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43-421: Leica X1 uses an APS-C (23.6 mm × 15.8 mm) format CMOS sensor with 12.2 megapixels (4272 × 2856 pixels, 3:2 aspect ratio ). Fixed 24 mm/2.8 prime lens , equivalent to 36 mm focal length for a 35 mm camera, contains 8 elements in 6 groups. The lens extends to working position on power-up and retracts on power-down. The camera is retro -styled, mimicking Leica rangefinder cameras of

86-412: A photographic lens is fixed by its optical construction, and does not change with the format of the sensor that is put behind it. Most DSLRs on the market have nominally APS-C -sized image sensors, smaller than the standard 36 × 24 mm (35 mm) film frame. The result is that the image sensor captures image data from a smaller area than a 35 mm film SLR camera would, effectively cropping out

129-460: A " focal length multiplier" for comparing a proportionally scaled lens/image circle projection/sensor diameter) can be used to calculate the field of view in 35 mm terms from the actual focal length. The most common multiplier ratios: Canon, Fujifilm, Nikon, Pentax and Sony have developed and designed lenses specifically for their cameras with a lens factor (more fully, lens focal length conversion factor) or " crop factor ". While Canon uses

172-455: A 35 mm format full-frame camera , but on a camera with a 1.6 crop factor, an image made with the same lens will have the same field of view that a full-frame camera would make with a ~45 mm lens (28 × 1.6 = 44.8). This narrowing of the FOV is a disadvantage to photographers when a wide FOV is desired. Ultra-wide lens designs become merely wide; wide-angle lenses become ' normal '. However,

215-429: A 9 mm sensor diagonal has a crop factor of almost 5 relative to the 43.3 mm diagonal of 35 mm film. Therefore, these cameras are equipped with lenses that are about one-fifth of the focal lengths that would be typical on a 35 mm point-and-shoot film camera. In most cases, manufacturers label their cameras and lenses with their actual focal lengths, but in some cases they have chosen to instead multiply by

258-532: A Nikon FX (full-frame) digital body, by default the camera will automatically adjust the viewfinder to depict the DX frame area and crop the captured images to the DX image size. This can be overridden by the user if desired. Pentax produces the DA line for their APS-C cameras. These lenses are available in focal lengths that offer similar field-of-view as lenses previously available for 135 film. The trademark compact design of

301-439: A crop factor of about 6 ("1/2.5-inch" format). The crop factor is sometimes referred to as "magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier". This usage reflects the observation that lenses of a given focal length seem to produce greater magnification on crop-factor cameras than they do on full-frame cameras. This is an advantage in, for example, bird photography, where photographers often strive to get

344-450: A factor of 1.6×, the other four brands all use 1.5×. APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera. But the same lens on an APS-C camera, with a lens factor of 1.6× (relative to a standard full-frame 35 mm format camera), has

387-431: A few digital rangefinders . Such sensors exist in many different variants depending on the manufacturer and camera model. All APS-C variants are considerably smaller than 35 mm standard film which measures 36×24 mm. Because of this, devices with APS-C sensors are known as "cropped frame," especially when used in connection with lens mounts that are also used with sensors the size of 35 mm film: only part of

430-423: A fixed focal-plane illuminance and exposure time , larger image sensors capture more photons and hence produce images with less image noise and greater dynamic range than smaller sensors. Due to the statistics of photon shot noise , the desirable properties of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensor unity gain both scale with the square root of pixel area. Since crop factor is inversely proportional to

473-460: A given shutter speed for a sharp image is reduced by the crop factor. The old rule of thumb that shutter speed should be at least equal to focal length (in millimetres) for hand-holding will work equivalently if the actual focal length is multiplied by the FLM first before applying the rule. Many photographic lenses produce a more superior image in the center of the frame than around the edges. When using

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516-424: A lens designed to expose a 35 mm film frame with a smaller-format sensor, only the central "sweet spot" of the image is used; a lens that is unacceptably soft or dark around the edges can give better results on a smaller sensor. However, since the image projected onto the sensor must be magnified more to make a print using a smaller sensor, lenses used on smaller formats must deliver a higher-resolution image to

559-481: A slight blur when viewed at 100 percent, as compared to sharp images taken with the image stabilization turned off. This very slight blur is due to the unavoidable small movement of the camera as it takes the two images it needs to combine for image stabilization purposes. As of July 13, 2010, the Leica X1 was the first compact camera to be approved by Getty Images for submissions to their image library, and remained

602-399: A smaller image circle than lenses that were designed for the full-frame 35 mm format. Nevertheless, the crop factor or FLM of a camera has the same effect on the relationship between field of view and focal length with these lenses as with any other lens, even though the projected image is not as severely "cropped". In this sense, the term crop factor sometimes has confusing implications;

645-453: A smaller image circle, the lenses can be optimized to use less glass and are sometimes physically smaller and lighter than those designed for full-frame cameras. Lenses designed for the smaller digital formats include Canon EF-S and EF-M lenses, Nikon DX lenses, Olympus Four Thirds System lenses, Sigma DC lenses, Tamron Di-II lenses, Pentax DA lenses, Fujifilm XF and XC lenses, and Sony Alpha (SAL) DT & E lenses. Such lenses usually project

688-524: A standard output size. That is, the magnification, as usually defined from subject to focal plane, is unchanged, but the system magnification from subject to final output is increased. When a lens designed for 35 mm format is used on a smaller-format DSLR, besides the obvious reduction in field of view, there may be secondary effects on depth of field , perspective , camera-motion blur, and other photographic parameters. The depth of field may change, depending on what conditions are compared. Shooting from

731-434: Is a property that depends only on viewpoint (camera position). But if moving a lens to a smaller-format camera causes a photographer to move further from the subject, then the perspective will be affected. The extra amount of enlargement required with smaller-format cameras increases the blur due to defocus, and also increases the blur due to camera motion (shake). As a result, the focal length that can be reliably hand-held at

774-673: Is considerably closer to the sensor or film plane than that of an EF (full-frame/35mm) or EF-S lens. Canon sells an optional adapter that allows EF-M bodies to accept all EF and EF-S lenses. Fujifilm debuted their X-mount range of lenses in early 2012. These lenses are designed for their X series cameras using APS-C sensors. Nikon makes DX format lenses for their line of APS-C digital cameras. These can be physically mounted to all Nikon digital and film SLR camera bodies since 1977. These lenses generally exhibit vignetting at shorter focal lengths when mounted on Nikon film bodies, but are typically usable at longer focal lengths. When mounted on

817-532: Is cropped and the resolution is roughly halved. E-mount lenses are compatible with all of the company's APS-C MILCs, from the NEX-3 and NEX-5 through the current α3000 , α5100 , α6500 , α6600, and α6700 . In addition, they can be mounted on Sony full-frame MILCs ( α7/α7R/α7S , α7R II , α7S II ) in "crop" mode (the company also produces E-mount lenses designated as "FE", which cover the entire full-frame image circle). Crop factor In digital photography ,

860-449: Is neither lens-based nor sensor-based, but relies on a unique method Leica developed for this camera – combining two images into one. The Leica X1's image stabilization (combining two images into one) has the effect of improving the percentage of acceptably sharp images when taken handheld in low light at shutter speeds of 1/30 second, or slightly less if a very steady hand is used. On the other hand, those "acceptably sharp" images will show

903-404: Is the ratio of a 35 mm frame's diagonal (43.3 mm) to the diagonal of the image sensor in question; that is, CF = diag 35 mm / diag sensor {\displaystyle {\text{CF}}={\text{diag}}_{35{\text{mm}}}/{\text{diag}}_{\text{sensor}}} . Given the same 3:2 aspect ratio as 35mm's 36 mm × 24 mm area, this is equivalent to

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946-500: Is therefore also equivalent in size to the Super 35 motion picture film format, which has the dimensions of 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in) and Ø 31.11 mm field diameter. Sensors approximating these dimensions are used in many digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILCs), and a few large-sensor live-preview digital cameras . APS-C size sensors are also used in

989-743: Is why each manufacturer offers a range of lenses designed for its format. The signal-to-noise ratio for a given pixel is largely defined by the number of photons per pixel and the sensor readout noise. Larger pixel sizes can capture more photons per pixel thus giving a higher SNR and generally less image noise . However, for practical applications, the image noise of an APS-C sensor cannot be directly compared to either smaller or bigger sensor sizes as there are also other variables to consider, such as advancements in image processing techniques. Most DSLR and third party lens manufacturers now make lenses specifically designed for APS-C cameras. The designations by brand include: A crop factor (sometimes referred to as

1032-566: The E-mount for their α MILCs. The DT lenses can be mounted on any Sony A-mount camera, but are specifically designed for the DSLR-A100 up to DSLR-A700 series of APS-C-format DSLRs, the earlier Konica Minolta 5D and 7D , and the most recent APS-C Alpha SLTs. DT lenses can be mounted on full-frame models like the DSLR-A850 , DSLR-A900 , and SLT-A99 in "crop" mode, where the frame

1075-426: The crop factor , format factor , or focal length multiplier of an image sensor format is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera 's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras , relative to 35 mm film format as a reference. In the case of digital cameras, the imaging device would be a digital image sensor . The most commonly used definition of crop factor

1118-405: The 35 mm film format, but often utilized existing 35 mm film format SLR lens mounts. Using an FLM of 1.5, for example, a photographer might say that a 50 mm lens on a DSLR "acts like" its focal length has been multiplied by 1.5, which means that it has the same field of view as a 75 mm lens on the film camera that they are more familiar with. Of course, the actual focal length of

1161-576: The DA limited series takes advantage of the smaller APS-C format with the lenses under 40 mm and is fully usable on 135 Film with the DA Limited Lenses over 35 mm focal length. All DA lenses can be mounted on Pentax film bodies, albeit with increased vignetting . Some lens in the DA series cover 35 full frame format fully. Sony has two lines specifically designed for their APS-C cameras—the DT line for their A-mount DSLRs and α SLTs , and

1204-404: The alternative term "focal length multiplier" is sometimes used for this reason. Smaller, non-DSLR, consumer cameras, typically referred to as point-and-shoot cameras, can also be characterized as having a crop factor or FLM relative to 35 mm format, even though they do not use interchangeable lenses or lenses designed for a different format. For example, the so-called "1/1.8-inch" format with

1247-554: The aperture and ISO settings also need to be adjusted with respect to the crop factor. The focal length of the lens does not change by using a smaller imaging area; the field of view is correspondingly smaller because a smaller area of the image circle cast by the lens is used by the smaller imaging area. The terms crop factor and focal length multiplier were coined to help 35 mm film format SLR photographers understand how their existing ranges of lenses would perform on newly introduced DSLR cameras which had sensors smaller than

1290-505: The crop factor (focal length multiplier) and label the 35 mm equivalent focal length . Reviewers also sometimes use the 35 mm-equivalent focal length as a way to characterize the field of view of a range of cameras in common terms. For example, the Canon Powershot SD600 lens is labeled with its actual focal length range of 5.8–17.4 mm. But it is sometimes described in reviews as a 35–105 mm lens, since it has

1333-421: The crop factor can be an advantage to photographers when a narrow FOV is desired. It allows photographers with long-focal-length lenses to fill the frame more easily when the subject is far away. A 300 mm lens on a camera with a 1.6 crop factor delivers images with the same FOV that a 35 mm film format camera would require a 480 mm long focus lens to capture. For a given exposure , for example for

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1376-413: The edges of the image that would be captured by the 36 mm × 24 mm 'full-size' film frame. Because of this crop, the effective field of view (FOV) is reduced by a factor proportional to the ratio between the smaller sensor size and the 35 mm film format (reference) size. For most DSLR cameras, this factor is 1.3–2.0×. For example, a 28 mm lens delivers a moderately wide-angle FOV on

1419-511: The exception of the early Canon EOS D30 , Canon EOS D60 , and Canon EOS 10D , which predated the introduction of the mounting system. EF-S lenses will not physically mount on Canon's full-frame digital or 35mm film SLRs. More recently, the company introduced the EF-M line for its EOS M series of mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILCs). EF-M lenses will not physically mount on any Canon SLR, whether film or digital. The rear of an EF-M lens

1462-455: The image produced by the lens is captured by the APS-C size sensor. Sensor sizes range from 20.7×13.8 mm to 28.7×19.1 mm, but are typically 22.3×14.9 mm for Canon and 23.5×15.6 mm for other manufacturers. Each variant results in a slightly different angle of view from lenses at the same focal length and overall a much narrower angle of view compared to 35 mm film . This

1505-403: The maximum "reach". A camera with a smaller sensor can be preferable to using a teleconverter , because the latter affects the f-number of the lens, and can therefore degrade the performance of the autofocus. A given lens casts the same image no matter what camera it is attached to. The extra "magnification" occurs when the image is enlarged more to produce output (print or screen) that matches

1548-535: The only compact camera ever on that list, as on April 27, 2011, Getty published a revised wording of its technical requirements that no longer dictated what cameras could be used. APS-C Advanced Photo System type-C ( APS-C ) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter. It

1591-408: The past and the digital Leica M9 , in a substantially smaller package sized 60 mm × 124 mm × 32 mm and weighing approximately 315 grams (11.1 oz) with battery. It is equipped with a flash hot shoe and a manually operated built-in flash, although the latter has guide number of only 5, considerably smaller than that of built-in flashes of entry-level DSLRs . Image stabilization

1634-416: The ratio of heights or ratio of widths; the ratio of sensor areas is the square of the crop factor. The crop factor is sometimes used to compare the field of view and image quality of different cameras with the same lens. The crop factor is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier ("Film") since multiplying a lens focal length by the crop factor gives the focal length of a lens that would yield

1677-573: The same angle of view as a 45 mm (28 mm × 1.6 lens factor) lens on a 35 mm camera—i.e. a normal lens. Several third-party lens manufacturers, such as Tamron , Tokina , and Sigma , also manufacture a range of lenses optimised for APS-C sensors. Canon introduced the Canon EF-S line of lenses in 2003 alongside the 300D. These lenses place the rear of the lens closer to the camera's sensor (referred to as short back focus ). EF-S lenses are compatible with Canon's APS-C digital SLRs, with

1720-430: The same field of view if used on the reference format. For example, a lens with a 50 mm focal length on an imaging area with a crop factor of 1.6 with respect to the reference format (usually 35 mm) will yield the same field of view that a lens with an 80 mm focal length will yield on the reference format. If it is desired to capture an image with the same field of view and image quality but different cameras,

1763-421: The same position, with the same lens and same f-number as a non-cropped (full-frame) 35 mm camera, but enlarging the image to a given reference size, will yield a reduced depth of field. On the other hand, using a different lens with the same field of view as the non-cropped camera (matching the 35 mm-equivalent focal length), at same f-number, the smaller camera's depth of field is greater. Perspective

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1806-512: The smaller crop factor and the higher signal-to-noise ratio. Most SLR camera and lens manufacturers have addressed the concerns of wide-angle lens users by designing lenses with shorter focal lengths, optimized for the DSLR formats. In most cases, these lenses are designed to cast a smaller image circle that would not cover a 24×36 mm frame, but is large enough to cover the smaller 16×24 mm (or smaller) sensor in most DSLRs. Because they cast

1849-436: The square root of sensor area (to within a small aspect ratio-dependent factor), it is useful for estimating image sensor performance. For example, if two different-sized image sensors have the same aspect ratio and a resolution of 10 megapixels , and are made using similar technology, the larger sensor will have better signal-to-noise ratio by a factor equal to the ratio of the two sensors' crop factors. The larger sensor has

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