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43-444: The county covers an area of 389.86 square kilometres (150.5 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 106,321, out of which the population of Legionowo is 54,049, that of Serock is 4,506, and the rural population is 47,766. Legionowo is part of the greater Warsaw area and has a large commuter population. The train connection takes about 30 mins to central Warsaw (connection to Warsaw Metro at Warszawa Gdańska station ) and

86-556: A plastic solid than a rigid solid. Rock temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius , required that the drilling fluid be refrigerated before being sent to the cutting face of the drill. As the drill bits burnt out and were removed for replacement, the hole simply flowed closed, and the rock had to be re-drilled. The hole was scrapped. Further attempts are planned by American consortia and further Russian attempts in Finland . Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits, in much

129-406: A rotary auger or wash boring techniques, while rock drilling often use methods such as NMLC which allow for recovery of a core of material which can be examined to determine the strength, degree of weathering, understanding of any how intact the rock is ( RQD ) and identify any discontinuities or other planes of weakness. Testing of the material in boreholes is also possible. In soft ground

172-548: A different concept with the new SKM morphing into a rapid transit line at a depth of up to 15 metres (49 feet). The suggested north–south direction, with three parallel branches of the same line in the city center, corresponded to the planned development of the city along the Vistula. The works, however, never started and this project was also abandoned. In the 1950s, as the Cold War raged on, Soviet strategic plans required that

215-612: A fire broke out in one of the carriages and for safety reasons all five trains were withdrawn from operation until the cause of the fire was determined. Once the investigation was completed the five new Inspiro trains were placed back into service in March 2014. In 2012, a non-revenue diesel shunting locomotive , classified as ZPS LM-400.00  [ pl ] , was manufactured by Zakład Pojazdów Szynowych  [ pl ] in Stargard , designed especially for shunting Inspiro trains at

258-409: A north–south axis, with a branch of the same line crossing the Vistula river in the city centre. The construction works started almost simultaneously at 17 different points on both sides of the river. By 1953 only 771 m (843 yd) of tunnels had been built; after the death of Joseph Stalin and the start of a period of détente , all work was halted under the pretext of technical difficulties. In

301-479: A secure transport link across the river Vistula be built. One of the ways to achieve this was to create a deep metro system in Warsaw ( pl:Metro głębokie w Warszawie ; up to 46 m (150 ft) beneath the ground), which would be interlinked with the rail network and could serve as an underground conduit for transporting troops. Plans assumed that the first line (about 11 km or 7 mi long) would lie along

344-431: A speed no greater than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) per day. The Metro was opened on 7 April 1995 with a total of 11 stations. The initial line, M1 , has 21 stations over a route distance of 22.7 km (14.1 mi). Many of the station name announcements are narrated by Ksawery Jasieński , with some newer stations using recordings by Maciej Gudowski . On 11 March 2016, a 1 billion PLN (€225 million) contract

387-638: A transfer between the two lines, was opened on 8 March 2015. The line's further extensions have been opening since 2019, and it is expected to be completed in 2026, when it will have 21 stations. In February 2023, the mayor of Warsaw Rafał Trzaskowski released a plan for the Warsaw Metro, calling for five metro lines by the year 2050. The plan includes constructing two additional M1 stations, Plac Konstytucji and Muranów , extending M2 line to Marymont and Ursus-Niedźwiadek , as well as construction of three new lines: M3, M4, and M5. With those extensions

430-510: Is a rapid transit underground system serving the Polish capital Warsaw . It currently consists of two lines, the north–south M1 line which links central Warsaw with its densely populated northern and southern districts , and the east–west M2 line. Three more lines ( M3 , M4 , and M5 ) are planned. The system is operated by Metro Warszawskie, a company owned by the city, and managed by Public Transport Authority in Warsaw . As of 2024, it

473-509: Is located south of the Kabaty station . There is a single-track connection ( PKP rail line 937  [ pl ] ) between the depot and Warszawa Okęcie railway station on the PKP rail network. This link is not electrified and is used only for an occasional rolling-stock transfer. A second depot (Karolin) is currently under construction and is expected to open in 2026. A third depot (Kozia Górka)

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516-586: Is planned to be added to the Warsaw Rapid Train system by 2010. Both the road and the train connection pass through the national reserve forest which separates Legionowo from Warsaw and is a favorite weekend walk and biking destination. On the opposite side of Legionowo is the Zegrze Reservoir , created in 1970 with the building of a river dam, now a popular leisure destination. The village of Jabłonna , between Legionowo and Warsaw, housed

559-806: Is planned to be built as part of the first section of the M3 line from Stadion Narodowy to Gocław . Despite being retired in Poland, the 81-series trains are still widespread in several V4 countries and are well-known in Europe. Compared to west European metro systems (such as Berlin U-Bahn or Paris Metro), these trains can maintain higher average speeds, 80 km/h maximum and 35-40 km/h average, there were produced in several thousands, so their spare parts are still on high demand abroad. So, some trains were donated to Ukraine. Unlike, for example, Hungary, Ukraine decided not to buy

602-493: Is the only metro system in Poland. The first section of M1 was opened in 1995 and the line was gradually extended until it reached its full length in October 2008. The contract for the construction of the initial central section of M2 was signed on 28 October 2009 and construction began on 16 August 2010. The initial segment of M2, measuring 6.3 kilometres (3.9 miles) with seven stations, one of which, Świętokrzyska , includes

645-402: Is to create a hole for some purpose, often the case of drilling or coring is to get an understanding of the ground/ lithology . This may be done for prospecting to identify and quantify an ore body for mining, or to determining the type of foundations needed for a building or raised structure, or for underground structures, including tunnels and deep basements where an understanding of the ground

688-414: Is vital to determining how to excavate and the support philosophy. Drilling is also used in vertical and inclined shaft construction. Borehole drilling has a long history. Han dynasty China (202 BC – 220 AD) used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects. Chinese borehole sites could reach as deep as 600 m (2,000 ft). When drilling in stone, one must pay particular attention to

731-598: The Kabaty depot . By 2020, the Siemens Inspiro formed the majority of the operating rolling stock. Originally the 81-series and Alstom Metropolis trains were painted in two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper one white and the lower one red, with a blue bar identifying the M1 line between them. For the Simens Inspiro a livery with a yellow and red stripe under the windows was chosen in order to resemble

774-502: The WKD , a light rail line that runs to the western suburbs, could be integrated with the city's tram system, or be more closely tied to the metro and a future suburban rail network, or both. The first such plans were prepared in the late 1930s and the railway tunnel running below the city center was to be shared by both the railways and the metro. The WKD, PKP and Warsaw Metro systems are integrated and Warsaw city travel cards are also valid in

817-484: The Warsaw Tramway Authority in 1925, with construction expected to start in the late 1920s. The Great Depression buried those plans as Poland and the world were gripped by economic hardship. In 1934, with the election of a new mayor of Warsaw, Stefan Starzyński , work was to resume on the metro. The mayor dusted off the plans from the mid-1920s, and with some minor adjustments, construction of

860-414: The standard penetration test can be used to determine the strength of the material. In rock in-situ stress testing using hydrofracturing or overcoring , Acoustic Televiewer can be used to map discontinuities to determine their orientation. It is also possible once a borehole is complete to measure the permeability . Samples of water and material are also taken for examination and lab testing. In 1961

903-407: The M1 line. With the delivery of the Škoda Varsovia the obsolete 81-series is being gradually retired, units in good technical condition have been donated for spare parts to Kyiv and Kharkiv, where trains of the type are still common. A single trainset of this is to be kept in working order as a museum exhibit and seasonal operation while 3 others remain in Warsaw for spare parts. A single depot

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946-523: The Russian spare parts, as Polish ones already met this demand. The M1 line does not pass directly under Warsaw's Old Town , the city's main tourist attraction, which has few public transport links, passing it about 600 metres (2,000 feet) to the west instead. It also does not directly connect to the Warszawa Central railway station , with the nearest stop being over 400 metres (1,300 feet) to

989-835: The United States began Project Mohole , an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's crust into the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The project was discontinued due to high cost. The Kola Superdeep Borehole was a similar project of the USSR in the 1970s and early 1980s the USSR attempted to drill a hole through the crust , to sample the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The deepest hole ever drilled failed not because of lack of money or time, but because of rock physics at depth. At approximately 12,000 metres depth, rock begins to act more like

1032-486: The color scheme of the surface public transport taken from the flag of Warsaw . Subsequently the older trains have had the blue bar replaced with a yellow one during scheduled refurbishment. In January 2020, Škoda Transportation was awarded a new contract for 37 new, single-space trains, named the Varsovia . The first EMU arrived in Warsaw on April 25, 2022, in October the first unit entered regular passenger service on

1075-439: The east, the city of Warsaw and Warsaw West County to the south, and Nowy Dwór County to the west. The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Warsaw Metro [REDACTED] [REDACTED] All stations have step-free access. The Warsaw Metro ( Polish : Metro Warszawskie )

1118-514: The east. Until the opening of M2 in March 2015, the metro system was confined to the western bank of Vistula, thus doing nothing to ease traffic problems on Warsaw's bridges: a major bottleneck between the city center and the eastern Praga district. Plans for a third line to Warsaw Chopin Airport have been abandoned for the foreseeable future, with the airport served by a newly built railway station instead. Transport planners have suggested that

1161-400: The following years, only one junction tunnel and one shield-driven tunnel were continued. These works were undertaken experimentally, to discover the best driving methods suitable for the ground conditions beneath Warsaw ( pliocene clay formations layer spread beneath quaternary soils). All work was halted in 1957, and the tunnel eventually flooded in 1960. Since 1955, planners returned to

1204-454: The largest population of private production and greenhouse businesses in communist times, making the village the richest in Poland at that time and continuing to this day in the form of a thriving business community. Legionowo is also famous throughout Poland for its police training college. Legionowo County is bordered by Pułtusk County to the north, Wyszków County and Wołomin County to

1247-422: The line was to go overground, cross the river through a newly built bridge and proceed to the easternmost railway station of Warszawa Wschodnia . Altogether, in 35 years, 7 lines were to be built. The works finally started in 1938, but World War II brought an end to the ambitious undertaking. The short trace tunnels made in 1938 serve as a wine cellar today. The city suffered heavily during World War II. Although

1290-404: The majority of pre-war projects were destroyed during the war, most of the engineers behind their creations survived and returned to their city to take part in its rebirth. However, the new Communist authorities of Poland envisioned a city completely different from what it had been before the war. As the "ideal" communist city, Warsaw was to be decentralized and the need to commute to the city center

1333-611: The metro began operation with 14 three-car trainsets, with 5 minute intervals between trains during rush hours. With the opening of the Centrum metro stations the trains were extended to four cars and their number was increased to 15. In 1998, 108 new carriages of the modern Metropolis family were ordered from the French company Alstom , forming 18 six-car trainsets. These were all delivered by 2005 (24 were produced in Barcelona and

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1376-442: The metro was planned to start by the late 1930s, with a projected finishing date of the first of two projected lines scheduled for the mid-1940s. By then, the subway network was to consist of two lines. Line M1 (north–south line, 7.4 km or 4.6 mi long) was to follow a route similar to the present-day line and was to link the southernmost borough of Mokotów with the city center and the northern borough of Żoliborz . This line

1419-469: The metro would directly serve 17 out of Warsaw’s 18 districts. Plans to build an underground rail system in Warsaw date as far back as 1918, when the idea was first proposed after Warsaw regained its status as Poland's capital city. An underground railway system was expected to solve the transport difficulties of the densely built city center. Proper preliminary planning and boring work were initiated by

1462-444: The old idea of a shallow metro network. However, the planning phase proceeded at a very slow pace and the economic situation prevented all successive governments from actually starting serious work. Finally, in 1983, the program was approved by the government and the first tunnels were built. Lack of funds, technical difficulties, shortage of materials and outdated tunnelling methods meant that the work progressed very slowly, sometimes at

1505-859: The remainder in the Alstom Konstal plant in Chorzów ). In 2006, additional 30 carriages were ordered from Russia to extend the existing 81-series to the target length of six cars, with deliveries taking place up to 2007. In 2007 five new Russian 81-series trains with redesigned front-ends were purchased, with the contract extended to seven in 2009. In February 2011, an order was signed with German manufacturer Siemens for 35 complete trains from their new Inspiro line. A large number of these were manufactured in Poland by Newag . The first five trains were put into service in 2013. However, in November 2013

1548-400: The respondents rated it as good or very good. [REDACTED] Boring (earth) Boring is drilling a hole, tunnel, or well in the Earth. It is used for various applications in geology , agriculture , hydrology , civil engineering , and mineral exploration . Today, most Earth drilling serves one of the following purposes: Unlike drilling in other materials where the aim

1591-599: The suburban trains operated by SKM and KM . In 2009, the Warsaw Metro won two "Metro Award" prizes in the categories of "Special Merit Award for Commitment to the Environment" and "Best Maintenance Programme". These were followed by the Most Improved Metro award in 2011. The system consistently receives very high ratings among its passengers; a survey conducted in September 2014 indicated that 98% of

1634-477: The type of material. There are three different classifications of drill bits used for drilling into stone: soft, medium, and hard. Soft formation rock bits are used in unconsolidated sands, clays, and soft limestones, etc. Medium formation bits are used in dolomites , limestones , and shale , while hard formation bits are used in hard shale, mudstones , granite , limestones and other hard and/or abrasive formations. Soft ground drilling can be undertaken using

1677-486: Was awarded to the Italian company Astaldi to build the first phase of the north-east M2 extension with 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) of track and 3 stations: Szwedzka , Targówek Mieszkaniowy , and Trocka . On 30 April, construction on Szwedzka station started, and on 2 May, the other two stations started construction. Construction of this phase took 3 years, until it opened on 15 September 2019. Initially, this extension

1720-824: Was opened to the public. Turkish construction firm Gülermak was commissioned in November 2018 to complete the three western-most stations on the line – Lazurowa, Chrzanów and Karolin. Initially, all of the trains were Russian-built 81-series metro cars. They first arrived in Warsaw in 1990 as a "gift" from the USSR , five years before the Metro's opening, from the Metrovagonmash plant in Mytishchi near Moscow (model 81-717.3/714.3 - 10 carriages). Subsequent trains arrived from Saint Petersburg 's Vagonmash (I. E. Yegorov) Plant in 1994 (81-572/573 - 32 carriages) and an additional 18 81-572.1/573.1 carriages in 1997. In 1995

1763-546: Was reduced. Thus, the Office for the Reconstruction of Warsaw (BOS) commissioned several engineers to prepare a project for a fast urban railway ( SKM ) crossing the city in a deep cutting. Although to a large extent it was to follow line 1 of the pre-war plans, only the central stations were to be located underground. However, by the end of the decade, the project was cancelled. Instead, in 1948 communist planners developed

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1806-471: Was to be built at the same time as the west extension which was due to be completed in 2020. However, due to delays, it was decided that each extension will be built at its own pace. The extension from Rondo Daszyńskiego to Księcia Janusza was opened on 4 April 2020, and the extension from Księcia Janusza to Bemowo was opened on 30 June 2022. On 28 September 2022, the extension of M2 consisting of three new stations: Zacisze , Kondratowicza , and Bródno

1849-567: Was to be connected with the newly constructed Warszawa Główna railway station and the railway tunnel crossing the city from west to east. Line M2 (east–west, 6.36 km or 3.95 mi long) was to start beneath the westernmost borough of Wola , proceed along the Chłodna street to the pivotal station beneath the Saxon Square and then further eastwards to the Vistula river escarpment. There,

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