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80-621: During the Batavian rebellion , the IV Macedonica fought for Vespasian, but the emperor distrusted his men, probably because they had supported Vitellius two years before . Therefore IV Macedonica was disbanded, and a new Fourth legion, called Flavian Felix was levied by the emperor, who gave the legio his nomen , Flavia . Since the symbol of the legion is a lion, it was probably levied in July/August 70. IV Flavia Felix

160-704: A border town and had to endure multiple sieges. In 1678 Nijmegen was host to the negotiations between the European powers that aimed to put an end to the constant warfare that had ravaged the continent for years. The result was the Treaty of Nijmegen that failed to provide for a lasting peace. In 1702, at the start of the War of the Spanish Succession , the French nearly took Nijmegen by surprise. Only because of

240-503: A regional body . Since 2021 this has been the Arnhem-Nijmegen Green Metropolitan Region ( Dutch : Groene Metropoolregio Arnhem-Nijmegen ), which aids co-operation in planning and development in the region's eighteen municipalities. Nijmegen is twinned with: Nijmegen has hosted since 1925 the annual Four Days Marches (Vierdaagse), as a means of promoting sport and exercise. Beginning on

320-576: A council of 39 councillors, elected every four years. After the 2022 municipal elections, the three largest parties, GroenLinks (9 seats), Stadspartij Nijmegen (7 seats) and the D66 (6 seats) formed a coalition. Since 2012 the mayor has been Hubert Bruls of the Christian Democratic Appeal party (CDA), the city council approving a third six-year term from 2024. In addition to the city council, since 1988 Nijmegen has been part of

400-528: A defenseless position. Moreover, X Gemina would be stationed close by, to secure peace. The fate of Civilis is unknown. Dutch writers in the 17th and 18th centuries saw the rebellion of the independent and freedom-loving Batavians as mirroring the Dutch revolt against Spain and other forms of tyranny. According to this nationalist view, the Batavians were the "true" forefathers of the Dutch, which explains

480-706: A good view over the river Waal and Rhine valley. By 69, when the Batavi , the original inhabitants of the Rhine and Meuse ( Maas ) delta, revolted , a village called Oppidum Batavorum had formed near the Roman camp. This village was destroyed in the revolt, but when it had ended the Romans built another, bigger camp where the Legio X Gemina was stationed. Soon after, another village formed around this camp. In 98, Nijmegen

560-399: A helicopter, 1,200 policemen, and 750 members of the armed forces, they evicted the squatters and demolished the block, while clouding the entire area in teargas and CS gas . This received enormous backlash in local politics. While the city government wanted the squatters out to build a parking garage, most of the population wanted affordable housing to be built in the area. The city council

640-477: A hundred fans and Mayor Hubert Bruls after winning Division B of the 2018 Bandy World Championship . The city is also home to one of the country's oldest cricket clubs, Quick 1888 , a current member of the KNCB . Formed in 1888, it is the largest cricket club in the east of the country and was formed 13 years after the first club, Utile Dulci from Deventer . The cricket club has two men's teams. The city also has

720-458: A known enemy of Civilis. The battle took place near modern Nijmegen . The Batavian regiment deserted to their countrymen, giving a blow to the already feeble morale of the Romans. The Roman army was beaten and the legions forced to retreat to their base camp of Castra Vetera  [ de ] (modern Xanten ). By this time, the Batavians clearly had the upper hand. Even Vespasian , who

800-614: A legion stationed permanently on their territory, at Noviomagus (modern day Nijmegen, The Netherlands ). The Batavi were a sub-tribe of the Germanic Chatti tribal group who had migrated to the region between the Old Rhine and Waal rivers (still today called the Betuwe after them) in what became the Roman province of Germania Inferior (S Netherlands/Nordrhein). Their land, in spite of potentially fertile alluvial deposits,

880-700: A subunit replaced II Adiutrix during its absence during the wars of Lucius Verus against the Parthian empire (162-166). In the Marcomannic Wars (166–180), the fourth fought on the Danube against the Germanic tribes. After the death of Pertinax , the IV Flavia Felix supported Septimius Severus against usurpers Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus . The legion may have fought in one of

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960-415: A suburban village south-east of Nijmegen. During the 2006 European heat wave , closest official weather station Volkel reached a high of 36.7 °C (98.1 °F) on 19 July. The heat wave coincided with that year's Four Day Marches, which were cancelled after the first day, when two people died of hyperthermia -related causes. Temperatures on that day, 18 July, reached around 36 °C (96.8 °F) in

1040-625: A unique technique for swimming across rivers wearing full armour and weapons. Gaius Julius Civilis (not his given name) was a hereditary prince of the Batavi and the prefect (commanding officer) of a Batavi cohort. A veteran of 25 years' distinguished service in the Roman army, he and the eight Batavi cohorts had played an important role in the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the subsequent subjugation of that country (43–66). By 69, however, Civilis,

1120-616: A university city with the opening of a Catholic institution now known as the Radboud University Nijmegen . The city is well known for the annual International Four Days Marches Nijmegen event. Its population as of 2024 was 187,011. The municipality is formed by the city of Nijmegen, incorporating the former villages of Hatert , Hees and Neerbosch, as well as the urban expansion projects in Veur-Lent , Nijmegen-Oosterhout and Nijmegen–Ressen , all situated north of

1200-555: Is one of the warmest cities of the Netherlands, especially during summer, when the highest temperatures in the country are usually measured in the triangle Roermond–Nijmegen–Eindhoven. The lack of north–south oriented mountain ranges in Europe make this area prone to sudden shifts in weather, giving the region a semi-continental climate. Some of the northernmost wineries in the world are found just outside Nijmegen, around Groesbeek ,

1280-603: Is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the tenth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border , Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and the first to be recognized as such in Roman times. In 2005, it celebrated 2,000 years of existence. Nijmegen became a free imperial city in 1230 and in 1402 a Hanseatic city. Since 1923 it has been

1360-761: The Hanseatic League in 1364. The arts also flourished in this period. Famous medieval painters like the Limbourg brothers were born and educated in Nijmegen. Some of Hieronymus Bosch 's ancestors also came from the city. During the Dutch Revolt , trade came to a halt and even though Nijmegen became a part of the Republic of United Provinces after its capture from the Spanish in 1591 , it remained

1440-482: The Imperial Roman army , the Batavi and their allies managed to inflict a series of humiliating defeats on the Roman army, including the destruction of two legions . After these initial successes, a massive Roman army led by the Roman general Quintus Petillius Cerialis eventually defeated the rebels. Following peace talks, the Batavi submitted again to Roman rule, but were forced to accept humiliating terms and

1520-660: The Nijmegen Devils , an Ice hockey club. Nijmegen also plays host to the annual Zevenheuvelenloop ( Seven Hills Run ), an annual 15 km (9 mi) run recognised by the IAAF as a Bronze Label race. The three main employers in Nijmegen are: 1. Radboud University ; 2. The three hospitals in the city: Radboud University Medical Center , Sint Maartenskliniek , and Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis (CWZ); 3. The semiconductor industry. Nexperia and Ampleon (both spun off from NXP Semiconductors ) are headquartered in

1600-616: The Ruhr region) is about 78 km (48.5 mi) away, while the German town of Kleve (in the Lower Rhine region ) is about 20 km (12.4 mi) away. The first mention of Nijmegen in history is in the first century BCE, when the Romans built a military camp on the place where Nijmegen was to appear; the location had great strategic value because of the surrounding hills, which give

1680-682: The Year of the Four Emperors at its peak, it would take some time before Rome could produce an effective counterattack. Moreover, the eight Batavian auxiliary units of Vitellius' army were on their way home and could be easily persuaded to join the rebellion for an independent Batavia. This was an important reinforcement. Apart from being veteran troops, their numbers were greater than the combined Roman troops stationed in Moguntiacum ( Mainz ) and Bonna ( Bonn ). In September 69, Civilis initiated

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1760-415: The river Waal . The city lies a few kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Kranenburg , Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Nijmegen in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region who were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border. The German city of Duisburg (in

1840-809: The several wars against the Sassanids , but stayed in Moesia Superior until the first half of the 5th century. This Roman Legion was featured in the beginning of the movie Gladiator where Maximus Decimus Meridius was the Legion general, leading the campaign in Germania against the Marcomanni . Batavian rebellion Depending on definition of loyalty: Initially : Four Roman legions and attempted reinforcements; 10,000–15,000+ Later : Eight Roman legions; 40,000 The Revolt of

1920-410: The 1950s, 60s and 70s who finished the demolition. There are still a few noteworthy sights, however. Valkhof hill downtown features a Carolingian chapel (eighth, ninth century AD) and a small remainder of an imperial castle that was demolished in 1798. The 750-year old Stevenskerk had to be reconstructed after WWII. As of 2023, Nijmegen has a total population of about 182,465. The city is governed by

2000-593: The Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") between AD 69 and 70. It was an uprising against the Roman Empire started by the Batavi , a small but militarily powerful Germanic tribe that inhabited Batavia , on the delta of the river Rhine . They were soon joined by the Celtic tribes from Gallia Belgica and some Germanic tribes. Under the leadership of their hereditary prince Gaius Julius Civilis , an auxiliary officer in

2080-441: The Batavi regiments and the Batavi people had become utterly disaffected from Rome. After the Batavi regiments were withdrawn from Britain in 66, Civilis and his brother (also a prefect) were arrested by the governor of Germania Inferior on false accusations of treason. The governor ordered the brother's execution, and sent Civilis to Rome in chains for judgement by the Roman emperor Nero . (The difference in treatment indicates that

2160-645: The Batavi regiments helped Vitellius defeat Otho's forces at the Battle of Bedriacum . The Batavi troops were then ordered to return home. But at this point news arrived of the mutiny of general Titus Flavius Vespasianus , commander of forces in Syria, whose own massive army of five legions was soon joined by the legions on the Danube . Vitellius' governor in Germania Inferior, desperate to raise more troops, lost

2240-526: The Dutch government in exile. The Dutch organization for investigating wartime atrocities, the NIOD , announced in January 2005 that its study of the incident confirmed that it was an accident caused by poor communications and chaos in the airspace. Over 750 people died in the bombardment. During September 1944, the city saw heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden . The objective of the Battle of Nijmegen

2320-541: The German Bodyguards Regiment, which he distrusted due to the loyalty they had given to Nero in the latter's final days. This alienated several hundred crack Batavi troops, and indeed the whole Batavi nation, who considered it a grave insult. At the same time, relations collapsed between the eight Batavi cohorts and their parent-legion XIV Gemina , to which they had been attached since the invasion of Britain 25 years earlier. The seething hatred between

2400-725: The Gods help the braver side. — Gaius Julius Civilis The tribe of the Cananefates was living in lands between the Batavians and the North Sea . The inducements used by Civilis to instigate rebellion are not known, but the Cananefates, led by their chief Brinno, attacked several Roman forts, including Traiectum (Utrecht) . With most of the troops in Italy fighting in the civil war, the Romans were caught off guard. Flaccus, commander of

2480-577: The Netherlands was invaded by Germany, with Nijmegen being the first Dutch city to fall into German hands. On 22 February 1944, Nijmegen was heavily bombed by American planes, causing great damage to the city centre. It was subsequently claimed by the Allies that the American pilots thought they were bombing the German city of Kleve , while the Germans alleged that it was a planned operation authorised by

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2560-602: The Rhine frontier. Still, Cerialis' army was a massive one and posed a serious threat to the rebels. On the news of the approaching army, Julius Tutor, one of Civilis' allies, surrendered. The "imprisoned" legions, I Germanica and XVI Gallica , capitulated. They were disgraced and no longer had the confidence of Rome. The I Germanica was disbanded and its legionaries were added to the VII Gemina in Pannonia. XVI Gallica

2640-483: The Rhine legions had been punished by Galba for their actions against the rebel Vindex of Gallia Lugdunensis . Vespasian was winning the war and Civilis was helping him to become emperor by preventing at least the two legions besieged in Castra Vetera, loyal to Vitellius, from coming to his rescue. Flaccus and his commanders did not want to risk a second military gaffe and decided to wait for instructions. When

2720-489: The Rhine legions, sent auxiliary troops to control the situation. The result was another disaster for the Romans. Civilis assumed the role of mastermind of the rebellion and defeated the Romans near modern Arnhem . Flaccus ordered the V Alaudae and the XV Primigenia legions to deal with the rebels. Accompanying them were three auxiliary units, including a Batavian cavalry squadron, commanded by Claudius Labeo ,

2800-548: The Rhine legions. He was aware of Roman military tactics which gave him ideas on how to defeat them. The first action was to set up a decoy and Civilis induced a rebellion outside of Batavia and fragment the Northern Roman army. Let Syria, Asia Minor, and the East, habituated as it is to despotism, submit to slavery... Freedom is a gift bestowed by nature even on the dumb animals. Courage is the peculiar excellence of man, and

2880-603: The Roman legionaries and their German auxiliaries erupted in serious fighting on at least two occasions. At this juncture, the Roman Empire was convulsed by its first major civil war for a century, the Year of the Four Emperors . The cause was the fall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. The descendants of Augustus had enjoyed the automatic and fervent loyalty of ordinary legionaries in the frontier armies, but Galba possessed no such legitimacy in their eyes. Supreme power

2960-665: The Waalsprong area, ruins from before the Roman times were found which were identified in 2022 as those of a sauna. This 3,600 year-old sauna is the first of its kind in mainland Europe. Not many very old buildings are left in town: first the Americans bombed it in February 1944, later the Germans shelled it for about five months after the liberation in September 1944, and finally there were a number of vigorous city planners in

3040-463: The avenging force. Not wanting to risk a defeat, an enormous army was summoned. The legions VIII Augusta , XI Claudia , XIII Gemina , XXI Rapax , and the recently levied II Adiutrix were immediately sent to Germania. Additionally, the legions I Adiutrix and VI Victrix were summoned from Hispania and XIV Gemina from Britannia. Most parts of these legions were deployed to pacify other parts of Gaul and Germania Superior and secure

3120-523: The battle and destroyed the Batavian cavalry, but their own losses were enormous. Knowing that the Romans would come to Castra Vetera, Civilis abandoned the siege and threatened to attack Moguntiacum. The Romans were misled and rushed to the rescue of their main base in Germania Superior. In Moguntiacum they received the news of Vespasian's accession to the throne. Flaccus decided to celebrate

3200-576: The bridge were positioned in a bombed-out house slightly upstream of the bridge. During the shelling, the house was hit, killing six soldiers and wounding one. Nijmegen was liberated from German occupation by the British Grenadier Guards of the Guards Armoured Division , as well as elements of the American 82nd Airborne Division in September 1944. The city was later used as a springboard for Operation Veritable ,

3280-429: The brother was still a peregrinus , i.e. a non-citizen subject of the empire, while Civilis, as his name implies, had been accorded Roman citizenship , which entitled him to have his case heard by the emperor in person). While Civilis was in prison awaiting trial, Nero was overthrown in AD 68 by an army led into Italy by the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis , the veteran general Galba . Nero committed suicide, ending

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3360-443: The camp, but after only a few kilometers they were ambushed by Germanic troops and destroyed. The commander and principal officers were made slaves and given as a present to Veleda , the prophetess who had predicted the rise of the Batavians. After this success, Civilis went to Colonia Agrippina ( Cologne ) and set up camp there. In the next months, he invested his time in convincing other tribes from northern Gaul and Germania to join

3440-504: The city of Maastricht . In November 2005, the city centre of Nijmegen was the site of the assassination of political activist Louis Sévèke by a former activist, Marcel Teunissen, who was arrested in 2007 in Spain and extradited to the Netherlands. Teunissen has also been accused of bank robbery. He committed his acts out of revenge for a forcible eviction from the squatter scene by Louis Sévèke. Nijmegen has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). It

3520-511: The city. Few Roman remains are visible today; a fragment of the old city wall can be seen near the casino and the foundations of the amphitheatre are traced in the paving of the present-day Rembrandtstraat. The Valkhof Museum , on the Valkhof, has a permanent display of the history of Nijmegen, including artifacts from the Roman era. Additionally, they usually have temporary exhibitions of more and less famous artists. During building works in

3600-439: The city. Multinational companies such as Qualcomm , Photronics Inc , and Applied Materials also have facilities in Nijmegen. Other notable companies headquartered in Nijmegen include Synthon , a Dutch multinational pharmaceutical company and Vaxxinova , an EW group subsidiary which produces animal vaccines. To prevent flooding in the near future, the Dutch government is changing the course of more than 30 rivers throughout

3680-453: The credibility of the church". The signatories, a group of predominantly German-speaking theologians asserted that "the freedom of theologians, and theology in the service of the church, regained by Vatican II , must not be jeopardised again." The signatories pledged their loyalty to the Pope, but argued that the teaching office of pope and bishops "cannot and must not supersede, hamper and impede

3760-453: The current Radboud University Nijmegen was founded and in 1927 a channel was dug between the Waal and Meuse ( Maas ) rivers. The Waal was bridged in 1878 by a rail bridge and in 1936 by a road bridge , which was claimed to be Europe's biggest bridge at the time. In November 2013 a second road bridge ( Dutch : De Oversteek ), 2 km downstream, was opened to ease congestion. In 1940,

3840-476: The defence of the Netherlands. When events in the Franco-Prussian war proved that old-fashioned fortifications were no longer of use, this policy was changed and the fortifications were dismantled in 1874. The old castle had already been demolished in 1797, so that its bricks could be sold. Through the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, Nijmegen grew steadily. In 1923

3920-515: The emperor Louis the Pious was sent to Nijmegen by his son, Lothair I . Thanks to the Waal , trade flourished. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor , was born at Nijmegen in 1165. In 1230 his son Frederick II granted Nijmegen city rights . In 1247, the city was ceded to the count of Guelders as collateral for a loan. The loan was never repaid, and Nijmegen has been a part of Gelderland ever since. This did not hamper trade; Nijmegen even became part of

4000-482: The entire Julio-Claudian period, over 50% of all Batavi males reaching military age (16 years) may have enlisted in the auxilia. Thus, the Batavi, although just about 0.05% of the total population of the empire in AD 23, supplied about 4% of the total auxilia, i.e. 80 times their proportionate share. They were regarded by the Romans as the best and bravest ( fortissimi , validissimi ) of their auxiliary, and indeed of all their forces. In Roman service, they had perfected

4080-443: The event by distributing a sum of money to the legions, but these legions were historically loyal to Vitellius, their former commander, and this act of generosity was interpreted as an offense. Flaccus was murdered and his second-in-command deserted, leaving the Roman army in a state of confusion. Civilis saw his chance and before the Romans knew what was happening, his troops besieged Castra Vetera once more. The year 70 started with

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4160-744: The flagship of the Roman fleet. This was a humiliation that demanded a response. Cerialis decided to wait no longer and invaded Batavia. At the outset of the rebellion, Rome was heavily preoccupied with major military operations in Judea during the First Jewish–Roman War . However, the siege of Jerusalem that began in April 70 AD was over by early September, and the war was essentially over. When Civilis heard that Jerusalem had fallen, and he realized that Rome would now bring its full resources to bear upon him, Civilis made peace. Peace talks followed. A bridge

4240-410: The goodwill of the Batavi by attempting to conscript more Batavi than the maximum stipulated in their treaty. The brutality and corruption of the Roman recruiting centurions, who were also responsible for many cases of sexual assault on Batavi boys, brought already deep discontent in the Batavi homeland to the boil. In the summer of 69, Civilis was commander of the Batavian auxiliary troops allocated in

4320-409: The intervention of an Anglo-Dutch army under the Earl of Athlone and the bravery of the citizens of Nijmegen was the Assault on Nijmegen repulsed. In the second half of the 19th century, the fortifications around the city became a major problem. There were too many inhabitants inside the walls, but the fortifications could not be demolished because Nijmegen was deemed as being of vital importance to

4400-456: The invasion across the Rhine River by Allied Troops. From 1946 to 1948 Mariënbosch concentration camp , near Nijmegen, was used to house German nationals who were to be deported from the Netherlands. On 23 February 1981, the Nijmegen police department and the Dutch Army stormed the Piersonstraat and Zeigelhof, a squatted housing block in the city centre of Nijmegen. Using 200 riot vans, three Leopard 1s , three armoured personnel carriers ,

4480-419: The news of Vitellius' defeat arrived, Civilis still continued the siege. He was not fighting for Vespasian, he was fighting for Batavia. Flaccus started to prepare a counterattack to rescue the besieged legions. Civilis was not going to wait until they were fully prepared and launched a surprise attack. In the evening of 1 December, his best eight cavalry cohorts attacked the Romans in Krefeld . The Roman army won

4560-412: The odds favoring the rebels. Two legions were still besieged at Castra Vetera and the rest of the Roman army was not large enough to cope with the revolt. Apart from the Batavian rebellion, the Trevirans and Lingones had declared the independence of Gaul . Julius Sabinus , the rebel emperor, managed to persuade the I Germanica and XVI Gallica to come over to his side. At Castra Vetera the situation

4640-436: The rebellion. The rebellion in Germania was now a real threat to the Empire. Two legions had been lost, two others (I Germanica and XVI Gallica ) were controlled by the rebels. This could not be allowed for much longer. As soon as Vespasian had the Empire in his hands and the situation in Italy under control, he decided to act. He nominated Quintus Petillius Cerialis , a close relative and experienced general, as commander of

4720-461: The recurring use of the name over the centuries. Jakarta was named "Batavia" by the Dutch in 1619. The Dutch republic created in 1795 on the basis of French revolutionary principles was called the Batavian Republic . Hence, leaders of the Revolt of the Batavi were given the status of Dutch National Heroes and their revolt against Roman rule regarded as a precursor of the 16th century Dutch revolt against Spanish rule. The painting by Rembrandt at

4800-513: The retaliation invasion of Dacia (see Domitian's Dacian War ). It also participated in the Dacian Wars of Trajan , being victorious at the Second Battle of Tapae . The legion also participated at the final and decisive battle against the Dacians, conquering their capital, Sarmisegetusa . It built its legionary fortress at Bersobis in Dacia in 108 where it was based until its return to Singidunum in 118/119. Monuments of IV Flavia Felix have been found at Aquincum (Budapest). This suggests that

4880-420: The road bridge was possibly foiled by a local Dutch resistance hero, Jan van Hoof , who is said to have cut the wires to the bridge. The Germans made repeated attacks on the bridge using bombs attached to driftwood, midget submarines and later resorted to shelling the bridge with 88mm barrages. Troops were positioned on the bridge giving an excellent arc of fire in case of attack. Troops that could not fit onto

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4960-445: The rule of the Julio-Claudian dynasty , founded a century earlier by Augustus. Galba was proclaimed emperor. He acquitted Civilis of the treason charge and allowed him to return home. Back in Germania Inferior, however, it seems that Civilis was arrested again, this time on the order of the new governor Aulus Vitellius , acting at the urging of the legions under his command, which demanded Civilis' execution. Meanwhile, Galba disbanded

5040-426: The siege of Castra Vetera, the camp of the 5,000 legionaries of V Alaudae and XV Primigenia . The camp was very modern, filled with supplies and well-defended, with walls of mud, brick, and wood, towers, and a double ditch. After some failed attempts to take the camp by force, Civilis decided to starve the troops into surrender. Meanwhile, Flaccus decided to wait for the result of the war in Italy. Not long before,

5120-425: The teaching task of theologians as scholars." Sport in the city is principally focused on its football club NEC Nijmegen or just NEC, short for Nijmegen Eendracht Combinatie, which plays at the 12,500-seat Stadion de Goffert . The club plays in the Eredivisie . Another football club is Jonker Boys . Bandy Vereniging Nijmegen is the biggest bandy club in the country. The national team got celebrated by over

5200-535: The third Tuesday of each July, over 40,000 participants from about 70 countries undertake four days of walking with distances ranging from 30 to 50 km (19 to 31 mi) a day. The marches are supplemented with festivities such as the Vierdaagse Festival . In 1968, theologians in the Catholic Church issued what is now known as the Nijmegen Statement , demanding sweeping reforms in the Vatican's Holy Office, previously known as The Inquisition, and calling for greater scope for theological inquiry. Among its signatories

5280-543: The top of this page is part of that view of the Revolt of the Batavi. In 1613 Otto van Veen also made a series of sequential paintings about the Revolt of the Batavi. Even today Batavian is a term sometimes used to describe the Dutch people; this is similar to use of Gallic to describe the French and Teutonic to describe the Germans. Nijmegen#History Nijmegen ( / ˈ n aɪ m eɪ ɡ ən / NY -may-gən , Dutch: [ˈnɛimeːɣə(n)] ; Nijmeegs : Nimwèège [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːçə] )

5360-400: The ultimate origin of the current name. A collection of artifacts from Roman antiquity were compiled by Johannes Smetius in the 17th century, called the Smetius Collection . In January 2022, archeologists led by Pepijn van de Geer announced the discovery of an intact 2,000-year-old blue glass bowl with a vertical stripe pattern in Nijmegen. Researchers assume that this well-preserved bowl

5440-504: The unusual privilege of exemption from tributum (direct taxes on land and heads that most peregrini were subject to), they supplied a disproportionate number of recruits to the Julio-Claudian auxilia, particularly in the cavalry : one ala and eight cohortes . They also provided most of the emperor Augustus ' elite regiment of Germanic bodyguards ( Germani corpore custodes ), which continued in existence until AD 68. The Batavi auxilia amounted to about 5,000 men, implying that for

5520-416: Was built over the river Nabalia , where the warring parties approached each other on both sides. The general agreements are unknown, but they were favourable to the Batavians, the Batavians were to renew their alliance with the Roman Empire and to levy another eight auxiliary cavalry units. The Batavian capital of Nijmegen was destroyed and its inhabitants ordered to rebuild it a few kilometers downstream, in

5600-422: Was camped in Burnum , Dalmatia (modern Kistanje ), where it replaced XI Claudia . After the Dacian invasion of 86, Domitian moved the legion to Singidunum (modern Belgrade in Moesia Superior, although there is some evidence of the presence of this legion, of one of its vexillationes in Viminacium (near modern-day Kostolac , Serbia), base of VII Claudia . In 89 the Fourth participated to

5680-405: Was desperate. Food supplies had run out and the besieged legions were eating horses and mules to survive. With no prospect of a relief, the commander of the troops, Munius Lupercus, decided to surrender. The legions were promised safe conduct if they left the camp to be sacked by the rebels. All weapons, artillery material, and gold was left to plunder. V Alaudae and XV Primigenia marched out of

5760-408: Was fighting Vitellius for the imperial throne, saluted the rebellion that kept his enemy from calling the Rhine legions to Italy. The Batavians were promised independence and Civilis was on his way to becoming king. For unknown reasons, this was not enough for the Batavians. Civilis chose to pursue vengeance and swore to destroy the two Roman legions. The timing was well chosen. With the civil war of

5840-562: Was largely dominated by left-wing and progressive parties such as the Green Party , Democrats 66 , Socialist Party , and Labour . At times Nijmegen has been the only major city in the Netherlands with a solely left-wing government, and received the nickname ' Havana on the Waal'. Nijmegen celebrated its 2000th year of existence in 2005. It is considered the oldest city in the Netherlands. In gaining this qualification, it has competed with

5920-464: Was largely uncultivable, consisting mainly of Rhine delta swamps. Thus the Batavi population it could support was tiny: not more than 35,000 at this time. However in the century after the Roman conquest of neighbouring Gaul trade had flourished with Roman, Gaulish and Germanic material culture are found combined in the region. They were a warlike people, skilled horsemen, boatmen and swimmers. They were therefore excellent soldier-material. In return for

6000-577: Was made in a glass workshop. According to van de Geer, this type of bowl was made by allowing molten glass to cool and harden over a mold. Beginning in the latter half of the 4th century, Roman power decreased and Noviomagus eventually became part of Francia . It also appeared around this time on the Tabula Peutingeriana . In the 8th century Emperor Charlemagne maintained his palatium in Nijmegen in 777, and possibly on at least three more occasions. During his brief deposition of 830,

6080-537: Was mainly to prevent the Germans from destroying the bridges. Capturing the road bridge allowed the British Army XXX Corps to attempt to reach the 1st British Airborne Division in Arnhem . The bridge was heavily defended by over 300 German troops on both the north and south sides with close to 20 anti-tank guns and two anti-aircraft guns , supported with artillery. The Germans' late attempt to blow

6160-584: Was now open to whichever general was strong enough to seize it (and keep it). First, in AD 69, Galba's deputy, Otho , carried out a coup d'état in Rome against his leader. Amongst all the chaos, Galba was killed by the Praetorian Guard under Otho's command. Then Vitellius launched his own bid for power and prepared to lead the Rhine legions into Italy against Otho. Now in urgent need of the Batavi's military support, Vitellius released Civilis. In return,

6240-512: Was reconstituted with the name of Legio XVI Flavia Firma . Pushing down from all directions, Cerialis forced the rebels and their (now scarce) allies to retreat to the North. The rebellion was now confined to Germania Inferior. From his homeland of Batavia, Civilis tried for some time to attack the Roman army in a series of raids by land and, with the help of his fleet, in the rivers Waal and Rhine. In one of these raids, Civilis managed to capture

6320-521: Was the first of two settlements in what is now the Kingdom of the Netherlands to receive Roman city rights . In 103, the X Gemina was restationed in Vindobona , now Vienna , which may have been a major blow to the economy of the village around the camp, losing around 5000 inhabitants. In 104 Emperor Trajan renamed the town, which became known as Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum , Noviomagus for short,

6400-689: Was theologian Fr. Joseph Ratzinger , then a member of the faculty at the University of Tübingen , but later the head of the successor to the Holy Office , the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , and later still Pope Benedict XVI . The Nijmegen Statement said: "Any form of Inquisition however subtle, not only harms the development of sound theology, it also causes irreparable damage to

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