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110-531: The Leeds Forge Company manufactured corrugated furnaces for marine steam engine boilers and pressed steel railway rolling stock. The company was founded by Samson Fox , who was born in 1838 in Bradford , Yorkshire. Samson apprenticed with Smith, Beacock and Tannett of Victoria Foundry, Leeds, succeeded Fenton, Murray and Jackson , builders of rail locomotives. While at Smith, Beacock and Tannett, Fox became their travelling representative. During this time he

220-651: A vertical beam or overhead beam , and sometimes simply referred as a "beam", was another early adaptation of the beam engine, but its use was confined almost entirely to the United States. After its introduction, the walking beam quickly became the most popular engine type in American waters for inland waterway and coastal service, eventually making its way into American transoceanic steamships as well. The type proved to have remarkable longevity, with walking beam engines still being occasionally manufactured as late as

330-642: A 30-year period used the Limited Large Erecting Shed at Eveleigh to restore and maintain heritage diesel carriages and locomotives that take tourists and enthusiasts on rail adventures, was locked out of its workshop. Transport for NSW took over the shed after a review determined the 3801 group must clear out to share the space with other heritage operators. A Transport for NSW spokesman said the department had offered assistance to find an alternative site for 3801 Limited. In November 2018, plans were announced to move Transport Heritage NSW to

440-454: A Watt engine. Following Fulton's success, steamboat technology developed rapidly on both sides of the Atlantic . Steamboats initially had a short range and were not particularly seaworthy due to their weight, low power, and tendency to break down, but they were employed successfully along rivers and canals, and for short journeys along the coast. The first successful transatlantic crossing by

550-417: A beam (i.e. walking beam, side-lever or grasshopper) engine. The later definition only uses the term for engines that apply power directly to the crankshaft via the piston rod and/or connecting rod. Unless otherwise noted, this article uses the later definition. Unlike the side-lever or beam engine, a direct-acting engine could be readily adapted to power either paddlewheels or a propeller. As well as offering

660-464: A centrally located crankshaft. Back-acting engines were another type of engine popular in both warships and commercial vessels in the mid-19th century, but like many other engine types in this era of rapidly changing technology, they were eventually abandoned for other solutions. There is only one known surviving back-acting engine—that of the TV Emery Rice (formerly USS  Ranger ), now

770-492: A common, T-shaped crosshead. The vertical arm of the crosshead extended down between the two cylinders and was attached at the bottom to both the crankshaft connecting rod and to a guide block that slid between the vertical sides of the cylinders, enabling the assembly to maintain the correct path as it moved. The Siamese engine was invented by British engineer Joseph Maudslay (son of Henry ), but although he invented it after his oscillating engine (see below), it failed to achieve

880-553: A compound engine gave a significant increase in fuel efficiency, so allowing steamships to out-compete sail on the route from the UK to China, even before the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. A triple-expansion engine is a compound engine that expands the steam in three stages, e.g. an engine with three cylinders at three different pressures. A quadruple-expansion engine expands the steam in four stages. However, as explained above,

990-468: A compound walking beam type, compound being the cylinder technology, and walking beam being the connection method. Over time, as most engines became direct-acting but cylinder technologies grew more complex, engines began to be classified solely according to cylinder technology. More commonly encountered marine steam engine types are listed in the following sections. Note that not all these terms are exclusive to marine applications. The side-lever engine

1100-430: A different design operating at only 90 psi (620 kPa). This was insufficient to fully realise the economic benefits of triple expansion. Aberdeen was fitted with two double ended Scotch type steel boilers, running at 125 psi (860 kPa). These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure. This provided

1210-413: A heavy vehicle that required considerable tractive effort from the locomotive. Pressed steel rolling stock was made from relatively lightweight flanged steel, giving it comparable strength to timber but considerable savings in dead weight. The construction technique, which used male and female dies in a hydraulic press , was very labor savings in comparison to hand-built timber cars. Fox found an ally in

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1320-474: A lower profile, direct-acting engines had the advantage of being smaller and weighing considerably less than beam or side-lever engines. The Royal Navy found that on average a direct-acting engine (early definition) weighed 40% less and required an engine room only two thirds the size of that for a side-lever of equivalent power. One disadvantage of such engines is that they were more prone to wear and tear and thus required more maintenance. An oscillating engine

1430-419: A new home for physical theatre, spoken word, music, dance, visual and hybrid arts. The site is close to the city but difficult to access and being below road level not easy to identify. This has been resolved by the simple gesture of creating a small plaza at street level and celebrating it with a new public marker made of recycled trusses from the building. The project is essentially an exercise in adaptive reuse:

1540-587: A new location in Chullora known as the Chullora Heritage Hub. The Eveleigh Precinct is located approximately four kilometres (two miles) south of the Sydney GPO and is bounded by the inner city suburbs of Darlington, Redfern, Alexandria Park, Erskinville and Newtown. The total area of the precinct, which runs from Redfern Station in the northeast to Erskinville and MacDonaldtown Stations in

1650-414: A patent for his Corrugated Furnace in 1877. The Corrugated Furnace consisted of an iron (later steel) tube that was heated and swaged (later rolled) under pressure to form corrugations, increasing the surface area of the tube and thus allowing a greater energy transfer from the heat source to the boiler while also providing additional resistance to boiler pressure. James Humphreys of Barrow-in-Furness placed

1760-729: A ship's economy or its speed. Broadly speaking, a compound engine can refer to a steam engine with any number of different-pressure cylinders—however, the term usually refers to engines that expand steam through only two stages, i.e., those that operate cylinders at only two different pressures (or "double-expansion" engines). Note that a compound engine (including multiple-expansion engines, see below) can have more than one set of variable-pressure cylinders. For example, an engine might have two cylinders operating at pressure x and two operating at pressure y, or one cylinder operating at pressure x and three operating at pressure y. What makes it compound (or double-expansion) as opposed to multiple-expansion

1870-407: A side-rod, extended down each side of the cylinder to connect to the end of the side-lever on the same side. The far ends of the two side-levers were connected to one another by a horizontal crosstail, from which extended a single, common connecting rod which operated the crankshaft as the levers rocked up and down around the central pin. The main disadvantage of the side-lever engine was that it

1980-511: A small, low-profile engine like the trunk engine to power the U.S. Federal government's monitors , a type of warship developed during the American Civil War that had very little space for a conventional powerplant. The trunk engine itself was, however, unsuitable for this purpose, because the preponderance of weight was on the side of the engine that contained the cylinder and trunk—a problem that designers could not compensate for on

2090-415: A smaller, lighter, more efficient design. In a steeple engine, the vertical oscillation of the piston is not converted to a horizontal rocking motion as in a beam engine, but is instead used to move an assembly, composed of a crosshead and two rods, through a vertical guide at the top of the engine, which in turn rotates the crankshaft connecting rod below. In early examples of the type, the crosshead assembly

2200-400: A steamship occurred in 1819 when Savannah sailed from Savannah, Georgia to Liverpool, England . The first steamship to make regular transatlantic crossings was the sidewheel steamer Great Western in 1838. As the 19th century progressed, marine steam engines and steamship technology developed alongside each other. Paddle propulsion gradually gave way to the screw propeller , and

2310-462: Is also an alternative name for the steeple engine (below). Many sources thus prefer to refer to it by its informal name of "square" engine to avoid confusion. Additionally, the marine crosshead or square engine described in this section should not be confused with the term " square engine " as applied to internal combustion engines , which in the latter case refers to an engine whose bore is equal to its stroke . The walking beam, technically known as

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2420-498: Is now only used to stable Oscar sets for Interurban services to Springwood, Newcastle, Port Kembla & Kiama and sector 2 trains throughout the day. In 2009, the Locomotive Workshops were redeveloped as Australian Technology Park and Seven Network Sydney headquarters. In 2017, the volunteer group 3801 Limited (or East Coast Heritage Rail), which takes its name from the 3801 locomotive steam train, who have for

2530-556: Is supported on a timber platform and timber piles, twelve in each corner and six at each column. Inside the building is a grid of round, hollow cast iron columns moulded in a classical style supported on footings. The columns support the crane girders and the roof. The corrugated iron clad roof is supported by fine wrought iron trusses with diagonal wind bracing which fixes through the walls at each end. The purlins are wrought iron 'Z's. Timber purlins have been added in some places for ease of fixing replacement roofing. Monitor roofs run

2640-401: Is that the engine could be easily started from any crank position. Like the conventional side-lever engine however, grasshopper engines were disadvantaged by their weight and size. They were mainly used in small watercraft such as riverboats and tugs . The crosshead engine, also known as a square , sawmill or A-frame engine, was a type of paddlewheel engine used in the United States. It

2750-438: Is that there are only two pressures , x and y. The first compound engine believed to have been installed in a ship was that fitted to Henry Eckford by the American engineer James P. Allaire in 1824. However, many sources attribute the "invention" of the marine compound engine to Glasgow 's John Elder in the 1850s. Elder made improvements to the compound engine that made it safe and economical for ocean-crossing voyages for

2860-618: The Union Pacific Railroad , was made general manager. By 1893 the works employed 400 men producing 80 tramcars and freight cars per day. A larger plant was built in Pittsburgh in 1896. In 1899 Fox sold his American operation to rival Charles T. Schoen, who went on to form the Pressed Steel Car Company . The company stayed in business until it was purchased in 1923 by Cammell Laird , which closed

2970-562: The World War I which brought worse conditions and declining wages. The rail yards continued to develop. Additional land was resumed to the south-west and 230 houses were demolished to allow for the construction of the Alexandria Goods Yard sometime around 1917. During 1925 the manufacture of new locomotives ceased. As a result of World War II (1939–45), bays 5-6 were cleared of machinery in 1940 and plans drawn up for

3080-667: The Xplorer - Endeavour Service Centre in 1994. In 2002 the former ACDEP site was redeveloped as Eveleigh Maintenance Centre, where Downer EDi Rail serviced Sydney Trains ' Millennium trains and Sydney Trains maintenance division serviced the Oscar sets. In 2018, maintenance of Millennium sets moved to the Auburn Maintenance Centre and the NSW TrainLink Oscar sets to UGL Rail Maintrain. Eveleigh

3190-417: The beam engine . The typical side-lever engine had a pair of heavy horizontal iron beams, known as side-levers, each secured in the centre by a pin near the base of the engine, allowing the levers to pivot through a limited arc. The engine cylinder stood vertically between this pair of levers at one end, with the piston rod attached to a horizontal crosshead above, from each end of which a vertical rod, known as

3300-524: The 1830s and the type was perfected in the early 1840s by the Scottish shipbuilder David Napier . The steeple engine was gradually superseded by the various types of direct-acting engine. The Siamese engine, also referred to as the "double cylinder" or "twin cylinder" engine, was another early alternative to the beam or side-lever engine. This type of engine had two identical, vertical engine cylinders arranged side-by-side, whose piston rods were attached to

3410-504: The 1940s. In marine applications, the beam itself was generally reinforced with iron struts that gave it a characteristic diamond shape, although the supports on which the beam rested were often built of wood. The adjective "walking" is believed to have originated from a corruption of the technical term "working beam". Walking beam engines were a type of paddlewheel engine and were rarely used for powering propellers. They were used primarily for ships and boats working in rivers, lakes and along

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3520-412: The 1970s came too late. Too much of the machinery was suited only to the steam locomotive era. Buildings containing old equipment, machinery which had become progressively inappropriate to a modern transport era, and a changing work culture, has seen the yards decline gradually in the late 20th century until its closure in 1988. After closure, bays 5-15 were used by Paddy's Markets while other buildings on

3630-766: The Armley works in 1929. Leeds Forge successfully sued R.H.Clayton & Sons Ltd over patent infringement for an improved boiler flue. In 1924 the Leeds Forge Company built 50 electric carriages for the New South Wales Government Railways , Australia. The bodies were shipped to Sydney in knocked-down form and assembled at Eveleigh Railway Workshops and Clyde Engineering . They were the first all-steel carriages in Australia. In 1922 they supplied new all steel sleeping cars for

3740-496: The Carriage Workshops were numbered 16-25 over 17,500 square metres (188,000 sq ft). The construction of these workshops are essentially the same as the Locomotive Workshops. A large single storey building containing eight roads in the brick section and five roads in the adjacent metal clad section to the north. Within the brick building each road is separated by a single row of cast iron columns which support

3850-768: The Eveleigh Works were too congested and recommended the establishment of a new locomotive and repairing works. Adding to this situation, strained conditions led to eight strikes at Eveleigh between July 1915 and July 1917. In 1916, James Fraser, Acting Chief Commissioner, addressed workers at Eveleigh on the introduction of the Taylor card system. The introduction of this system on 2 August 1917 led to an 82-day general strike. It began when 1100 men struck at Randwick Tramway Depot and 3000 at Eveleigh. Volunteers kept trains running including boys from Newington and SHORE independent schools at Eveleigh. This all took place during

3960-509: The Eveleigh railway yards was chosen in 1875, resumed in 1878 and the compensation price settled in 1880. Approximately A£ 100,000 was paid for 26 hectares (64.5 acres) of land. Clearance began two years later. Much work went into the design and construction of the buildings because of the sandy nature of the soil. In the meantime, Eveleigh Station had been opened in 1878. In 1906, it was renamed Redfern Station. The former Redfern railway station

4070-632: The Locomotive Workshops, bays 1-15, in addition to the New Locomotive Shed and the Manager's Office. Today, the functions formerly carried out at Eveleigh are no longer carried out by government enterprises or no longer carried out in Australia. The locomotive workshop was closed in 1988 and the main rail workshops were moved to Enfield . From 1988, part of the workshop was used as the Tangara commissioning centre before being rebuilt as

4180-544: The NSW rail network which was instrumental in the development of the state during the 19th and 20th century. The construction of the workshops influenced the development of the local area (which was developed for worker's housing) both by providing employment and by its bulk and presence, starting bells and sirens. The yards were associated with developments in working conditions now crucial to the Australian cultural identity, eg)

4290-649: The Redfern-Waterloo precinct, CarriageWorks sets a precedent for the remaining development of the site, for heritage values to be respected and to inform the design of new interventions." The Australian Institute of Architects also awarded Tonkin Zulaikha Greer with the AIA Greenway Award for the heritage of Carriageworks at Eveleigh. The award citation read: "The Eveleigh Carriage Workshops are of national cultural significance as part of

4400-761: The US to manufacture marine steam turbines was entirely directed to the building of warships. The biggest manufacturer of triple-expansion engines during the war was the Joshua Hendy Iron Works . Toward the end of the war, turbine-powered Victory ships were manufactured in increasing numbers. Eveleigh Railway Workshops The Eveleigh Railway Workshops is a heritage-listed former New South Wales Government Railways yards and railway workshops and now venue hire, public housing and technology park located at Great Southern and Western railway, Redfern , City of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It

4510-514: The United States and in Ericsson's native country of Sweden, and as they had few advantages over more conventional engines, were soon supplanted by other types. The back-acting engine, also known as the return connecting rod engine , was another engine designed to have a very low profile. The back-acting engine was in effect a modified steeple engine, laid horizontally across the keel of a ship rather than standing vertically above it. Instead of

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4620-411: The area proceeded in the 1870s and 1880s around the railway workshop and was stimulated by the need for housing generated by the workshops. The names of many early settlers are continued in the street names in the area, including Eveleigh, and many of the property boundaries and former watercourses are reflected in street patterns. At the time of the development of the railway workshops, Darlington School

4730-412: The assembly maintained the correct path as it moved. The engine's alternative name—"A-frame"—presumably derived from the shape of the frames that supported these guides. Some crosshead engines had more than one cylinder, in which case the piston rods were usually all connected to the same crosshead. Because the cylinder was above the crankshaft in this type of engine, it had a high center of gravity, and

4840-419: The blue trains operating from Calais to French Riviera. In 1928 Leeds Forge manufactured three Bo-Bo electric hopper cars on behalf of English Electric . They were supplied to British Portland Cement , Greenhithe , Kent. Marine steam engine The first commercially successful steam engine was developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. The steam engine improvements brought forth by James Watt in

4950-547: The buildings on the site, including equipment adjacent to the Locomotive Workshops and machinery inside the buildings. The brick workshop building located in South Eveleigh operated from 1884 to 1986 and overhauled, repaired, modified and built new locomotives for New South Wales Government Railways. Classes of successful locomotives from the small C30 Class through the C38 Class and D58 Classes and assembly of

5060-488: The centerpiece of a display at the American Merchant Marine Museum . As steamships grew steadily in size and tonnage through the course of the 19th century, the need for low profile, low centre-of-gravity engines correspondingly declined. Freed increasingly from these design constraints, engineers were able to revert to simpler, more efficient and more easily maintained designs. The result was

5170-457: The close of the 19th century. Because they became so common, vertical engines are not usually referred to as such, but are instead referred to based upon their cylinder technology, i.e. as compound, triple-expansion, quadruple-expansion etc. The term "vertical" for this type of engine is imprecise, since technically any type of steam engine is "vertical" if the cylinder is vertically oriented. An engine someone describes as "vertical" might not be of

5280-640: The coastline, but were a less popular choice for seagoing vessels because the great height of the engine made the vessel less stable in heavy seas. They were also of limited use militarily, because the engine was exposed to enemy fire and could thus be easily disabled. Their popularity in the United States was due primarily to the fact that the walking beam engine was well suited for the shallow- draft boats that operated in America's shallow coastal and inland waterways. Walking beam engines remained popular with American shipping lines and excursion operations right into

5390-435: The conservatism of American domestic shipbuilders and shipping line owners, who doggedly clung to outdated technologies like the walking beam and its associated paddlewheel long after they had been abandoned in other parts of the world. The steeple engine, sometimes referred to as a "crosshead" engine, was an early attempt to break away from the beam concept common to both the walking beam and side-lever types, and come up with

5500-639: The construction of new locomotives was reintroduced. This post-war locomotive manufacturing lasted until 1952 when Eveleigh once again became a repair and maintenance facility. The decision to abandon steam locomotives in 1963 meant that Eveleigh, which was dedicated to steam locomotive maintenance and repair, entered its final phase. The yards continued to grow and expand, and functions were continually changing. In later years, workshops at Chullora in 1937 and later Clyde took over aspects of work formerly performed at Eveleigh and functions were rearranged accordingly. Re-organisation and attempts at modernisation in

5610-424: The crankshaft rotated—hence the term, oscillating . Steam was supplied and exhausted through the trunnions. The oscillating motion of the cylinder was usually used to line up ports in the trunnions to direct the steam feed and exhaust to the cylinder at the correct times. However, separate valves were often provided, controlled by the oscillating motion. This let the timing be varied to enable expansive working (as in

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5720-419: The design reveals and celebrates the industrial heritage of the site. The strength of the design comes from the directness of its response to the old buildings, respecting their structural grid as an ordering device and inserting simple strong new forms as a counterpoint to the intricacies of the old. The foyer delivers a remarkable new public space, animated and activated by the revealed heritage items. Located in

5830-410: The early 20th century. Although the walking beam engine was technically obsolete in the later 19th century, it remained popular with excursion steamer passengers who expected to see the "walking beam" in motion. There were also technical reasons for retaining the walking beam engine in America, as it was easier to build, requiring less precision in its construction. Wood could be used for the main frame of

5940-412: The engine in the paddle ship PD Krippen ). This provides simplicity but still retains the advantages of compactness. The first patented oscillating engine was built by Joseph Maudslay in 1827, but the type is considered to have been perfected by John Penn . Oscillating engines remained a popular type of marine engine for much of the 19th century. The trunk engine, another type of direct-acting engine,

6050-526: The engine, at a much lower cost than typical practice of using iron castings for more modern engine designs. Fuel was also much cheaper in America than in Europe, so the lower efficiency of the walking beam engine was less of a consideration. The Philadelphia shipbuilder Charles H. Cramp blamed America's general lack of competitiveness with the British shipbuilding industry in the mid-to-late 19th century upon

6160-404: The first Royal Navy steam vessel in 1820 until 1840, 70 steam vessels entered service, the majority with side-lever engines, using boilers set to 4psi maximum pressure. The low steam pressures dictated the large cylinder sizes for the side-lever engines, though the effective pressure on the piston was the difference between the boiler pressure and the vacuum in the condenser. The side-lever engine

6270-550: The first time. To fully realise their benefits, marine compound engines required boiler pressures higher than the limit imposed by the United Kingdom 's Board of Trade , who would only allow 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa). The shipowner and engineer Alfred Holt was able to persuade the authorisation of higher boiler pressures, launching SS  Agamemnon in 1865, with boilers running at 60 psi (410 kPa). The combination of higher boiler pressures and

6380-672: The first to build steamboats in the United States. Rumsey exhibited his steamboat design in 1787 on the Potomac River; however, Fitch won the rivalry in 1790 after his successful test resulted in a passenger service on the Delaware River. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the world's first commercially successful steamboat, simply known as the North River Steamboat , and powered by

6490-419: The full depth of the wall. The top face of the parapets (and cornices) are splayed to fall to the outside to discharge water and they are joined on the top face by cast iron toggles, about one inch thick. On the pedimented areas roof flashings are recessed in a trench in the stone. The walls and internal columns are supported on massed brick footings. In bays 1-4 there are brick arches between piers and each pier

6600-535: The function from Flemington Maintenance Depot . It also serviced carriages off the Spirit of Progress and Indian Pacific . From March 1971, it took over the maintenance on the DEB railcar sets . As at 7 May 2014, the archaeological potential of the site is medium to high and the site's physical condition assessed as fair. The Eveleigh Locomotive Workshops are the largest surviving, intact railway workshops dating from

6710-424: The growing dominance of the so-called "vertical" engine (more correctly known as the vertical inverted direct acting engine). In this type of engine, the cylinders are located directly above the crankshaft, with the piston rod/connecting rod assemblies forming a more or less straight line between the two. The configuration is similar to that of a modern internal combustion engine (one notable difference being that

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6820-716: The gunboat type exists in the Western Australian Museum in Fremantle . After sinking in 1872, it was raised in 1985 from the SS ; Xantho and can now be turned over by hand. The engine's mode of operation, illustrating its compact nature, could be viewed on the Xantho project's website. The vibrating lever, or half-trunk engine, was a development of the conventional trunk engine conceived by Swedish - American engineer John Ericsson . Ericsson needed

6930-499: The higher boiler pressures that became prevalent in the latter half of the 19th century due to the difficulty of maintaining a steam seal around the trunk, and builders abandoned them for other solutions. Trunk engines were normally large, but a small, mass-produced, high-revolution, high-pressure version was produced for the Crimean War. In being quite effective, the type persisted in later gunboats. An original trunk engine of

7040-611: The initial order for six furnaces of 3 ft 1 in (0.9 m) diameter and 7 ft 6 in (2.3 m) long. The next year Fox succeeded in obtaining an order for two American ships and had secured U.S. patents by 1880. The German company Schulz, Knaudt of Essen began Licensed production of the Corrugated Furnace that same year. Leeds Forge rejected license applications from other companies including Taylor Bros, Clarence Ironworks, Leeds and John Brown & Company , Atlas Works, Sheffield . In 18982 Fox introduced

7150-470: The installation of equipment supplied by the Department of Defence for the manufacture of 25lb field gun-shells. A mezzanine floor was added to Bay 5 in 1941 and the machinery for shell manufacture installed by February. Bay 8 was altered for an ammunitions annex. By 1943, Bay 8 had been abandoned by the Department of Defence as it had organised its own factories. Production of the shells ceased in 1945 and

7260-444: The introduction of iron and later steel hulls to replace the traditional wooden hull allowed ships to grow ever larger, necessitating steam power plants that were increasingly complex and powerful. A wide variety of reciprocating marine steam engines were developed over the course of the 19th century. The two main methods of classifying such engines are by connection mechanism and cylinder technology . Most early marine engines had

7370-550: The largest AD60 Class locomotives. Eveleigh Railway Workshops consisted 15 Bays featuring: The external walls are of sandstock brickwork laid in English bond with arched window and door openings picked out in white bricks. The pediments have circular vents filled with louvres . The brickwork is modulated into bays forming piers which strengthen the walls. Externally, brick walls feature sandstone cornices , parapets , sills and base courses. The stone generally extends

7480-407: The largest intact, high quality workshop site from the steam era in Australia. It has now been opened to the public in a creative new way. This landmark site has been given new life without forsaking the old - its 1888 industrial heritage clearly evident through the retention of nearly all the significant fabric and equipment extant at the time of adaptation. The carriages have gone, but not the cranes,

7590-561: The later half of the 18th century greatly improved steam engine efficiency and allowed more compact engine arrangements. Successful adaptation of the steam engine to marine applications in England would have to wait until almost a century after Newcomen, when Scottish engineer William Symington built the world's "first practical steamboat ", the Charlotte Dundas , in 1802. Rivaling inventors James Rumsey and John Fitch were

7700-641: The length of the bays with a curved roof supported on curved wrought iron rafters . Along the south side of the building are a series of annexes of varying dates of construction. Along the south of the building are two sets of tracks and several associated turntables. To the east in the space between the Loco Shop and the new Loco Shed a track lays parallel to the building, sections of which are now exposed. Built between 1884-1887 were originally designed for maintenance and repair of wagons and carriages. Later new carriages were designed and manufactured. Bays in

7810-500: The literature of the early period then, an engine can generally be assumed to be simple-expansion unless otherwise stated. Compound engines were a method of improving efficiency. Until the development of compound engines, steam engines used the steam only once before it was recycled back to the boiler. A compound engine first recycles the steam into one or more larger, lower-pressure secondary cylinders, to use more of its heat energy. Compound engines could be configured to increase either

7920-459: The location of the lever pivot and connecting rod are more or less reversed, with the pivot located at one end of the lever instead of the centre, while the connecting rod is attached to the lever between the cylinder at one end and the pivot at the other. Chief advantages of the grasshopper engine were cheapness of construction and robustness, with the type said to require less maintenance than any other type of marine steam engine. Another advantage

8030-400: The maintenance and repair of locomotives and railway stock and the manufacture of rolling stock such as wagons and passenger carriages. At the time, there were no other facilities in NSW for the construction of locomotives and the workshops eventually became the largest railway workshops in the southern hemisphere and operated for over 100 years. The workshops were set up on both the north and

8140-418: The most complete late 19th century and early 20th century forge installations, collection of cranes and power systems, in particular the hydraulic system. The place is of international significance and is one of Australia's finest industrial heritage items. The value of the place is increased by the fact that it consists of assemblages, collections and operational systems rather than individual items. Conversely,

8250-673: The number of expansion stages defines the engine, not the number of cylinders, e.g. the RMS Titanic had four-cylinder, triple-expansion engines. The first successful commercial use was an engine built at Govan in Scotland by Alexander C. Kirk for the SS  Aberdeen in 1881. An earlier experiment with an almost identical engine in SS Propontis in 1874 had had problems with the boilers. The initial installation, running at 150 psi (1,000 kPa) had to be replaced with

8360-486: The overall conservation exercise and accessibility this project brings. The desire to successfully adapt buildings is often not matched by the design. Here at Eveleigh the evidence is concrete. The workshops, at one stage, the largest enterprise in Australia employed local, Indigenous and European migrants throughout its history. Notable people who worked at Eveleigh included: The Eveleigh Railway Yards are historic railway engineering workshops and Eveleigh contains one of

8470-633: The promotion of his pressed steel vehicles in E R Calthrop , who promoted pressed steel rolling stock for his system of narrow gauge railways, and used them on the Barsi Light Railway . The United States showed much more interested in pressed steel cars so in 1889 the Fox Solid Pressed Steel company was established in Joliet, Illinois , 40 miles (64 km) south-west of Chicago. Clem Hackney, who had previously worked for

8580-411: The quality of design and detailing in the new work. The spaces created by the new theatre boxes has enriched the interior rather than detracted from it. The complexity of the frame, the structure and the industrial artefacts are powerful. This is a confident design approach that does not diminish that significance. While sections of the building have been altered, these are minor in terms of the scale of

8690-400: The rails and the ability to read its form and former function. Existing elements retain their patina of age. This project, realised on a strict budget and even stricter timetable, provides flexible theatre spaces, administration offices, workshop spaces and amenities in discrete concrete boxes clearly articulated from the heritage fabric. The success of the project stems from its simplicity and

8800-547: The rolling process which led to the commercial success of the furnace, which were routinely fitted to ships both in the United Kingdom and United States. After the success of the corrugated furnace, Fox turned his attention to other products, and in 1887 exhibited in Newcastle his flanged frame plate for railway rolling stock . Traditional rolling stock was built of timber frames with a timber superstructure, producing

8910-589: The rope-driven cranes to electric motor drives. Work also commenced on the replacement of the steam engines at the south end of the workshops by powerful electric motors. This, however, was not completed until 1914. In 1907, the Commissioners for Railways decided to begin the manufacture of new locomotives at Eveleigh and the New Locomotive Shop was designed and constructed for this purpose. A Public Works Annual Report in 1915 concluded that

9020-595: The same cylinder technology (simple expansion, see below) but a number of different methods of supplying power to the crankshaft (i.e. connection mechanism) were in use. Thus, early marine engines are classified mostly according to their connection mechanism. Some common connection mechanisms were side-lever, steeple, walking beam and direct-acting (see following sections). However, steam engines can also be classified according to cylinder technology (simple-expansion, compound, annular etc.). One can therefore find examples of engines classified under both methods. An engine can be

9130-455: The same widespread acceptance, as it was only marginally smaller and lighter than the side-lever engines it was designed to replace. It was however used on a number of mid-century warships, including the first warship fitted with a screw propeller, HMS  Rattler . There are two definitions of a direct-acting engine encountered in 19th-century literature. The earlier definition applies the term "direct-acting" to any type of engine other than

9240-553: The saw tooth south light roof, whilst in the steel annex there are two roads per bay. This is located west of the Large Erecting Shop. These are scattered along the existing rail corridor, generally located along embankments or cuttings. On 3 May 1968, the Air-Conditioned Depot (ACDEP) opened as the home depot for all long distance HUB , RUB and stainless steel sleeping carriages taking over

9350-475: The side-to-side motion of the connecting rod, which links a gudgeon pin at the piston head to an outside crankshaft. The walls of the trunk were either bolted to the piston or cast as one piece with it, and moved back and forth with it. The working portion of the cylinder is annular or ring-shaped, with the trunk passing through the centre of the cylinder itself. Early examples of trunk engines had vertical cylinders. However, ship builders quickly realized that

9460-605: The significance has been reduced by its closure, relocation of some machinery and its disassociation from the operating rail network. Eveleigh Railway Workshops was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The workshops were an important part of

9570-813: The site were demolished over an extended period. These included the Pattern Shed, Foundry, Smith's Shops and the Wheelpress Shop. In 1991, the NSW Government announced the creation of a technology park at Eveleigh in association with the University of NSW, the University of Sydney and the University of Technology. Decontamination works were carried out to cleared areas of the site progressively. In 1994, Paddy's Markets returned to Haymarket . City West Development Corporation took ownership of

9680-406: The small monitor warships. Ericsson resolved this problem by placing two horizontal cylinders back-to-back in the middle of the engine, working two "vibrating levers", one on each side, which by means of shafts and additional levers rotated a centrally located crankshaft. Vibrating lever engines were later used in some other warships and merchant vessels, but their use was confined to ships built in

9790-424: The south sides of the main western and southern railway lines, which led to a duplication of some workshop functions, but the really heavy work such as forging and casting of ferrous and non-ferrous metal, was to be carried out on the locomotive side. When the workshops were established most of the rolling stock had a wooden chassis, so the separation of services was not a major impediment to production. The site for

9900-612: The southwest, is approximately 51 hectares (126 acres). It is located across the main railway corridor to Central Station. Most of the southern portion of the overall site has been declared surplus to railway needs and much of this area has been cleared and was used as a parking area for Paddy's Markets while they were occupying the Locomotive Workshop. Other portions of the southern precinct have been redeveloped for public housing. Several former railway buildings stand vacant. There are numerous collections of machinery within

10010-436: The steam engine is double acting, see below, whereas almost all internal combustion engines generate power only in the downward stroke). Vertical engines are sometimes referred to as "hammer", "forge hammer" or "steam hammer" engines, due to their roughly similar appearance to another common 19th-century steam technology, the steam hammer . Vertical engines came to supersede almost every other type of marine steam engine toward

10120-613: The steam era in Australia, and possibly the world. Since its establishment in 1875, the following modifications have occurred: In 2008, the Australian Institute of Architects awarded Tonkin Zulaikha Greer with the AIA Architecture Award for the adaptive reuse of Carriageworks at Eveleigh. The award citation read: "... an exciting addition to the cultural life of Sydney and its artists. It provides an environment of unique creativity and innovation;

10230-404: The technical solution that ensured that virtually all newly built ocean-going steamships were fitted with triple expansion engines within a few years of Aberdeen coming into service. Multiple-expansion engine manufacture continued well into the 20th century. All 2,700 Liberty ships built by the United States during World War II were powered by triple-expansion engines, because the capacity of

10340-411: The triangular crosshead assembly found in a typical steeple engine however, the back-acting engine generally used a set of two or more elongated, parallel piston rods terminating in a crosshead to perform the same function. The term "back-acting" or "return connecting rod" derives from the fact that the connecting rod "returns" or comes back from the side of the engine opposite the engine cylinder to rotate

10450-543: The type was compact enough to lay horizontally across the keel . In this configuration, it was very useful to navies, as it had a profile low enough to fit entirely below a ship's waterline , as safe as possible from enemy fire. The type was generally produced for military service by John Penn. Trunk engines were common on mid-19th century warships. They also powered commercial vessels, where—though valued for their compact size and low centre of gravity—they were expensive to operate. Trunk engines, however, did not work well with

10560-420: The vertical inverted direct-acting type, unless they use the term "vertical" without qualification. A simple-expansion engine is a steam engine that expands the steam through only one stage, which is to say, all its cylinders are operated at the same pressure. Since this was by far the most common type of engine in the early period of marine engine development, the term "simple expansion" is rarely encountered. In

10670-549: The year. This initial building phase also included the construction of bays 16-25 of the Carriage Sheds, the Paint Shop, a General Store and various smaller buildings and the associated turntables, traversers and rail lines. Development continued into the 1890s. The workshops were open every day of the week until 1892 when union negotiations led to the workshops being closed on Saturdays. The residential development of

10780-491: Was a paddlewheel engine and was not suitable for driving screw propellers . The last ship built for transatlantic service that had a side-lever engine was the Cunard Line 's paddle steamer RMS  Scotia , considered an anachronism when it entered service in 1862. The grasshopper or 'half-lever' engine was a variant of the side-lever engine. The grasshopper engine differs from the conventional side-lever in that

10890-406: Was a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. To achieve this, the engine cylinders were not immobile as in most engines, but secured in the middle by trunnions that let the cylinders themselves pivot back and forth as

11000-546: Was acquainted with Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock , who were major shipbuilders on the Firth of Clyde . Scotts provided a large amount of the capital needed to establish the Leeds Forge at Castleton Field, Armley , Leeds in 1874, initially producing straight and cranked locomotive axles. The Leeds Forge Company started out making locomotive crank pins and axles, using hammer forging. Fox registered

11110-495: Was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. The workshops are considered to have world heritage significance by curators of the Smithsonian Institution . The workshops were conceived by Engineer-in-Charge John Whitton to build and maintain the infrastructure for the railway system, including the safe working systems and some of the perway systems. However, their main tasks were

11220-464: Was also built, as were other municipal buildings since demolished for the university. For some time, Eveleigh had its own gas works which were located near Macdonaldtown railway station . However, in 1901, with the establishment of Ultimo Power Station which belonged to the Rail and Tramway Department, electric power was made available to the workshops. Shortly after, work commenced on the conversion of

11330-545: Was designed by George Cowdery and built from 1882 to 1897 by George Fishburn. It is also known as Eveleigh Railway Yards , South Eveleigh Precinct ; North Eveleigh ; Macdonaldtown Gasworks ; Macdonaldtown Triangle and also by the name of its current occupants, Carriageworks . The property is owned by the Transport Asset Holding Entity , an agency of the Government of New South Wales . It

11440-464: Was large and heavy. For inland waterway and coastal service, lighter and more efficient designs soon replaced it. It remained the dominant engine type for oceangoing service through much of the first half of the 19th century however, due to its relatively low centre of gravity , which gave ships more stability in heavy seas. It was also a common early engine type for warships, since its relatively low height made it less susceptible to battle damage. From

11550-404: Was originally developed as a means of reducing an engine's height while retaining a long stroke . (A long stroke was considered important at this time because it reduced the strain on components.) A trunk engine locates the connecting rod within a large-diameter hollow piston. This "trunk" carries almost no load. The interior of the trunk is open to outside air, and is wide enough to accommodate

11660-619: Was rectangular in shape, but over time it was refined into an elongated triangle. The triangular assembly above the engine cylinder gives the engine its characteristic "steeple" shape, hence the name. Steeple engines were tall like walking beam engines, but much narrower laterally, saving both space and weight. Because of their height and high centre of gravity, they were, like walking beams, considered less appropriate for oceangoing service, but they remained highly popular for several decades, especially in Europe, for inland waterway and coastal vessels. Steeple engines began to appear in steamships in

11770-483: Was renamed as Sydney Terminal (Central) . The Engine Running Shed, now demolished, was the first building completed. Cowdery was criticised for the extravagance of this building. It comprised three segmental arched bays, each covering seven "roads" without intervening columns. George Fishburn was awarded the contract for bays 1-4 of the Locomotive Workshops in 1884 and work was commenced soon after. They were officially opened in 1887. Workshops 5-15 were opened later in

11880-474: Was the first type of steam engine widely adopted for marine use in Europe . In the early years of steam navigation (from c1815), the side-lever was the most common type of marine engine for inland waterway and coastal service in Europe, and it remained for many years the preferred engine for oceangoing service on both sides of the Atlantic . The side-lever was an adaptation of the earliest form of steam engine,

11990-406: Was the most common type of engine in the early years of American steam navigation. The crosshead engine is described as having a vertical cylinder above the crankshaft, with the piston rod secured to a horizontal crosshead, from each end of which, on opposite sides of the cylinder, extended a connecting rod that rotated its own separate crankshaft. The crosshead moved within vertical guides so that

12100-433: Was therefore deemed unsuitable for oceangoing service. This largely confined it to vessels built for inland waterways. As marine engines grew steadily larger and heavier through the 19th century, the high center of gravity of square crosshead engines became increasingly impractical, and by the 1840s, ship builders abandoned them in favor of the walking beam engine. The name of this engine can cause confusion, as "crosshead"

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