Legnano ( Italian pronunciation: [leɲˈɲaːno] ; Legnanese : Legnàn or Lignàn ) is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Milan , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from central Milan . With 60,259, it is the thirteenth-most populous township in Lombardy . Legnano is located in the Alto Milanese and is crossed by the Olona River.
171-516: The history of Legnano and its municipal area has been traced back to the 1st millennium BC via archaeological evidence. Already in remote times, in fact, the hills that line the Olona had proved to be habitable places. The town was established in 1261. Because of the historic victory of the Lombard League over Frederick Barbarossa at Legnano, it is the only town other than Rome named in
342-520: A necropolis in the east of the city. The necropolis contained coins , plates , cups , glasses , balsamari , mirrors , and iron utensils. Other tombs dating back to the same period were found in 1985 near the old town, while other archaeological excavations revealed late Roman objects. This kit consisted of pebbles , knives , razors and buckles . All these objects are on display in the Museo civico Guido Sutermeister . The first document received on
513-659: A 19th-century term for a dowry , is Lombard in origin. Excavations in the municipal area have at various times revealed Lombard items from the 7th century. Swords and a shield boss were found on the Corso Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1894, a tomb was found in an adjacent area in 1926, and in 1950–51 household items were found near the INA Gallery. Under the Carolingian Empire , the Legnano area
684-526: A Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility is generally slightly higher than 2 (the level which replaces the two parents, achieving equilibrium) both because boys are born more often than girls (about 1.05–1.1 to 1), and to compensate for deaths prior to full reproduction. Many European and East Asian countries now have higher death rates than birth rates. Population aging and population decline may eventually occur, assuming that
855-505: A certain demographic dynamism, with a growth rate of 2.4% between 2000 and 2005, above the European average. More than two-thirds of that growth can be ascribed to a natural increase resulting from high fertility and birth rates. In contrast, France is one of the developed nations whose migratory balance is rather weak, which is an original feature at the European level. Several interrelated reasons account for such singularities, in particular
1026-545: A church dedicated to St. Ambrose, which was located on the same site as the modern one . From the presence of as many as five churches, it can be deduced that Legnano at that time was a rather active and industrious community. Since the Middle Ages, the village was rich in water mills. The oldest writing that has come down to us in which a milling plant on the Olona River is mentioned is from 1043; this mill, which
1197-406: A defense against Hungarian raids and later to defend Leone da Perego Palace , the occasional seat of the archbishop of Milan. The Cotta Castle passed in 1014 to the family of the same name, who fortified it into a real castle and gave it its name; this manor was located on the area occupied by the modern Leone da Perego Palace, which was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century. The Cotta family
1368-574: A demographic transition with high death rate and low fertility rate from 1959 to 1961 due to the great famine. However, as a result of the economic improvement, the birth rate increased and mortality rate declined in China before the early 1970s. In the 1970s, China's birth rate fell at an unprecedented rate, which had not been experienced by any other population in a comparable time span. The birth rate fell from 6.6 births per women before 1970 to 2.2 births per women in 1980.The rapid fertility decline in China
1539-472: A document dated October 23, 789 testifies, since the time of Frankish rule Legnano was divided into two parts: the larger and more important agglomeration located on the right bank of the Olona River and corresponding to the modern city center (the so-called Contrada Granda , in the dialect of Legnano) and a smaller village, Legnanello, on the left bank of the river. At that time the two communities, which had an independent existence, were in connection thanks to
1710-424: A fertility decline of 25–50% include: Guatemala , Tajikistan , Egypt and Zimbabwe . Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: Sudan , Niger , Afghanistan . This occurs where birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population stability. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate
1881-452: A fertility transition beginning in post-1965. As of 2013, India is in the later half of the third stage of the demographic transition, with a population of 1.23 billion. It is nearly 40 years behind in the demographic transition process compared to EU countries , Japan , etc. The present demographic transition stage of India along with its higher population base will yield a rich demographic dividend in future decades. Cha (2007) analyzes
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#17327725864482052-405: A framework for promotion and services in health, education, and family planning. Economic liberalization increased economic opportunities and risks for individuals, while also increasing the price and often reducing the quality of these services, all affecting demographic trends. Goli and Arokiasamy (2013) indicate that India has a sustainable demographic transition beginning in the mid-1960s and
2223-545: A graveyard. The coins dated these finds to the reigns of Augustus and Caligula , or the 1st centuries BC and AD. Another dig in this same place in 1997 discovered goods from the 2nd and 4th centuries AD. Another 36 graves were discovered along the Via Micca that consisted to more of the same finds, albeit from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. More tombs, from the reigns of Licinius and Constantine , were discovered along with their myriad grave goods. Other notable finds from
2394-518: A group and may not accurately describe all individual cases. The extent to which it applies to less-developed societies today remains to be seen. Many countries such as China , Brazil and Thailand have passed through the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) very quickly due to fast social and economic change. Some countries, particularly African countries, appear to be stalled in the second stage due to stagnant development and
2565-636: A lack of humus and the presence of dry and stony soil. The largest plant life in the area to be found were Calluna shrubs, known locally as brugo ; this is the origin of Brughiera [ it ] , the name for the local moorland. With the arrival of humans , the soil was made fertile serviceable by the labor of farmers and the digging of irrigation channels such as acequia . Following these alterations, cultivated fields and forests spread over Legnano. These forests comprised plane , ash , common oak , hornbeam , chestnut , common hazel , poplar , elm , maple , and alder . The toponymy of
2736-633: A manual of good table manners. The first verse of that work reads: [...] Bonvesin Dra Riva who is in Legnanọ [...] With this verse, Legnano makes its debut in Italian literature . Regarding Legnano, the poet wrote: [...] Among all the cities of Lombardy, it is praised as the rose or the lily among flowers, as the cedar in Lebanon, as the lion among quadrupeds, as the eagle among birds, so as to look like
2907-524: A natural branch of the Olona, the Olonella. Outlining a wide perimeter, the moat flowed back into the main course of the river between modern-day Corridoni and Ratti streets. Within this first defense structure, there was a wall that ran, for a stretch, parallel to the moat. Remains of these fortifications and the Cotta castle were found during two excavation campaigns that took place in the mid-1950s between
3078-499: A negative demographic force. Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition, and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labor policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895. The demographic "crisis" in Africa, ascribed by critics of
3249-494: A negative migratory flow – two-thirds of rural communities have shown some since 2000. The spatial demographic expansion of large cities amplifies the process of peri-urbanization yet is also accompanied by movement of selective residential flow, social selection, and sociospatial segregation based on income. McNicoll (2006) examines the common features behind the striking changes in health and fertility in East and Southeast Asia in
3420-468: A panel data set to explore how industrial revolution, demographic transition, and human capital accumulation interacted in Korea from 1916 to 1938. Income growth and public investment in health caused mortality to fall, which suppressed fertility and promoted education. Industrialization, skill premium, and closing gender wage gap further induced parents to opt for child quality. Expanding demand for education
3591-470: A population has reached below replacement levels of fertility , and as result does not have enough people in the working ages to support the economy, and the growing dependent population. Between 1750 and 1975 England experienced the transition from high to low levels of both mortality and fertility. A major factor was the sharp decline in the death rate due to infectious diseases, which has fallen from about 11 per 1,000 to less than 1 per 1,000. By contrast,
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#17327725864483762-503: A sharp chronological divide between the precolonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas "natural" demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. Campbell argues that in 19th-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the Merina state , was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over time. In
3933-512: A small group of houses gathered around the square, all enclosed by defensive walls and a floodable moat. The shape of the town center of early medieval Legnano was still recognizable from the outline of the city drawn on the map of the Theresian Cadastre, which was made in 1722, while the shape of part of the walls can still be identified in the 21st century by following the route of modern streets Palestro, Giulini and Corridoni. As
4104-560: A substantial portion of which traditionally had been performed by children in farm families. A simplification of the DTM theory proposes an initial decline in mortality followed by a later drop in fertility. The changing demographics of the U.S. in the last two centuries did not parallel this model. Beginning around 1800, there was a sharp fertility decline; at this time, an average woman usually produced seven births per lifetime, but by 1900 this number had dropped to nearly four. A mortality decline
4275-435: A vase that can be traced back to Remedello's culture. They were born between 1926 and 1928 near the border between Castellanza and Legnano, dating from between 34th century BC and 22nd century BC. Bronzes dating back to the 4th century BC and 1st century BC (linked to La Tène culture ) have been found from an archaeological site near the strada statale del Sempione . The ancient vicus of Legnanum , which belonged to
4446-495: Is Torre Colombera , which is now located between corso Garibaldi and via Del Gigante , near the Church of San Domenico , embedded in a building over the street. In 1549 the population, decimated by the plague epidemics of 1529 and of 1540, was 576 inhabitants, spread to 184 families. Already in these centuries the agriculture was very diverse. The main crops were cereals ( millet and wheat ), grapevine and mulberry , which
4617-409: Is difficult to determine precisely where the battle was fought. According to the vague information contained in the documents of the time, one can assume a place near the district of San Martino or in the vicinity of the Legnano district of Costa San Giorgio, and thus on territory now also belonging to the municipality of San Giorgio su Legnano . The choice to seek the clash with Barbarossa in Legnano
4788-412: Is exerting evolutionary pressure for higher fertility, and that eventually due to individual natural selection or cultural selection, birth rates may rise again. Part of the "cultural selection" hypothesis is that the variance in birth rate between cultures is significant; for example, some religious cultures have a higher birth rate that is not accounted for by differences in income. In his book Shall
4959-592: Is from 800 years after the synthesis of the Remedello fragment, attributed to the Canegrate culture . Investigatory excavations found some 200 tombs, dated to the 13th century BC, and other finds that showed development until the Iron Age . Having been discovered in nearby Canegrate , these finds are definite evidence of prehistoric peoples in the area of present-day Legnano. In the 1980s, dwellings dated from
5130-410: Is from the period of Frankish rule that the town centers flourished again after the barbarian invasions; Legnano also followed this trend, experiencing a phase of economic growth also thanks to the resumption of trade, which once again took advantage of the ancient Roman road bordering the Olona. However, the first mention of the main village of Legnano is linked to the capture of Arialdo , leader of
5301-456: Is in Zone E with a rating of 2451 GR/G. Due to its location in the upper Po Valley , Legnano has a Continental climate with cold winters characterized by many days of snowfall and fog. Summers are hot humid, and moderately wet; temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and humidity 80%. That humidity persists for the entire year because of precipitation brought on by cyclones originating in
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5472-887: Is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities. The DTM (Demographic Transition model) is only a suggestion about the future population levels of a country, not a prediction. Countries that were at this stage ( total fertility rate between 2.0 and 2.5) in 2015 include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as
5643-439: Is older than that of the surrounding municipalities. "Legnano" could have originated as a predial adjective , formed from the name of the most prominent landowner in the area. In Legnano's case, this landowner's name could have been Lemennius or Limenius , to which was adjoined the suffix - anum . This land ownership was more extensive than the modern comune of Legnano having a surface corresponding to his modern urban area,
5814-676: Is the glaciation in northern Italy during the Quaternary period. It was during this period that the fertile alluvial plain of the Po Valley was formed by glaciers and later the rivers of the Alps and Prealps . In the Legnano area, the Olona river was the executor of this later sedimentary process. The result of this process in Legano was a moorland characterized by poor fertility due to
5985-549: Is the basis of the breeding of silkworms . In addition to cereal farming, the wood economy was also based on livestock farming and crafts . The construction of the convents and most of the churches of Legnano, on the other hand, dates back to the Counter-Reformation : the noble families of the time competed to win the favor of the Milanese archbishops by tying their name to works of charity or to works for
6156-407: Is the only town other than Rome named in the Italian national anthem ("[...] Dall'Alpi a Sicilia dovunque è Legnano [...]", en. "From the Alps to Sicily , Legnano is everywhere"). Every year the people of Legnano commemorate the battle with Palio di Legnano . In the institutional sphere, on 29 May, the date of the battle of Legnano, it was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy. Although
6327-403: Is unexpected, as natural selection would be expected to favor individuals who are willing and able to convert plentiful resources into plentiful fertile descendants. This may be the result of a departure from the environment of evolutionary adaptedness . Most models posit that the birth rate will stabilize at a low level indefinitely. Some dissenting scholars note that the modern environment
6498-411: Is −4 °C (25 °F) and that of the hottest month, July, is 28 °C (82 °F). Rainfall averages at 1,000-millimetre (39 in) and has peaks in spring and autumn, countered by a relative drop during the winter. The basic climatic data of Legnano are: The toponymy of the name "Legnano" is uncertain, as the early settlement was known by several names, but it is obvious that Legnano's name
6669-542: The regio XI Transpadana , one of Italy's Augustean regions , was connected to the surrounding areas through important communication routes, the most important of which was a Roman road built in the 1st century AD, the Via Severiana Augusta , which skirted the Olona River at the modern strada statale del Sempione , which connected ancient Mediolanum (the modern Milano ) to Lake Maggiore . The most important Roman-era finds were discovered in 1925 in
6840-514: The Golasecca culture . More Golasecca finds, this time household items, were discovered in 1925 and 1937 and were dated to the 5th and 4th centuries BC. In the course of these excavations, two more necropoli were unearthed that contained yet more household goods as well as funerary urns . An excavation along the State Road 33 Sempione [ it ] uncovered two bronze items of
7011-468: The Italian national anthem ("[...] Dall'Alpi a Sicilia dovunque è Legnano [...]", en. "From the Alps to Sicily , Legnano is everywhere"). Every year the people of Legnano commemorate the battle with Palio di Legnano . In the institutional sphere, on 29 May, the date of the battle of Legnano, it was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy. Located in the south of the Varese Prealps along
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7182-513: The Late Middle Ages , began to develop with an elongated shape following the direction traced by a road that constituted, together with the already mentioned road built by the ancient Romans that passed through Legnanello, the main system of communication with the surrounding area. The road passing through the main settlement, which also followed the course of the Olona and corresponds to modern-day Corso Magenta and Corso Garibaldi, crossed
7353-669: The Lombard League , whose symbol was the Carroccio . The battle ended the fifth and final descent into Italy of Emperor Federico Barbarossa, who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by attempting the diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the peace of Constance (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League by granting administrative, political and judicial concessions to
7524-737: The Mediterranean or in the Russian north . That precipitation itself remains in the Po Valley because of its poor ventilation. Data from the Milan Malpensa meteorological station [ it ] indicates that, based on the more than thirty years (1961–1990) of reference accumulated by the World Meteorological Organization , that the average temperature of the Milan area the coldest month, January,
7695-660: The Metropolitan City of Milan in the Alto Milanese , has a recorded history from the first mention of the Legnarello district [ it ] to the present day. During the Middle Ages , Legnano was the site of an important battle wherein the Lombard League defeated Frederick Barbarossa . Because of that battle, Legnano is the only city other than Rome , capital of Italy, to be mentioned in
7866-470: The Middle East . Bonvesin da la Riva , the greatest poet and writer of Lombardy in the 13th century and one of the exponent more prominent of the didactic poetic movement of northern Italy, lived in the city until 1288. The literary man described Legnano with these verses: [...] Among all the cities of Lombardy is lauded as the rose or lily among the flowers, such as cedar in Lebanon, as the lion among
8037-571: The Napoleonic era , a work was enhanced that would be decisive, together with the artisanal activities above, for the birth of industries. The government improved the strada statale del Sempione road that connected Milan with Paris on the Rho – Legnano – Gallarate – Arona – Domodossola – Brig crossing the Alps . Nowadays in Legnano the strada statale del Sempione still exists. This important communication route also greatly contributed to
8208-401: The Olona valley [ it ] , the comune of Legnano has an area of 12.72 square kilometers (4.91 sq mi), has an elevation of 192–227 meters (630–745 ft) above sea level , and is seismically classified [ it ] in Zone 4 (Irrelevant seismology). The valley soil is mainly composed of sand , gravel , and clay . A thin layer of humus also used to coat
8379-611: The Pataria , which took place inside the Cotta Castle . On the Historia Mediolanensis written by Landulf Senior in the 11th century, which deals with the history of Milan in the Middle Ages, it can be read that Arialdo was captured: in the vicinity of Legnano Latin : [...] iuxta locum Legnani [...] Early medieval Legnano was dominated by a fortified palace that had served the people of Legnano as
8550-750: The Sant'Erasmo hospice in Legnano. Legnano was the fourth stop from the Simplon Pass and the last before Milan; from the Milanese capital, pilgrims then headed to Rome or Venice , where they could embark for the Holy Land . The Sant'Erasmo hospice thus functioned as a place of shelter, prayer and care for the sick, as well as a hospital and orphanage for the local inhabitants. As recorded in two lists of churches compiled in 1304 and 1389, there were, in addition to San Salvatore, other buildings dedicated to religious worship in Legnano; specifically, there were
8721-515: The Via Severiana Augusta . Because of this strategic function, Legnano, starting in the 11th century, began to bind itself more and more with Milan even from an economic and military point of view, although it formally belonged to Seprio. Legnano and the other counties that gravitated around the Milanese capital also supplied Milan with foodstuffs. Milan also influenced the Legnano dialect, which began to differentiate itself from
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#17327725864488892-749: The Würm glaciation , discovered in the San Giorgio area and now displayed at the Guido Sutermeister Civic Museum [ it ] in Legnano. The oldest man-made find was made by Guido Sutermeister during excavations between 1926 and 1928 in the Legnanese , alongside miscellaneous Roman finds. The item, a fragment of a bell-shaped vase (pictured), made by the Remedello culture between 3400 BC to 2200 BC. The location of
9063-420: The church of San Martino , the church of Sant'Ambrogio , and especially the church of San Salvatore. Legnano's main cemetery was thus located in the modern Piazza San Magno, and it continued to be used even after the basilica was built. Later a large underground room was built where the dead were interred, known as "the big pit" and which was used until 1808. The main urban agglomeration of Legnano, even during
9234-736: The late antiquity include more coins and some amphorae from the 4th century AD. With the Migration Period the remaining territories of the Western Roman Empire experienced socio-economic implosion. Among the Germanic peoples migrating into the Roman Empire were the Lombards , who came to dominate Cisalpine Gaul . Their influence, and especially that of their dialect , was to be lasting; legnanese schirpa ,
9405-604: The monastery of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan. This written testimony, which is dated October 23, 789, is included in the Lombard Diplomatic Codex under number LIV. Within it one can read: [...] with our properties in Legnanello [...] ( Latin : [...] curtem proprietatis nostre in Leunianello [...] ) It seems that the ward already existed in 687, when the religious celebration of Candlemas began, which
9576-574: The national anthem . Industry has had significant impact on Legnano's history and the municipality remains one of the most developed and industrialized in Italy. From the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic Eras, the area to be Legnano was below sea level . The primordial ocean blanketed the municipal area in many different layers of sediment. The largest factor in the creation of Legnano's geography
9747-599: The vicus . Among the items found, and now displayed at the Sutermeister Civic Museum, are portions of walls, terracotta piping, tiles, and bricks, necropoli, and household ceramic, glass, and metal objects, and currency . The most important finds were made in 1925–26 between the Via Venegoni and the Via Firenze. These are coins, plates and cups, unguentaria , mirrors, and iron tools in
9918-403: The " Legnanese ". This would confirm the complete Latinization of the Legnano area around 1st century AD ; in other places where Celtic influence was still substantial, the suffix -acum would have been used. Thus, the ancient name of Legnano became Lemoniano , Leminiano or Lemegniano , later Limnianum and finally Legnanum . Another theory advances that one of the names that Legnano
10089-423: The 12th to the 10th centuries BC were discovered between Legnano and Castellanza. Archaeologists conjectured that these dwellings had stone foundations, wooden walls, and roofs made of several layers of dried leaves. Various household items were also discovered in these dwellings. Two bronze spearheads dated to the 9th and 8th centuries BC were discovered in 1892 and 1895 near Legnano. They have been attributed to
10260-637: The 15th century Legnano was dominated by several noble families. Despite the presence of these lineages, Legnano was never a true lordship to the point that the town of Legnano, unlike many neighboring communities, was never the subject of enfeoffment . Demographic transition In demography , demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates, as societies attain more technology, education (especially of women ) and economic development . The demographic transition has occurred in most of
10431-486: The 1940s and 1950s Frank W. Notestein developed a more formal theory of demographic transition. In the 2000s Oded Galor researched the "various mechanisms that have been proposed as possible triggers for the demographic transition, assessing their empirical validity, and their potential role in the transition from stagnation to growth." In 2011, the unified growth theory was completed, the demographic transition becomes an important part in unified growth theory. By 2009,
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#173277258644810602-423: The 1960s–1990s, focusing on seven countries: Taiwan and South Korea ("tiger" economies), Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia ("second wave" countries), and China and Vietnam ("market-Leninist" economies). Demographic change can be seen as a by-product of social and economic development and, in some cases, accompanied by strong government pressure. An effective, often authoritarian, local administrative system can provide
10773-406: The 20/1000 as well as falling below 12/1000. In the 1980s and 1990s, Russia underwent a unique demographic transition; observers call it a "demographic catastrophe": the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, life expectancy fell sharply (especially for males) and the number of suicides increased. From 1992 through 2011, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births; from 2011 onwards,
10944-587: The Busto dialect. Due to the frequent contacts between the two cities, the Milanese dialect began to "contaminate" the language spoken in Legnano. Despite this trend, the Legnano dialect continued to retain a certain diversity from the Milanese dialect over the centuries. Legnano's connection with Milan exacerbated friction with Busto Arsizio , which instead continued to be linked to the County of Seprio. The latter
11115-671: The Celtic La Tène culture dated to between the 4th and 1st centuries BC. Other digs, even on small-scale, have unearthed numerous items corresponding to this culture throughout the Alto Milanese . No finds connected to either the Etruscans or Adriatic Veneti have been made. Strong Celtic influence is extent even in finds dated to the period after the Roman conquest of the Po Valley [ it ] , only disappearing in
11286-409: The DTM clearly arrested and reversed between 1975 and 2005. DTM assumes that population changes are induced by industrial changes and increased wealth, without taking into account the role of social change in determining birth rates, e.g., the education of women. In recent decades more work has been done on developing the social mechanisms behind it. DTM assumes that the birth rate is independent of
11457-495: The French population therefore seems increasingly defined not only by interregional mobility but also by the residential preferences of individual households. These challenges, linked to configurations of population and the dynamics of distribution, inevitably raise the issue of town and country planning. The most recent census figures show that an outpouring of the urban population means that fewer rural areas are continuing to register
11628-621: The Lampugnani, Vismara, Visconti , Crivelli, Maino and Caimi. During the 15th century Legnano was enriched with many noble dwellings, which built to the Visconti Castle of Legnano, that replaced in the role of fortification of the borgo the already mentioned castle of the Cotta , and the Palazzo Leone da Perego, that was built by the eponymous archbishop. The only civil built in the 15th century that has not been demolished
11799-488: The Legnano vicus was inhabited by poor citizenry. This is contrasted by the finds in nearby Parabiago , especially the Parabiago Plate . The Legnano vicus findings also suggested an agricultural character, particularly farming, husbandry, and weaving. The finds date from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD suggest that the vicus was continuously inhabited. Legnano experienced socio-economic decline with
11970-714: The Middle Ages Legnano was the scene of an important battle. In several military campaigns prior to the famous clash, the German emperor Frederick I (known as "Barbarossa") aspired to assert his dominance over the communes of northern Italy . The latter overcame their rivalries by uniting in the Lombard League , i.e., a military alliance chaired by Pope Alexander III , which defeated the Holy Roman Emperor 's army near Legnano (May 29, 1176) ending Barbarossa's hegemonic dreams in northern Italy. Today it
12141-463: The Olona. Archaeological evidence of Roman activity in Legnano is plentiful, beginning in the 2nd century BC with the Roman conquest of the region. From the amount and type of goods found in the middle Olona valley, it has been assumed that it was part of an important route of communication. Numerous excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries found numerous Roman furnishings distributed evenly through
12312-560: The Religious Inherit the Earth? , Eric Kaufmann argues that demographic trends point to religious fundamentalists greatly increasing as a share of the population over the next century. Jane Falkingham of Southampton University has noted that "We've actually got population projections wrong consistently over the last 50 years... we've underestimated the improvements in mortality... but also we've not been very good at spotting
12483-549: The ability of women to bear children. Emigration depressed death rates in some special cases (for example, Europe and particularly the Eastern United States during the 19th century), but, overall, death rates tended to match birth rates, often exceeding 40 per 1000 per year. Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age by carrying water, firewood, and messages, caring for younger siblings, sweeping, washing dishes, preparing food, and working in
12654-467: The ability to elect consuls. I Previously, the government of the cities was held by the bishop, the nobles and the upper middle class. This led to the emergence in Milan of a situation of political instability, and thus Leone da Perego, who was among the leading proponents of the return of archiepiscopal supremacy over the city's government, was forced to leave the Milanese city on several occasions. The archbishop often chose Legnano as his home because of
12825-506: The adjacent Palazzo Visconti to the Cotta Castle and, after the demolition of the latter, to a building located on the other side of modern-day Corso Magenta. To the north was presumably located a "Porta di Sopra" of which, however, no tangible evidence remains, since it was likely demolished in earlier times. In the Middle Ages, pilgrims traveling along one of the Roman roads to Milan, the so-called Via Romana, had among their stops
12996-553: The area from before the Roman period were discovered in the slopes of the Olona valley. Excavations in this area uncovered numerous necropoli , usually bedecked with everyday items as grave goods . These early inhabitants are thought to have come from the Lagozza di Besnate [ it ] site or from other stilt house cultures on the Varese lakes. The oldest finds in general in the municipal area are aurochs bones dated to
13167-518: The battle against Barbarossa. The Legnano community approved, in 1261, its first statutes, a deliberation that gave birth, formally, to the municipality of Legnano. From 1270 Bonvesin de la Riva , the greatest Lombard poet and writer of the 13th century, lived in Legnano. Born in Milan, he lived at the convent of Santa Caterina in the Contrada Sant'Erasmo , where he wrote one of his best-known works, De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam ,
13338-427: The benefit of the community. The hallmark of the 18th and 19th centuries was the construction of many watermills along the Olona . In the period of maximum expansion of the activity of watermills, in Legnano, seventeen mills could be counted, exploiting the driving force of the Olona river. The last seven in Legnano were demolished between the 19th and 20th centuries to be replaced by more modern plants, which exploited
13509-403: The canals and the disclaimed by the peasants. The latter were necessary to reach, for irrigation purposes, the land farthest from the Olona. The extraction of water from the river, and more generally the activities related to the exploitation of the Olona, were regulated, over the centuries, by contracts and regulations. The urban fabric of Legnano has developed around the old town ; its growth
13680-461: The church of Sant'Agnese (which stood in the area occupied by the headquarters of the modern Bank of Legnano and was demolished during the period of construction of the basilica of San Magno), the church of San Martino (which was erected in the same place as the modern one ) and the church of Santa Maria del Priorato, to which the convent of the Humiliati was attached. The 1389 list also includes
13851-478: The city was characterized as the "death capital of the United States" – at the level of 50 per 1000 population or higher – well into the second half of the 19th century. Today, the U.S. is recognized as having both low fertility and mortality rates. Specifically, birth rates stand at 14 per 1000 per year and death rates at 8 per 1000 per year. Because the DTM is only a model, it cannot necessarily predict
14022-413: The colors in the coat of arms of the municipality of Legnano are linked to a legend . In an unspecified historical period, in today's Piazza San Magno , a large Turkey oak . On the day of the patron saint san Magno , 5 November, a farmer began to contemplate the tree admiring its ability to withstand frost and snow. The farmer thus expressed a desire to be able to withstand the difficulties of life in
14193-404: The death rate falls or improves, this may include lower infant mortality rate and increased child survival. Over time, as individuals with increased survival rates age, there may also be an increase in the number of older children, teenagers, and young adults. This implies that there is an increase in the fertile population proportion which, with constant fertility rates , may lead to an increase in
14364-779: The death rate from other causes was 12 per 1,000 in 1850 and has not declined markedly. Scientific discoveries and medical breakthroughs did not, in general, contribute importantly to the early major decline in infectious disease mortality. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Irish demographic status converged to the European norm. Mortality rose above the European Community average, and in 1991 Irish fertility fell to replacement level. The peculiarities of Ireland's past demography and its recent rapid changes challenge established theory. The recent changes have mirrored inward changes in Irish society, with respect to family planning, women in
14535-477: The death rate. Nevertheless, demographers maintain that there is no historical evidence for society-wide fertility rates rising significantly after high mortality events. Notably, some historic populations have taken many years to replace lives after events such as the Black Death . Some have claimed that DTM does not explain the early fertility declines in much of Asia in the second half of the 20th century or
14706-595: The decades of the 20th century led to the birth of many brownfield sites that are recovering. The most important urban intervention, which was carried out at the beginning of the 21st century, was the recovery from the former Cotonificio Cantoni , an area of 110,000 square meters that was destined to residential and commercial area . In Legnano there is a historical subdivision into neighborhoods . The historic neighborhoods of Legnano are Mazzafame , Ponzella , Frati , Olmina , Canazza , Gabinella , Legnanello , Colli di Sant'Erasmo and Costa San Giorgio . The part of
14877-551: The decline in mortality in Stage Two is an increasingly rapid growth in population growth (a.k.a. " population explosion ") as the gap between deaths and births grows wider and wider. Note that this growth is not due to an increase in fertility (or birth rates) but to a decline in deaths. This change in population occurred in north-western Europe during the nineteenth century due to the Industrial Revolution . During
15048-555: The demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime, which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. Campbell thus questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be reevaluated in terms of their changing interaction with "natural" demographic influences. Russia entered stage two of
15219-469: The discovery was a construction site for State Road 527 Bustese [ it ] , near the municipal border with Castellanza . Although the nature of the relationship between the peoples along the Olona and the Remedello culture are unknown, it has been assumed they had commercial links. In the area of Legnano are found no traces of the early Bronze Age ; there have been no finds made dated to between 2200 BC and 1400 BC. The next chronological find
15390-402: The driving force of the Olona river more efficiently. The low incomes that were provided by the agricultural and livestock economy of these centuries stimulated the peasants to integrate the use in the fields with other jobs, in which women also participated during the day. In the evening, the farmers became spinners and weavers of silk , wool and cotton , as well as dyers . During
15561-417: The early 2000s. However, fertility rates declined significantly in many very high development countries between 2010 and 2018, including in countries with high levels of gender parity . The global data no longer support the suggestion that fertility rates tend to broadly rise at very high levels of national development. From the point of view of evolutionary biology , wealthier people having fewer children
15732-446: The effects of under-invested and under-researched tropical diseases such as malaria and AIDS to a limited extent. In pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high, and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population. Family planning and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by
15903-414: The erected INA Gallery and an adjacent area located a little further north toward Corso Garibaldi. In the early Middle Ages Legnano thus appeared as a fortified citadel formed by the church of San Salvatore , i.e., the religious building to which the Legnano community referred before the construction of the basilica of San Magno, the castle of the Cotta family, which was the seat of political power, and
16074-570: The existence of a negative correlation between fertility and industrial development had become one of the most widely accepted findings in social science. The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia were among the first populations to experience a demographic transition, in the 18th century, prior to changes in mortality or fertility in other European Jews or in Christians living in the Czech lands . John Caldwell (demographer) explained fertility rates in
16245-430: The far future). The decline in death rate and birth rate that occurs during the demographic transition may transform the age structure. When the death rate declines during the second stage of the transition, the result is primarily an increase in the younger population. The reason being that when the death rate is high (stage one), the infant mortality rate is very high, often above 200 deaths per 1000 children born. When
16416-453: The farmer who asked to return man, thus chastising his pride. The tree and the lion, along with the white of the snow and the red blood of the rabbit, became the symbols of Legnano, and were included in the coat of arms and in the municipal skirt. On 15 August 1924, the municipality of Legnano was granted the title of city . The most ancient evidence of settlement in Legnano dates to the Remedello culture (21st–19th centuries BC). Later it
16587-494: The fertility rate does not change and sustained mass immigration does not occur. Using data through 2005, researchers have suggested that the negative relationship between development, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), and birth rates had reversed at very high levels of development. In many countries with very high levels of development, fertility rates were approaching two children per woman in
16758-500: The fertility which causes fertility constantly to increase until 2018.However fertility started to decline after 2018 and meanwhile there was no significant change in mortality in recent 30 years. Campbell has studied the demography of 19th-century Madagascar in the light of demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and "natural" factors, such as climate, famine, and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose
16929-403: The fields. Raising a child cost little more than feeding him or her; there were no education or entertainment expenses. Thus, the total cost of raising children barely exceeded their contribution to the household. In addition, as they became adults they became a major input to the family business, mainly farming, and were the primary form of insurance for adults in old age. In India, an adult son
17100-477: The former Cantoni [ it ] and Dell'Acqua [ it ] cotton mills. These were built because the Olona was prone to damaging floods , but consequently made the Olona one of the most polluted rivers in Italy. The pollution of the river is gradually lessening, however, while the last damaging flood occurred on 13 September 1995, and the last in chronological order occurred in July 2014. For
17271-570: The future, but it does suggest an underdeveloped country's future birth and death rates, together with the total population size. Most particularly, of course, the DTM makes no comment on change in population due to migration. It is not necessarily applicable at very high levels of development. DTM does not account for recent phenomena such as AIDS ; in these areas HIV has become the leading source of mortality. Some trends in waterborne bacterial infant mortality are also disturbing in countries like Malawi , Sudan and Nigeria ; for example, progress in
17442-638: The high fertility rates of their parents. The bottom of the " age pyramid " widens first where children, teenagers and infants are here, accelerating population growth rate. The age structure of such a population is illustrated by using an example from the Third World today. In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does
17613-527: The history of Legnano concerns the quartier of Legnanello . This act, which refers to a trade in land located in the small neighbour, is dated 23 October 789. Within this written testimony can be read: [...] curtem proprietatis nostre in Leunianello [...] This written testimony in English means "[...] with our properties in Legnanello [...]". It seems that Legnanello existed as early as 687, when
17784-406: The impact of pro-family policies accompanied by greater unmarried households and out-of-wedlock births. These general demographic trends parallel equally important changes in regional demographics. Since 1982 the same significant tendencies have occurred throughout mainland France: demographic stagnation in the least-populated rural regions and industrial regions in the northeast, with strong growth in
17955-418: The labor force relative to the total population and changed age population distribution. Although this shift has occurred in many industrialized countries , the theory and model are frequently imprecise when applied to individual countries due to specific social, political and economic factors affecting particular populations. However, the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in
18126-412: The late 18th and early 19th centuries Merina state policies stimulated agricultural production, which helped to create a larger and healthier population and laid the foundation for Merina military and economic expansion within Madagascar. From 1820, the cost of such expansionism led the state to increase its exploitation of forced labor at the expense of agricultural production and thus transformed it into
18297-402: The latter, although the beginning of the process that would lead the village to be closely linked to Milan also from an economic and military point of view dates from this period. The first document concerning Legnano was drawn up during Frankish rule and mentions the district of Legnanello. This documented deed refers to an exchange of land between Pietro I Oldrati, archbishop of Milan , and
18468-726: The limited amount of available agricultural land) which led to high mortality in the Old World. With low mortality but stage 1 birth rates, the United States necessarily experienced exponential population growth (from less than 4 million people in 1790, to 23 million in 1850, to 76 million in 1900). The only area where this pattern did not hold was the American South. High prevalence of deadly endemic diseases such as malaria kept mortality as high as 45–50 per 1000 residents per year in 18th century North Carolina. In New Orleans , mortality remained so high (mainly due to yellow fever ) that
18639-470: The main town and, after lapping the main village near the modern basilica of San Magno and Palazzo Malinverni , re-entered the Olona a little further downstream. The Olonella was later buried in the first part of the 20th century. Legnanello at the time consisted of a few houses that were located along the road parallel to the main course of the Olona known since Roman times (the modern Corso Sempione, popularly known, even earlier, as " strada magna "), while
18810-429: The main village consisted of a cluster of dwellings around a square (the modern Piazza San Magno). In the Middle Ages people began to bury the dead near churches. More precisely, nobles were interred within the perimeter of religious buildings, while the deceased of the general populace were buried in mass graves outside the churches. In the Middle Ages, the Legnano temples that were most affected by this phenomenon were
18981-470: The mid-1920s, they were depressed by the 1931–33 famine, crashed due to the Second World War in 1941, and only rebounded to a sustained level of 3 children/woman after the war. By 1970 Russia was firmly in stage four, with crude birth rates and crude death rates on the order of 15/1000 and 9/1000 respectively. Bizarrely, however, the birth rate entered a state of constant flux, repeatedly surpassing
19152-511: The most important hypotheses, the genesis of ancient Legnano, whose most likely name is Latinanium , dates back to before the birth of Christ , in Roman times . The origin of this coat of arms can be clearly traced back to a coat of arms reproduced on page 193 of the Stemmario Trivulziano . In this ancient volume it can be read that the coat of arms of Legnano is very similar to that of Stemmario Cremosano . The subject and
19323-586: The municipalities and officially ending his attempt to hegemonize Northern Italy. Already in the Middle Ages Legnano was not considered a village, but a borgo , a denomination reserved in Italy for comuni with a market and a fortification . These infrastructures generally stood in the most populous centers and also served the neighboring centers. During the Renaissance , Legnano was dominated by several noble families . The main ones were
19494-400: The name "Legnano" is uncertain, as the early settlement was known by several names, but it is obvious that Legnano's name is older than that of the surrounding municipalities. "Legnano" could have originated as a predial adjective, formed from the name of the most prominent landowner in the area. In Legnano's case, this landowner's name could have been Lemennius or Limenius, to which was adjoined
19665-493: The name for the region, Latinanium . Therefore, any suppositions linking the name of the city to the Celtic toponym Lemonianum ("place of the sacred grove") or the predial adjective Laenianum , referring to a potential landowner named Laenius are false. The very earliest settlers in the Legnano area lived at a distance from the Olona so that its frequent flooding would not impair them. The most important archaeological finds in
19836-463: The natality decreased at the same time, thus there was no demographic boom in the 19th century. France's demographic profile is similar to its European neighbors and to developed countries in general, yet it seems to be staving off the population decline of Western countries. With 62.9 million inhabitants in 2006, it was the second most populous country in the European Union, and it displayed
20007-458: The new rulers, from whom it took its name: thus was born the modern Visconti castle of Legnano . After its fortification, the Visconti castle acquired the role of defensive bulwark of the Milanese countryside, replacing the Cotta manor in that function. Legnano, retaining its strategic function until the 15th century, thus continued to be the scene of political events related to Milan even after
20178-428: The number of children born. This will further increase the growth of the child population. The second stage of the demographic transition, therefore, implies a rise in child dependency and creates a youth bulge in the population structure. As a population continues to move through the demographic transition into the third stage, fertility declines and the youth bulge prior to the decline ages out of child dependency into
20349-566: The opposite has been the case. Greenwood and Seshadri (2002) show that from 1800 to 1940 there was a demographic shift from a mostly rural US population with high fertility, with an average of seven children born per white woman, to a minority (43%) rural population with low fertility, with an average of two births per white woman. This shift resulted from technological progress. A sixfold increase in real wages made children more expensive in terms of forgone opportunities to work and increases in agricultural productivity reduced rural demand for labor,
20520-535: The palace of the same name, Palazzo Leone da Perego , where he died on 14 October 1257. At first he was buried in the Church of Sant'Ambrogio , but then the body disappeared. In 1258, the community of Legnano approved its first statutes, a deliberation that formally gave birth to the municipality of modern Legnano. In April 1273, the Visconti Castle of Legnano hosted the royals Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile on their way back from their trip to
20691-430: The period between the decline in youth dependency and rise in old age dependency there is a demographic window of opportunity that can potentially produce economic growth through an increase in the ratio of working age to dependent population; the demographic dividend . However, unless factors such as those listed above are allowed to work, a society's birth rates may not drop to a low level in due time, which means that
20862-524: The political and cultural life of Legnano would originate. Among them were the Oldradi (or Oldrendi); the first mention of this family is found on a document dated 1173, where they sign themselves as da Legniano in such a way as to recall and remark their control over the village. From the Oldrendi descended the well-known 14th-century jurist Giovanni da Legnano , who later changed his surname and became
21033-415: The population of Legnano quadrupled. Due to the need for water, the mussel industries born in the 19th century sprung up along the shores of the Olona. As a result, the new residential districts have occupied the free areas beyond the river valley. As a result of the growth of Legnano, the companies have built their locations more and more on the outskirts. Then, the various economic crises that followed in
21204-441: The population. In Stage One, the majority of deaths are concentrated in the first 5–10 years of life. Therefore, more than anything else, the decline in death rates in Stage Two entails the increasing survival of children and a growing population. Hence, the age structure of the population becomes increasingly youthful and start to have big families and more of these children enter the reproductive cycle of their lives while maintaining
21375-544: The presence of some bridges. The land between the two settlements, which was crossed by the Olonella and the main course of the Olona, was free and was known as "Braida arcivescovile" being owned by the Archdiocese of Milan; the Braida Arcivescovile remained free of buildings until the 20th century because it was often flooded by the waters of the river. The Olonella originated from the river just before
21546-507: The presence of the enemy in the surroundings was already known to both sides, they met suddenly without having time to plan any strategy . The Battle of Legnano was crucial in the long war waged by the Holy Roman German Empire to try to assert its power over the municipalities of northern Italy, who decided to put aside each other's rivalries by allied themselves in a military-led union symbolically by Pope Alexander III ,
21717-474: The progenitor of the family later called Legnani. Leone da Perego, bishop of Milan from 1241 to 1257, stayed in Legnano. He lived in the palace of the same name, where he died on October 14, 1257. At first he was buried in the church of Sant'Ambrogio, then the body disappeared. As a consequence of the Battle of Legnano, the medieval Lombard communes became enfranchised from imperial power and their people gained
21888-494: The quadrupeds, like the eagle among the birds, so as to appear as the sun among the celestial bodies, for the fertility of the soil and the availability of the necessities fundamental for the men [...] In the Middle Ages , the city was the location of the Battle of Legnano in which Emperor Frederick I was defeated by the Lombard League (1176). Because of the historic victory of the Lombard League over Frederick Barbarossa , it
22059-463: The reign of Emperor Augustus . The romanization of the Legnano area took place slowly, as the Empire allowed the locals to continue speaking their language, worship their own gods, and practice their culture. In Roman times, the inhabitants of the Legnano area were part of a vicus , as evidenced by abundant archaeological finds. Those discoveries were generally of poor quality, suggesting that
22230-512: The religious celebration of the Candlemas (the Candelora ) began, introduced by Pope Sergius I , who officiated every 2 February. The first mention of the main settlement of Legnano is related to the capture of Arialdo , head of the pataria , which took place inside the castle of the Cotta in Legnano, that was built in 10th century and demolished in 13th/14th century (this fortification
22401-532: The rest of the Roman Empire in its twilight years. With the arrival of Christianity , the inhabitants of the vicus began to bury rather than cremate their dead. With the arrival of the Romans, Legnano became permanently inhabited by humans. The Roman vicus belonged to Regio XI Transpadana [ it ] and sat upon the Mediolanum-Verbannus road [ it ] , which ran along
22572-434: The same way. At that moment, san Magno appeared, offering to satisfy man's desire by giving him the vigour, recklessness, and power of a lion. The saint ordered the farmer to kill a rabbit and advance on the snow-soaked ground, where the animal's blood had been shed. The farmer followed orders and then san Magno fulfilled his dream by turning him into a lion . After the prodigy, the saint suddenly disappeared without appeasing
22743-407: The second half of the twentieth century less-developed countries entered Stage Two, creating the worldwide rapid growth of number of living people that has demographers concerned today. In this stage of DT, countries are vulnerable to become failed states in the absence of progressive governments. Another characteristic of Stage Two of the demographic transition is a change in the age structure of
22914-609: The second stage of the industrial revolution, which coincided with the demographic transition. The increasing role of human capital in the production process led to the investment of human capital in children by families, which may be the beginning of the demographic transition. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1930 by the American demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973). Adolphe Landry of France made similar observations on demographic patterns and population growth potential around 1934. In
23085-561: The social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development. Scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. Scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income, lower mortality , old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved. Human capital gradually increased in
23256-548: The society cannot proceed to stage three and is locked in what is called a demographic trap . Countries that have witnessed a fertility decline of over 50% from their pre-transition levels include: Costa Rica , El Salvador , Panama , Jamaica , Mexico , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Turkey , Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Lebanon , South Africa , India , Saudi Arabia , and many Pacific islands . Countries that have experienced
23427-458: The southwest and along the Atlantic coast, plus dynamism in metropolitan areas. Shifts in population between regions account for most of the differences in growth. The varying demographic evolution regions can be analyzed though the filter of several parameters, including residential facilities, economic growth, and urban dynamism, which yield several distinct regional profiles. The distribution of
23598-487: The strategic importance of Legnano, the second mail station from Milan. In the 19th century the municipal administration of Legnano was governed by large landowners and members of the wealthiest bourgeoisie . She was often forced to intervene to dictate rules on agriculture, grazing and land protection, and to resolve heated disputes between farmers and millers , especially during lean Olona river periods. History of Legnano Legnano , an Italian municipality of
23769-415: The suffix - anum . This would confirm the complete Latinization of the Legnano area; in other places where Celtic influence was still substantial, the suffix -acum would have been used. Thus, Lemoniano , Leminiano or Lemegniano , later to become Limnianum and finally Legnanum . Another theory advances that one of the names that Legnano was known by in the Middle Ages , Ledegnanum , derives from
23940-461: The sun among celestial bodies, because of the fertility of the soil and the availability of the goods needed by the people [...] In Legnano Bonvesin de la Riva was a teacher and perhaps subsidized the construction of the hospice of Sant'Erasmo. He was a prolific writer, especially in the Milanese vernacular, of which eighteen works remain. Of his production in Latin , however, only three remain. During
24111-444: The third world are not dependent on the spread of industrialization or even on economic development and also illustrates fertility decline is more likely to precede industrialization and to help bring it about than to follow it. The transition involves four stages, or possibly five. As with all models, this is an idealized picture of population change in these countries. The model is a generalization that applies to these countries as
24282-547: The time span in which it is experienced. Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate. Several fertility factors contribute to this eventual decline, and are generally similar to those associated with sub-replacement fertility , although some are speculative: The resulting changes in the age structure of the population include a decline in the youth dependency ratio and eventually population aging . The population structure becomes less triangular and more like an elongated balloon. During
24453-510: The town to the west of the railway is called oltrestazione , while the part to the east of the strada statale del Sempione is called oltresempione . The eight historical contrade competing at the Palio di Legnano are San Bernardino , La Flora , Legnarello , San Domenico , San Magno , San Martino , Sant'Ambrogio and Sant'Erasmo . According to the climatic classification of Italian comunes [ it ] , Legnano
24624-505: The town's strategic function: Legnano was one of the closest fortified towns to Milan, and from it Leone da Perego could control political events in the Milanese capital. Leone da Perego's role was later taken over by Ottone Visconti , who became archbishop of Milan in 1262. The struggle was now no longer between the social classes of Milan, but between the Della Torre and Visconti families, who vied for supremacy over Milan. Legnano
24795-417: The town, along the modern Corso Magenta, which at that time was called Via Porta di Sotto, just ahead of the entrance to Palazzo Leone da Perego and near the old Cotta Castle. The "Porta di Sotto," which was embellished with a 16th-century fresco , took the form of an arched opening above which a covered passageway had been carved out, connecting the architectural complex formed by Palazzo Leone da Perego and
24966-570: The transition in the 18th century, simultaneously with the rest of Europe, though the effect of transition remained limited to a modest decline in death rates and steady population growth. The population of Russia nearly quadrupled during the 19th century, from 30 million to 133 million, and continued to grow until the First World War and the turmoil that followed. Russia then quickly transitioned through stage three. Though fertility rates rebounded initially and almost reached 7 children/woman in
25137-443: The trends in fertility." In 2004 a United Nations office published its guesses for global population in the year 2300; estimates ranged from a "low estimate" of 2.3 billion (tending to −0.32% per year) to a "high estimate" of 36.4 billion (tending to +0.54% per year), which were contrasted with a deliberately "unrealistic" illustrative "constant fertility" scenario of 134 trillion (obtained if 1995–2000 fertility rates stay constant into
25308-442: The twentieth century, the falls in death rates in developing countries tended to be substantially faster. Countries in this stage include Yemen , Afghanistan , and Iraq and much of Sub-Saharan Africa (but this does not include South Africa , Botswana , Eswatini , Lesotho , Namibia , Gabon and Ghana , which have begun to move into stage 3). The decline in the death rate is due initially to two factors: A consequence of
25479-399: The urban agglomeration from north to south; this road came from the Olona valley and connected Castellanza , Legnano, the modern Legnanello district Costa di San Giorgio and Milan; two gates were built at the entrance and exit from Legnano, one of which, known as the "Porta di Sotto," was demolished in 1818 because it made it difficult for farmers' wagons to circulate. It was located south of
25650-564: The valley, rendering it a moorland useless to agriculture . Legnano is crossed by the Olona River, which cuts Legnano into two nearly equally sized portions. The Olona has a number of deviations both natural, such as the Olonella [ it ] , located near Visconti Castle , and artificial. The latter of these are the diversionary channels and levees that encase much of the river as it flows through Legnano, especially around
25821-411: The vast majority of the city's stretch, the waterway is pernilted into levee or stone embankments, which were built to minimize flooding. The Olona, before the construction of embankments and drainage channels, was in fact a river that scourged with frequent floods the areas it crosses. In the past there were deviations of the course of the river: natural, such as the Olonella, and artificial, such as
25992-562: The wild. This is the earlier stage of demographic transition in the world and also characterized by primary activities such as small fishing activities, farming practices, pastoralism and petty businesses. This stage leads to a fall in death rates and an increase in population. The changes leading to this stage in Europe were initiated in the Agricultural Revolution of the eighteenth century and were initially quite slow. In
26163-469: The work force, the sharply declining power of the Catholic Church, and the emigration factor. France displays real divergences from the standard model of Western demographic evolution. The uniqueness of the French case arises from its specific demographic history, its historic cultural values, and its internal regional dynamics. France's demographic transition was unusual in that the mortality and
26334-407: The working ages. This stage of the transition is often referred to as the golden age, and is typically when populations see the greatest advancements in living standards and economic development. However, further declines in both mortality and fertility will eventually result in an aging population, and a rise in the aged dependency ratio . An increase of the aged dependency ratio often indicates that
26505-408: The world over the past two centuries, bringing the unprecedented population growth of the post-Malthusian period , then reducing birth rates and population growth significantly in all regions of the world. The demographic transition strengthens economic growth process by three changes: (i) reduced dilution of capital and land stock, (ii) increased investment in human capital, and (iii) increased size of
26676-558: Was a Celtic center, conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC. Since ancient times the inhabitants of Legnano lived on the edge of the river Olona Valley . These land, higher than the river, were not flooded by the regular floods of the waterway. As a result, the most important archaeological finds , from prehistory to Roman rule, were discovered along the edges of the Olona valley; these finds mainly refer to inhumations . The oldest furnishings found in Legnano are fragments of
26847-472: Was accommodated by an active public school building program. The interwar agricultural depression aggravated traditional income inequality, raising fertility and impeding the spread of mass schooling. Landlordism collapsed in the wake of de-colonization, and the consequent reduction in inequality accelerated human and physical capital accumulation, hence leading to growth in South Korea. China experienced
27018-687: Was all that prevented a widow from falling into destitution. While death rates remained high there was no question as to the need for children, even if the means to prevent them had existed. During this stage, the society evolves in accordance with Malthusian paradigm, with population essentially determined by the food supply. Any fluctuations in food supply (either positive, for example, due to technology improvements, or negative, due to droughts and pest invasions) tend to translate directly into population fluctuations. Famines resulting in significant mortality are frequent. Overall, population dynamics during stage one are comparable to those of animals living in
27189-463: Was annexed to the Duchy of Milan in 1395. During this period more and more Milanese noble families began to stay in Legnano at various times of the year and to buy properties in the village. In this way, a rich noble class began to form in Legnano, which at the time of the battle was inhabited by about 1,400 residents; from these lineages, in the following centuries, many personalities who would mark
27360-420: Was caused by government policy: in particular the "later, longer, fewer" policy of the early 1970s and in the late 1970s the one-child policy was also enacted which highly influence China demographic transition. As the demographic dividend gradually disappeared, the government abandoned the one-child policy in 2011 and fully lifted the two-child policy from 2015.The two-child policy has had some positive effects on
27531-420: Was closely linked to the archbishop of Milan through the monks of the convent of Sant'Ambrogio; it was the emperor himself who recognized the power over Seprio of this family and their connection with the archbishop. Legnano, in the early Middle Ages, was surrounded by a not very deep but floodable moat that originated at the height of the modern Piazza 4 Novembre and drew water from a derivation originating from
27702-501: Was influenced by three barriers: the Olona River, the strada statale del Sempione and the Domodossola–Milan railway . The city was the protagonist of a progressive urbanization that led to a considerable expansion of the population center. At the origin of this phenomenon was the birth of many industries that attracted workers from different parts of Italy. As can be seen from the demographic evolution , between 1871 and 1921
27873-452: Was introduced by Pope Sergius I and was officiated every February 2. It is no coincidence that the document mentioning Legnanello was connected to the monks of St. Ambrose. During the Middle Ages, the monasteries of the most important cities were the reference of the peasants of the smaller villages, to whom they provided protection and support, and the farmers of Legnanello had the monastery of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan as their reference. It
28044-431: Was known by in the Middle Ages , Ledegnanum , derives from the name for the region, Latinanium . Therefore, any suppositions linking the name of the city to the Celtic toponym Lemonianum ("place of the sacred grove ") or the predial adjective Laenianum , referring to a potential landowner named Laenius are false. The period of foundation Legnano is unknown: the name would have at least medieval origins. According to
28215-531: Was no accident. At the time, the village represented an easy access to the Milanese countryside for those coming from the north, since it was located at the outlet of the Olona Valley, which ends in Castellanza; this gateway therefore had to be closed and strenuously defended to prevent an attack on Milan, which was also facilitated by the presence of the important road that had existed since Roman times,
28386-402: Was not observed in the U.S. until almost 1900—a hundred years after the drop in fertility. However, this late decline occurred from a very low initial level. During the 17th and 18th centuries, crude death rates in much of colonial North America ranged from 15 to 25 deaths per 1000 residents per year (levels of up to 40 per 1000 being typical during stages one and two). Life expectancy at birth
28557-504: Was on the order of 40 and, in some places, reached 50, and a resident of 18th century Philadelphia who reached age 20 could have expected, on average, additional 40 years of life. This phenomenon is explained by the pattern of colonization of the United States. Sparsely populated interior of the country allowed ample room to accommodate all the "excess" people, counteracting mechanisms (spread of communicable diseases due to overcrowding, low real wages and insufficient calories per capita due to
28728-487: Was one of military outpost of Lombard League during the Battle of Legnano , fought on 29 May 1176). On the Historia Mediolanensis written by Landulf Junior in the 11th century which deals with the history of Milan in the Middle Ages, it can in fact be read that Arialdo was captured: [...] iuxta locum Legnani [...] This testimony in English means "[...] near Legnano [...]". Leone da Perego , Bishop of Milan from 1241 to 1257, also stayed in Legnano. He lived in
28899-496: Was one of the theaters of these clashes, which ultimately saw the victory of the Visconti. The Della Torre family, before being defeated and disappearing from the political scene, purchased a convent in Legnano that stood south of the town on an island in the Olona River (after causing the Augustinian friars who lived there to flee), and fortified it by converting it into a military structure. The fortified outpost then passed to
29070-459: Was owned by Pietro Vismara, was located between Castegnate and the Gabinella locality in Legnano. Even in the Middle Ages, Legnano was not considered a village, but rather a borgo , that is, a town provided with a fortification and a market. After the medieval period, at a date impossible to define due to the absence of documents testifying to the event, the market in Legnano was closed. In
29241-632: Was the border of the counties of Seprio [ it ] and Burgaria [ it ] , both part of the Obertenga March [ it ] . Charlemagne preserved the structure of the Kingdom of the Lombards after defeating it, but replaced the native rulers with Franks. Specifically, the fortification of Castelseprio, founded by the Lombards, was placed at the head of the county of Seprio. Legnano originally gravitated around
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