and ordered his replacement, which Dekker refused. He resigned after three months of duty in Lebak. Home he published four years later Max Havelaar , or

1248-466: The curriculum that would teach students grammar. These texts however, were often not the original texts, as more often than not, texts were changed to include moral stories or to display rules of grammar. These were usually in the form of fables or poems. New students generally started off with easy basic grammar, and steadily moved into harder Latin readings such as the Donatus ( Ars Minor stage), which

1300-581: The curriculum. However, during the Renaissance, pupils greatly studied poetry in order to learn metrics and style. As well, it was viewed as a broader study of Latin grammar and rhetoric, which often included concepts, and analysis of words Ars Dictaminis was an area of study that was created in the latter part of the Middle Ages as a response to the demand for social communication as offices for religious and political leaders increased. Rhetoric

1352-417: The elementary, the grammatical and the rhetorical. Humanists held the belief that by being a learned individual they were contributing to society. Hence, humanistic education constituted the intermediate and advanced levels for most of the urban population. It created an opportunity to advance an individual's social status since more institutions intellectual, political and economic sought workers who possessed

1404-624: The five kelurahan (with populations in 2023) of Cijoro Lebak (12,808), Cijoro Pasir (11,551), Muara Ciujung Barat (9,569), Muara Ciujung Timur (19,781) and Rangkasbitung Barat (7,825), and eleven desa including Rangkasbitung Timur (14,641). To the southern coast of the regency, there are Sawarna Beach and Ciantir Beach which can be accessed from Jakarta by a 6 hours drive. The modest Sawarna village has no available 24 hours electricity and no television broadcast can be accessed. In some areas, terraced rice fields are like in Ubud , Bali . Ciantir Beach

1456-477: The language of the liturgy . Some of the laity, though not instructed formally, spoke and wrote some Latin. Courts, especially church courts, used Latin in their proceedings, although this was even less accessible than the vernacular to the lower classes, who often could not read at all, let alone Latin. Students often studied in Latin school for about five years, but by their third year, students would be deemed as "knowledgeable enough" in Latin grammar to assist

1508-480: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 340 rural desa and 5 urban kelurahan - the latter all in Rangkasbitung District), and its postal codes. Notes: (a) including five small offshore islands - Pulau Manuk , Pulau Tanjunglayar , Pulau Karangbokor , Pulau Karangmalang and Pulau Karangmasigit . (b) comprising

1560-411: The master teacher in teaching the younger or less skilled pupils. Most boys began at the age of seven but older men who wanted to study were not discouraged as long as they could pay the fees. Students usually finished their schooling during their late teens, but those who desired to join the priesthood had to wait until they were twenty-four in order to get accepted. There was usually a limit to how long

1612-445: The master's home. Others taught as a tutor in a student's household by either living there or making daily visits to teach. Students ranged from those who were members of the peasantry to those of the elite. If a serf 's child wanted to go to school, payment given to the lord was required (to replace the value of his labour) as well as his consent. As Europeans experienced the intellectual, political, economic and social innovations of

Lebak Regency - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-471: The most important Dutch writer of all time. The annual Multatuli Prize , a Dutch literary prize, is named in his honor. The literary award Woutertje Pieterse Prijs is named after the character Woutertje Pieterse in Multatuli's De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse . The Multatuli Museum is located in Amsterdam at Korsjespoortsteeg 20, where Eduard Douwes Dekker was born. Another Multatuli Museum

1716-597: The scandals he had witnessed during his years in the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker began to write newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice was taken of these early publications until, in 1860, he published his satirical anticolonialist novel Max Havelaar: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company under the pseudonym Multatuli. Douwes Dekker's pen name is derived from the Latin phrase multa tuli , meaning "I have suffered much" (or more literally: "I have borne much"). It refers both to himself and to

1768-455: The significance of education to their order and took over the teaching responsibilities in Latin schools and secondary schools along with other Catholic orders in several Catholic areas. The Latin school curriculum was based mainly on reading Classical and some Medieval authors. Students had to learn the principles of Ars Dictaminis in order to learn how to write formal letters. Authors often had lists of books that were supposed to be used in

1820-529: The stage. One of his plays, Vorstenschool ( The School for Princes , published in 1872 in the fourth volume of Ideën ), expresses his nonconformist views on politics, society, and religion. Out of fear of offending the Dutch king, three years elapse before the play was first staged. The premiere and subsequent tour were a great success, forming one of the highlights of Multatuli's career as a writer. Multatuli stopped writing rather suddenly in 1877. He had moved to Germany about ten years earlier, where he settled in

1872-494: The study of how to write official and private letters as well as records. The revised Ars Dictaminis took its guidelines from one of Cicero 's works, the de inventione and pseudo-Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herennium . There were five main parts: the salutatio (salutation), benevolentiae (winning the agreement of the recipient through the arrangement of words), narratio (the point of the discussion), petitio (petition), and conclusio (conclusion). This systematic presentation

1924-502: The town of Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz . Multatuli married Everdine Hubertina van Wijnbergen on 10 April 1846. They had two children, their son Edu (born 1854) and their daughter Nonni (born 1857). Multatuli's relationship with Edu remained difficult throughout his life. Multatuli eventually separated from his wife, in large part due to his gambling addiction and related financial problems. She died in 1874 and Multatuli not long afterwards married Maria Hamminck Schepel. Multatuli

1976-512: The vernacular and were then sent to Latin schools. If the parents were financially able, the child went even before he learned to read or write if the opportunity was present. Men were the usual students since women were either taught at home or in nunneries. Subsequent to the Council of Trent 's decision to cloister all female religious, female orders such as Ursulines and Angelicals conducted their own schools within their convents. University

2028-480: The victims of the injustices he saw. Douwes Dekker was accepted in 1854 at the Freemason loge "Concordia Vincit Animos". The head of this loge was W.J.C. van Hasselt. Multatuli sent his manuscript of Max Havelaar to Van Hasselt, and Van Hasselt sent this manuscript to another Freemason, Jacob van Lennep . The very first text ever published by Multatuli was "Geloofsbelydenis" (Profession of Faith). It appeared in

2080-728: The wrong in the matter of the reprimand, Douwes Dekker himself acknowledged that he was not well suited to administrative work. He annoyed his colleagues not solely by his errors and delays but by not adhering to the unwritten rules of the local civil service. Eventually, after refunding the deficit out of his own pocket, he was put on temporary leave and then transferred elsewhere. After holding several subordinate government positions in Nanjing in Qing dynasty China and Purworedjo in Java under colonial rule (now part of Indonesia ), Douwes Dekker

2132-407: The year 1450. Those who did study under this discipline were taught classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , some medieval texts, Greek as well as modern foreign languages. The use of pagan authors became more common as the church became less involved with the humanistic method used in academic institutions before university. Colloquies (1518),

Lebak Regency - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-570: Was a Dutch writer best known for his satirical novel Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia ). He is considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors. Eduard Douwes Dekker was born in Amsterdam , the fourth of five children of a Mennonite family: the other children were Catharina (1809–1849), Pieter Engel (1812–1861), Jan (1816–1864), and Willem (1823–1840). Their mother, Sietske Eeltjes Klein (sometimes written "Klijn"),

2236-466: Was a syntax manual that was memorized, or even more advanced with glossaries and dictionaries. Although many teachers used many books that varied from person to person, the most popular textbook would have been the Doctrinale . The Doctrinale was a long verse of Latin grammar. This textbook dealt with parts of speech, syntax, quantity and meter, as well as figures of speech. The Doctrinale as well as

2288-589: Was appointed secretary to the Resident Menado in Noord Celebes (now also part of Indonesia ) in 1848. Here his career recovered, at least in part because the Resident, Reinier Scherius , shared his strong sense of fair play towards the indigenous population. On his departure in 1851, Scherius recommended Douwes Dekker as his successor. The government decided otherwise; Multatuli had again amassed

2340-565: Was attributed to the Medieval preference for hierarchal organization. Studia Humanitatis was the new curriculum founded in the Early Modern Era by humanists . In order to be able to move forward academically, a firm foundation in Studia Humanitatis starting from elementary school was necessary. Those who studied under Ars Dictaminis but did not have this background found it difficult to get accepted into chanceries following

2392-527: Was born on Ameland . Multatuli’s father, Engel Douwes Dekker, worked as a sea captain from the Zaan district of North Holland . Engel inherited the surnames of both his parents, Pieter Douwes and Engeltje Dekker, and Multatuli’s family retained both names. Multatuli’s elder brother, Jan Douwes Dekker (1816–1864), was the grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker , a politician of Dutch-Javanese descent. As an adolescent, Multatuli attended school in Amsterdam, at

2444-566: Was one of Sigmund Freud 's favorite writers; his name heads a list of 'ten good books' that Freud drew up in 1907. Several other writers from different generations were appreciative of Multatuli, like Karl Marx , Anatole France , Willem Elsschot , Hermann Hesse , Thomas Mann , Heinrich Mann as well as Johanna van Gogh , and many first-wave feminists (suffragists). In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society of Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli

2496-747: Was opened on 11 February 2018 in Rangkasbitung , Lebak Regency in the province of Banten , Indonesia. Multatuli was cremated in Gotha . His ashes were later brought to the cemetery and crematorium Westerveld in Driehuis . His wife Tine is buried in the Protestant section of the San Michele cemetery . An Indonesian Navy command ship was named KRI  Multatuli in honor of Eduard Douwes Dekker. Latin school The Latin school

2548-401: Was seen as a method of persuasion and so there were five distinct aspects of Ars Dictaminis that assured this. These five elements were: "how to word a question; how to dispose material; how to find the right words and effective stylistic devices; how to commit everything to memory; how to find the right intonation and suitable gestures". During the Renaissance however, rhetoric developed into

2600-782: Was the grammar school of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Other terms used include Lateinschule in Germany, or later Gymnasium . Latin schools were also established in Colonial America . Emphasis was placed on learning Latin , initially in its Medieval Latin form. Grammar was the most basic part of the trivium and the Liberal arts . Latin schools aimed to prepare students for university, as well as seeking to enable those of middle-class status to rise above their station. It

2652-550: Was the final stage of academic learning and within its walls Latin was the language of lectures and scholarly debates. Jews however, including those who were converted into Christianity , were not allowed to teach so they developed their own schools which taught Doctrine, Hebrew and Latin . Latin schools, on the same model, were founded in North America, importing the European methods of education. The first of these

SECTION 50

#1732772431290

2704-455: Was therefore not unusual for children of commoners to attend Latin schools, especially if they were expected to pursue a career within the church. Although Latin schools existed in many parts of Europe in the 14th-century and were more open to the laity, prior to that the Church allowed for Latin schools for the sole purpose of training those who would one day become clergymen. Latin schools began to develop to reflect Renaissance humanism around

#289710