Misplaced Pages

#383616

88-532: Leiden Law School is the law school , and one of the seven faculties, of Leiden University . Teaching and research in the school take place across campuses in Leiden and The Hague in the Netherlands . Instruction in law began with the university's founding in 1575. Alongside the disciplines of theology and medicine , it was considered a 'higher' faculty of great importance. It also established itself as

176-404: A 5-year Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree. Law school is usually entered to at the undergraduate level in a university. In Japan, legal education is undertaken at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. Admission to postgraduate law schools does not require specialization in law in undergraduate degree. In Nigeria, the primary route for obtaining a legal education to qualify as a practicing lawyer

264-551: A PhD in law ( doctorat de droit ). Many French universities offer Law courses in department labelled as Research and Education Units ( unité de formation et de recherche ) and/or Faculties of Law or Law Schools. A LLM-level is a prerequisite for some legal professions, but is combined with vocational education, such as the école nationale de la magistrature for judges and the Certificat d'aptitude aux fonctions d'avocat for advocates . In Hong Kong , which generally follows

352-409: A combined civil law and common law program, which has been called "transsystemic". At other faculties, if a person completes a common law degree, then a civil law degree can be obtained with only an extra year of study. This is also true for civil law graduates who wish to complete a common law degree. Despite changes in designation, schools opting for the J.D. have not altered their curricula. Neither

440-662: A concentration camp, he would die in Bergen-Belsen in April 1945. Professor Meijers was also sent to a concentration camp but survived the war. Professor Cleveringa was imprisoned at Scheveningen and later joined the Dutch resistance, also surviving the war. Further dismissals ensued during the war and the faculty, as part of the university, was refashioned to be more sympathetic to the Germans. Notably, Professor Roelof Kranenburg

528-547: A constitutionally-mandated three years of legal experience. Second degree courts and higher must have at least one-fifth of their judges be members of a lawyers' association, and also from federal/state/labour prosecutors (ministério público) regarding the court jurisdiction. Electoral and military courts do not have this requirement. After achieving the bachelor's degree in law, it is possible to specialize ( lato sensu ) or to follow an academic law path ( stricto sensu ), or both. The stricto sensu postgraduate program consists of

616-625: A document read to the Indians before the commencement of any hostilities. The "Requerimiento", declared the universal authority of the Pope, and the authority the Spanish monarchs had received from the Pope over this part of the New World for the purpose of colonizing and evangelizing it. The Indians had to accept the sovereignty of the Spanish monarchs or be compelled to submit by force. Vitoria denied

704-405: A few pages of propositions or a compilation. This discrepancy led to the doctors of law being ridiculed as 'donkeys' by those more rigorously tested in the university. By the mid-19th century, certain scholars were starting to question the importance of analogy and the status quo, choosing instead to idealise development and progress. In the law faculty, the liberal professor and future reviser of

792-888: A law school. The legal education is a three tier system – 4-year bachelor's degree studies, 1-year Master of Law and 5-year doctoral studies. The Belgrade Law School is the most distinguished and largest by capacity in Serbia. Courses are offered in Serbian and English. On July 3, 2007, the Korean National Assembly passed legislation introducing 'Law School', closely modeled on the American post-graduate system. Moreover, naturally, since March 2, 2009, 25 (both public and private) 3-year professional Law Schools that officially approved by Korean Government , has been opened to teach future Korean lawyers. The first bar test to

880-597: A master's degree, which is usually a two-year degree, followed by a doctorate degree, which can take up to another four years. The oldest civil law faculty in Canada offering law degrees was established in 1848 at McGill University in Montreal, and the oldest common law faculty in Canada offering law degrees was established in 1883 at Dalhousie University in Halifax. The typical law degree required to practice law in Canada

968-582: A normative and prescriptive version. Following the First World War , the faculty had maintained its strength in scholarship, names such as Cornelis van Vollenhoven in the field of Adat law in the Dutch East Indies , Hugo Krabbe with his contribution to the idea of pluralistic sovereignty, Eduard Meijers in legal history, and Willem Jan Mari van Eysinga in international law. It was after 1925 that student numbers sharply increased across

SECTION 10

#1732773400384

1056-509: A post at the university. Generally, law was taught in the didactic tradition, professors were expected to profess from memory, not dictate, and students were expected to take notes. The conservative nature of teaching in the early law school is exemplified in the traditional nature of the faculty's treatment of Justinian's Institutions . As well as theoretical work law students would partake in disputations which involved practical application of law in situations such as contracts or wills. It

1144-418: A second conclusion is that they may be forcibly restrained from hindering the missionaries of the faith, and from insulting Christ and Christians." Throughout his lecture, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Francisco de Vitoria employed the concept of what was considered Spanish Christian Universalism . Spanish Christian Universalism was the belief that all matters, arguments, and events were connected in

1232-472: A speech of dissent in which he read out the Meijers' letter of dismissal 'in all its stark grossness'. Cleveringa did not note the ideological underpinnings of the dismissal choosing instead to speak of the greatness of his mentor with the intention of preventing any reckless actions by his students. On November 27, the university was closed by the occupying Germans. Professor Telders was arrested and expelled to

1320-404: Is B.S. It takes about two to three years to earn a Master of Science. The Master of Science is a mix of course work in a specific field of law and a dissertation. The Ph.D. in law is the highest law degree offered by some law schools. It takes about 5–7 years depending on the school as well as the students. In Italy, the route for obtaining a legal education to qualify as a practicing lawyer is via

1408-648: Is Doctor / DR. (Doctor in Law). To work in legal professions of choice in Indonesia, a Bachelor Law Degree (S.H.) is obligatory. Graduates can pursue their career as Legal in-house counsel, Judge profession (requires admission and further training at Supreme Court Educational Center), Public Prosecutor (requires admission and further training at Public Prosecutor Educational and Training Center), other legal-related work and Advocate. To become an Advocate, Law Graduate should attend an Advocate Special Course (1–2 months) and pass

1496-567: Is a 5-year Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree from an accredited law program of any Nigerian university. An additional year of training at any of the Nigerian Law School campuses is mandatory and a candidate must pass the bar examinations and be ascertained by the body of benchers to be a fit and proper individual. Law degree programs are considered graduate programs in the Philippines . As such, admission to law schools requires

1584-490: Is aimed primarily at producing law graduates focused on family law and criminal law, as there is a pressing need for lawyers practicing in these areas. Additionally, the SMU School of Law offers the 3-year Juris Doctor degree for aspiring candidates who have already completed a prior undergraduate course of study and who have been awarded a bachelor's degree in another field. The SMU J.D. is recognised for qualification to

1672-570: Is arranged after the individual passes the lawyer, judge, or prosecutor exams. A degree in law (bachelor, master or doctor) is one way to qualify to sit for the bar examination. You can also sit for the bar examination if you do not have a law degree, but have taken the requisite number and type of law courses. The bar examination is administered in two written stages. Stage one exam subjects are tested by multiple-choice format and stage two exam subjects are tested in an essay format. Candidates who fail stage one are disqualified from taking stage two, and

1760-655: Is complete, the title of varatuomari (VT) is obtained with a one-year externship in a district court. This is the basic qualification to practice law as a judge. With further experience, the candidate may be admitted to the Finnish Bar Association and licensed with the legally protected title asianajaja , similar to barrister . In France, the legal education is a three tier system. The student may study for an LL.B. ( licence de droit ), then an LL.M. ( master de droit ) and, for those interested in Law theory,

1848-594: Is elective with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc. Given that the Canadian legal system includes both the civil law and the common law , some law schools offer both an LL.B. or J.D. (common law) and a B.C.L., LL.L. or LL.B. (civil law) degree, such as McGill University , University of Ottawa and the Université de Montréal . In particular, McGill University Faculty of Law offers

SECTION 20

#1732773400384

1936-520: Is housed to this day. Annually, the school has an intake of approximately 900 Bachelor's degree students and 1000 Master's and Advanced Master's degree students. Around 425 staff are employed in academic and administrative roles with approximately 325 in a teaching role. Approximately 18% of the academic staff are from outside the Netherlands. The majority of school activity takes place in Leiden,

2024-552: Is now the Juris Doctor , which requires previous university coursework and is similar to the first law degree in the United States. There is some scholarly content in the coursework (such as an academic research paper required in most schools). The programs consist of three years, and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection

2112-659: Is split into departments: The law school is ranked within the top 25 law faculties in the world across the two major global rankings by subject ( Times Higher Education and Quacquarelli Symonds ). Nationally, the faculty is ranked first in the Netherlands in the Times and QS , both times followed in second place by the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam . Law school In Argentina, lawyers-to-be need to obtain an undergraduate degree in law in order to practice

2200-478: Is that while the eligibility qualification for the three year law degree is that the applicant must already be a holder of a bachelor's degree, for being eligible for the five years integrated law degree, the applicant must have successfully completed Class XII from a recognized Boards of Education in India. Both the holders of the three-year degree and of the five-year integrated degree are eligible for enrollment with

2288-777: Is the Degree of which carries the title of Sarjana Hukum/S.H. (Bachelor of Law). This can be obtained in 4–7 years after they enter Law School straight from Senior High School. The second tier varies depending on the legal specialties taken after the first tier. The general title for this tier is Magister Hukum / M.H. (Master in Law). Although it is also common to see other title for secondary tier such as Magister Kenotariatan / M.Kn. (Master in Notary) for Notarial professionals line of work. The second tier can be obtained normally in 1-2 year. The third tier in Indonesian Law Degree

2376-558: Is the founder of the tradition in philosophy known as the School of Salamanca , which laid the groundwork for early free-market economics and individual rights , influencing the development of libertarian thought . Vitoria's work on natural law and the freedom of exchange contributed to later Austrian School economists' emphasis on the moral basis for voluntary commerce. Noted especially for his concept of just war and international law , his defense of individual property rights and

2464-769: The Constitution of the Netherlands , Johan Rudolph Thorbecke personified this attitudinal shift. Following in Thorbecke's constitutionalist footsteps at Leiden were, notably, Johannes Theodoor Buys  [ nl ] , Joël Emanuel Goudsmit  [ nl ] and Simon Vissering  [ nl ] . Later in the 1870s opposition reformed against positivism around new treatments of classical notions, such as justice, through academics including Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker , Willem van der Vlugt  [ nl ] and Tobias Asser . Other notable faculty members of this period were Anthony Modderman and Henri van der Hoeven,

2552-573: The M.D. and D.D.S. degrees are considered second entry programs and not graduate programs.) Nevertheless, disagreement persists regarding the status of the degrees, such as at the University of Toronto, where the J.D. degree designation has been marketed by the Faculty of Law as superior to the LL.B. degree designation. Some universities have developed joint Canadian LL.B or J.D. and American J.D programs, such as York University and New York University,

2640-598: The "passed" status of the stage one exam will not be retained for future exams. The yearly pass rate for the bar examination in Taiwan hovers around 10% each year. The bar exam is conducted in Chinese, so a native level of language fluency is expected. Francisco de Vitoria Francisco de Vitoria OP ( c.  1483 – 12 August 1546; also known as Francisco de Victoria ) was a Spanish Roman Catholic philosopher , theologian , and jurist of Renaissance Spain. He

2728-598: The Advocates Act, 1961, which is a law passed by the Parliament both on the aspect of legal education and also regulation of conduct of legal profession. Under the act, the Bar Council of India is the supreme regulatory body to regulate the legal profession in India and also to ensure the compliance of the laws and maintenance of professional standards by the legal profession in the country. To this regard,

Leiden Law School - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-468: The B.A., LL.B / B.B.A.LL.B (Honours). The Mysore University School of Justice set up by the University of Mysore in Mysore offered a five-year integrated law degree course of B.A., LL.B (Honours) from 2007. The course for three years LL.B. is also regularized in University of Delhi as an option for post graduation after the completion of graduation degree. The National Law University, Jodhpur offered for

2904-471: The Bar Council of India prescribes the minimum curriculum required to be taught in order for an institution to be eligible for the grant of a law degree. The Bar Council also carries on a periodic supervision of the institutions conferring the degree and evaluates their teaching methodology and curriculum and having determined that the institution meets the required standards, recognizes the institution and

2992-415: The Bar Council of India upon the fulfillment of eligibility conditions and upon enrollment, may appear before any court in India. In Iran, the legal education has been influenced both by civil law and Islamic Shari'ah law. Like many countries, after high school, one can enter the law school. The first law degree is Bachelor of Science . It takes about four years to get B.S. The first graduate program in law

3080-594: The Bar exam. The title Advocate can be obtained after a graduate passes the Bar exam and fulfill several obligation and requirements created by the Indonesian Advocates Association (PERADI), and is a prerequisite for practicing trial law in Indonesia. In India, legal education has been traditionally offered as a three-year graduate degree. However, the structure has been changed since 1987. Law degrees in India are granted and conferred in terms of

3168-593: The Dutch legal philosopher Hugo Grotius was significant. Relectiones Theologicae was published posthumously several times (Lyon, 1557; Salamanca, 1565; Ingolstadt, 1580; Lyon, 1586 & 1587; Venice, 1626; Venice, 1640; Cologne & Frankfurt, 1696; and Madrid, 1765). Francisco de Vitoria's writings have been interpreted by various scholars to support contrary policies. Antony Anghie and others argue that Vitoria's humanitarianism legitimized conquest. Francisco de Vitoria presented strict interpretation of baptism of desire : When we postulate invincible ignorance on

3256-495: The Dutch or wider European cultural elite. Toward the end of the 18th century the university had built its reputation to be considered, according to Denis Diderot 's Encyclopédie published in 1765, as "the leading university in Europe" with the teaching of law of a high standard. Turning to the early 19th century, the advent of the scientific method gave rise to a predominantly 'hybrid' method of teaching and research. This hybrid

3344-631: The English common law system, an undergraduate L.L.B. is common, followed by a one or two year Postgraduate Certificate in Laws before one can begin a training contract (solicitors) or a pupillage (barristers). All three law schools (HKU, CUHK, CityU) in Hong Kong also offer 2-year Juris Doctor programme allowing students with a bachelor's degree in any field to be considered for PCLL. Law Degree in Indonesia consists of three tier systems. The first tier

3432-511: The Freedom of the Seas), was published in 1609 and lay the foundation for the sea as international territory . The second of his magna opera: De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace), was published in 1625 and is also considered a foundational work of international law. It is remarkable for its explicit affirmation of the fact that the validity of the laws on war was not contingent on

3520-436: The Indians against other forms of harm which were being proposed, such as indirectly coercing the Indians into Christianity, "by taxes and levies by which they may be encouraged to become converts to the faith." He argued, "but as for tributes which cannot also be demanded of the faithful, I assert that they cannot be demanded of unbelievers with the intention of making them convert. Unbelievers cannot be deprived of their goods on

3608-483: The J.D. in Canada was to distinguish the degree from the European counterpart that requires no previous post-secondary education, However, in the eyes of the Canadian educational system, the J.D. awarded by Canadian universities has retained the characteristics of the LL.B. and is considered a second entry program, but not a graduate program. (This position is analogous to the position taken by Canadian universities that

Leiden Law School - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-592: The J.D. or LL.B. alone is sufficient to qualify for a Canadian license, as each province's law society requires an apprenticeship and successful completion of provincial skills and responsibilities training course, such as the British Columbia Law Society's Professional Legal Training Course, the Law Society of Upper Canada's Skills and Responsibilities Training Program. and the École du Barreau du Québec . The main reason for implementing

3784-623: The Legal Profession Admission Board, followed by an internship for 12 months or an extra course in practical legal training (PLT) depending on the jurisdiction and university, and be admitted as a lawyer of one of a state's Supreme Court. In Belgium, the admission to the Belgian Bar is permitted after a 5-year law degree. In Brazil, the legal education begins between 1827/28 in Olinda/PE and São Paulo/SP where

3872-684: The Singapore Bar. There are several private law schools in Singapore that are run by private education providers and which also award the Bachelor of Laws degree. These private law schools are neither recognised nor supported by the government and their graduates are, in the vast majority of cases, ineligible for qualification to the Singapore Bar . In Serbia, prospective students are required to pass an admission test for enrollment in

3960-522: The Spaniard's rights of travel, trade and exploitation, or infringing upon the Pope's right to spread Christianity, can be used to justify a "just war" of the Spaniards against the indigenous inhabitants, ending in Spanish rule over the territories in question. Vitoria's works are known only from his lecture notes, as he has published nothing in his lifetime. Nevertheless, his influence such as that on

4048-552: The Sri Lanka Law College and study law or directly undertake exams after gaining an LL.B. from a local or foreign university. In Sweden, the route for obtaining a legal education to qualify as a practicing lawyer is via a 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 -year Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree (270 ECTS). In Taiwan, law is primarily studied as an undergraduate program resulting in a Bachelor of Law (B.L.). Students receive academic rather than practical training. Practical training

4136-412: The University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy, and the University of Ottawa and Michigan State University program. Law school is usually entered to at the undergraduate level in a university. There is an intermediate bachelor's degree ( oikeusnotaari ), but the target is the master's degree in law ( oikeustieteen maisteri ; until 2005 oikeustieteen kandidaatti ). Once university education

4224-575: The aborigines undoubtedly had true dominion in both public and private matters, just like Christians, and that neither their princes nor private persons could be despoiled of their property on the ground of their not being true owners." Vitoria denied that the native peoples could be understood as slaves by nature in Aristotelian terms. He adopted from Aquinas the Roman law concept of ius gentium ("the law of nations"). His defense of American Indians

4312-606: The bar examinations were held during November. The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law was the first secular faculty, and hence the oldest law school in the Philippines. In Singapore, the primary route for obtaining a legal education to qualify as a practicing lawyer is via a 4-year Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree from either the NUS Faculty of Law , or the SMU School of Law . The SUSS School of Law

4400-586: The completion of a bachelor's degree, with a sufficient number of credits or units in certain subject areas. Graduation from a Philippine law school constitutes the primary eligibility requirement for the Philippine Bar Examination , the national licensure examination for practicing lawyers in the country. The bar examination is administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines during the month of September every year. As of 2011

4488-508: The country at the time of its creation, and they would be instituted only in 1949. After the university reform of 1918 the career was renamed ' Attorney '. It is five–six years long, some universities also offering intermediate degrees called 'University Bachelor in Law,' commonly taking three–four years to complete. To practice in Australia, one needs to graduate with a Bachelor of Laws (LLB), Juris Doctor (JD), or Diploma-in-Law issued by

SECTION 50

#1732773400384

4576-408: The degree conferred by it. Traditionally the degrees that were conferred carried the title of LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) or B.L. (Bachelor of Law). The eligibility requirement for these degrees was that the applicant already have a Bachelor's degree in any subject from a recognized institution. Thereafter the LL.B. / B.L. course was for three years, upon the successful completion of which the applicant

4664-409: The division of legal disciplines took place. Sacrifices were made in the 'meta-legal' disciplines, e.g. jurisprudence and sociology of law, to focus on 'positive law', particularly civil and international law which are considered traditional fields of strength of the law school. The faculty completed its move into the refurbished Kamerlingh Onnes Building  [ nl ] in Leiden in 2004 where it

4752-579: The entire university (doubling from 1925–1960) with law only steadily increasing to around 1,000 in 1960. In the wake of the German invasion and occupation of May 1940 the law faculty continued to teach and research for several months. This started to change on October 23 when a declaration requiring the dismissal of 'non-Aryan' staff was made. A planned senate meeting on the subject, prompted by Professor of International Law, Benjamin Marius Telders ,

4840-473: The existence of God, a departure for a scholar of natural law following de Vitoria and Suárez . In the 25 years from its foundation in 1575 to 1599, the law school had an average of 27 new students registered per year. The enrollment steadily increased, from 1625–1649 average initial registrations were 116 which decreased slightly to 106 by 1675–1699. The 18th century saw a decline in the enrollment overall from 93 from 1700–1724 to 47 from 1750–1774. Comparing

4928-582: The first law University in India was set up in Bangalore which was named as the National Law School of India University (popularly 'NLS'). These law universities were meant to offer a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to legal education. It was therefore for the first time that a law degree other than LL.B. or B.L. was granted in India. NLS offered a five-year law course, upon the successful completion of which an integrated degree with

5016-618: The first schools of law were established by the new Empire using the Coimbra Faculty of Law as an educational model. The current legal education consists of a 5-year-long course after which the scholar is granted a bachelor's degree. The practice of law is conditioned upon admission to the bar of a particular state or other territorial jurisdiction (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil - OAB ). Before practicing as public attorneys, public prosecutors or magistrates (judges), candidates must successfully pass an entrance examination and complete

5104-701: The first time in 2001 the integrated law degree of "B.B.A, LL.B. (Honours)" which was preceded by the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences offering the "B.Sc., LL.B. (Honours)" degree. Gujarat National Law University established in Gandhinagar also offers LL.B. However, despite these specialized law universities , the traditional three-year degree continues to be offered in India by other institutions and are equally recognized as eligible qualifications for practicing law in India. Another essential difference that remains

5192-402: The first two centuries of the faculty's existence in terms of doctorate degrees awarded (which was the only type of degree awarded at that time), the proportion of law students being awarded the degree increased from 8% to 84% perhaps being explained by the purpose of study at Leiden shifting toward preparation for a specific profession rather than socialisation with a view toward taking a place in

5280-561: The grounds of their unbelief, any more than other Christians, because they possess true right of ownership over their own property." A supporter of the just war theory , in De iure belli Francisco pointed out that the underlying predicate conditions for a "just war" were "wholly lacking in the Indies". The only area where he saw justification for Spanish intervention in native affairs was to protect victims seized for human sacrifice, and because of

5368-430: The inherent human dignity of the victims themselves—whose rights were being violated and thus in need of defense. Thomas E. Woods goes on to describe how some wished to argue that the natives lacked reason, but the evidence was against this because the natives had obvious customs, laws, and a form of government. The Spaniards were in the practice of invoking in their American conquests the so-called " Requerimiento ",

SECTION 60

#1732773400384

5456-590: The largest faculty at Leiden; from 1775–1812, 1,270 students enrolled in law, the next largest being medicine at 953. The 1815 Education Act made it compulsory for all students intending to study law to take a 'general foundation' course in humanities, the act also added the choice of a bachelor's degree to the existing doctorate. By 1876 the foundation course established in the Education Act was abolished for prospective law students. The bachelor's degree required courses on jurisprudence, Roman law and principles of

5544-452: The law school of the late 19th century had a considerable range of great scholars. During this time the law faculty dominated the university in terms of student numbers and it was not until after the 1876 Education Act that medical numbers increased steeply and overtook law. Moving into the 20th century, there was a division in the academic study of law between those pursuing a scientific, descriptive, positivist version of law and those seeking

5632-578: The lawschool graduates was scheduled in 2012. In Sri Lanka to practice law, one must be admitted and enrolled as an Attorney-at-Law of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka . This is achieved by passing law exams at the Sri Lanka Law College , which are administered by the Council of Legal Education and spending a period of six months under a practicing attorney of at least 8 years standing. To undertake law exams students must gain admission to

5720-500: The legal curriculum, the image of law students as 'donkeys' resulting from their light academic requirements led to change in the Education Act of 1960 in which different specialisms were defined within law. The new 'master's degree' could be taken in Dutch law, notarial law or constitutional law. The university commissioned the building or conversion of many buildings with Leiden itself and recently in The Hague. The Gravensteen building

5808-480: The legitimacy of this document. Vitoria follows the arguments against Spanish rule of South-American territories by arguments that justify the Spanish practices, which are grounded in natural law. He asserts the right of the Spaniards to travel freely, and to trade, which includes searching for, mining, and exporting the abundant natural resources they find in South America. Unlawful resistance infringing upon

5896-629: The minority based in The Hague is chiefly within the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies on the Campus The Hague . The medieval curriculum was based, whether one was studying law, medicine or theology, around Aristotelian thought. The doctrine of the 'golden mean', in which virtue is the mean between two extreme vices, was central to legal studies. The Hippocratic strands of Aristotelian thought were particularly influential in law, primarily his emphasis on common sense and

5984-400: The most international faculty due, originally, to the proportion of academics arriving from Germany in the mid-17th century. The law school has played a substantial role in wider Dutch society from its earliest years, being consulted in an official capacity on all manner of subjects from wills to piracy and privateering. The school's present form has its roots in the 1980s when a reformation of

6072-556: The notion of liberty in trade were pivotal in shaping ideas about non-intervention and economic freedom . He has in the past been described by scholars as the "father of international law", along with Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius . American jurist Arthur Nussbaum noted Vitoria's influence on international law as it pertained to the right to trade overseas. Later this was interpreted as "freedom of commerce". His emphasis on voluntary exchange and opposition to monopolistic practices foreshadowed later free-market economics. Vitoria

6160-442: The old Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, named after physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes , was restyled into a new home for the law school; the move was completed in 2004. A reorganisation of the faculty, which began in the 1980s, realigned the faculty's focus to major fields such as civil, corporate, notarial, criminal, European and international law; these areas remain Leiden's traditional areas of scholarly strength. The Cleveringa Institute

6248-477: The parallel between the 'natural equilibrium' of the physical body and aequitas , the Roman conception of justice manifested in the blindfolded goddess holding a set of scales. The 16th century Leiden academic year contained 160 to 170 days for lectures with other time taken up by holidays, fairs and book auctions. There were no lectures on Wednesdays or Saturdays which were occupied by private classes, disputations and demonstrations by lecturers hoping to secure

6336-442: The political economy. The doctorate required courses on Dutch civil law and civil procedure, commercial law, criminal law and procedure and Dutch constitutional law. From 1815–1845, 7% of law students were awarded doctorates while from 1876–1905 this increased to 75%. This was due to the lowering of academic demands in law; while medical students had to produce dissertation representing years of research, law students merely had to write

6424-414: The pope nor Charles V had a rightful claim over Indian lives or property. No violent action could be taken against them, nor could their lands or property be seized, unless the Indians had caused harm or injury to the Spanish by violating the latter's lawful rights. In one of his lectures, "On the evangelization of unbelievers", Vitoria establishes that firstly, Indians, "should not be forcibly converted; but

6512-504: The profession, as opposed to the US system in which a law degree is not obtained until successfully completing a postgraduate program. In spite of that, it is customary to call Argentine lawyers 'doctors,' although the vast majority of them do not hold a Juris Doctor degree. The reason lies in that the career was originally called 'Doctorate in Laws' ( Doctorado en Leyes ), which was an undergraduate degree. There were no graduate studies available in

6600-456: The subject of baptism or of the Christian faith, it does not follow that a person can be saved without baptism or the Christian faith. For the aborigines to whom no preaching of the faith or Christian religion has come will be damned for mortal sins or for idolatry, but not for the sin of unbelief. As St. Thomas says, however, if they do what in them lies, accompanied by a good life according to

6688-602: The title of "B.A., LL.B. (Honours)" would be granted. Thereafter, other law universities were set up, all offering five-year integrated law degrees with different nomenclature. The next in line was National Law Institute University set up in Bhopal in 1997. It was followed by NALSAR university of law in 1998. The Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University in Delhi offered a five-year integrated law degree course of LL.B (Honours) from 1998 and subsequently from 2007 started to award

6776-499: The world, and Vitoria "visualized a universal society in the world into which any number of independent states might fit and foster relationships." Francisco de Vitoria argued that forcible conversion of the Indians would, "cause great provocation and unrest among the heathen." Secondly, "instead of the benevolent and proper affection required for belief, forcible conversion would generate immense hate in them, and that in turn would give rise to pretense and hypocrisy." Vitoria defended

6864-510: Was arrested in March 1942 because his book on administrative law ignored imperatives of the occupying government. In the post-war period, the faculty recovered from its wartime occupation with names such as Meijers and Cleveringa returning. Julius Christiaan van Oven , Frederik Mari van Asbeck, Jan Volkert Rijpperda Wierdsma, Jan Drion and Robert Feenstra consolidated the faculty's reputation, each held in high regard in their own fields. Turning to

6952-417: Was based on a Scholastic understanding of the intrinsic dignity of man, a dignity he found being violated by Spain's policies in the New World. In three lectures (relectiones) held between 1537 and 1539 Vitoria concluded that the Indians were rightful owners of their property and that their chiefs validly exercised jurisdiction over their tribes. This had already been the position of Palacios Rubios . Neither

7040-673: Was born c.  1483 in Burgos and was raised in Burgos , the son of Pedro de Vitoria, of Alava, and Catalina de Compludo, both of noble families. According to modern scholarship, he had Jewish ancestry on his maternal side (the Compludos), being related to famous converts like Paul of Burgos and Alfonso de Cartagena . He became a Dominican in 1504, and was educated at the College Saint-Jacques in Paris , where he

7128-431: Was characterised by a mixture of the new methods of science and the old Christian-derived ideas of harmony and reality as God-given. The first half of the century saw great scholars at Leiden in the burgeoning fields of natural history, physics and medicine. This was less so in law, with the exception of Joan Melchior Kemper who taught in the natural law tradition relying on philology . In terms of enrolment, law remained

7216-596: Was converted into a legal study area in 1955 and the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies found a home in the former laboratories in the Vreewijk area of Leiden, as part of Campus The Hague . In 1927, van Vollenhoven conceived the idea of extending the university campus around the Rapenburg Canal, this involved the purchase as well as the conversion of old buildings. As a result of this policy,

7304-432: Was during the late 16th and early 17th century that the faculty housed one of its most influential scholars, Hugo Grotius (or Hugo de Groot). In 1594, at age eleven Grotius was a student in the faculty and soon proved himself prodigious in liberal arts, sciences and law. Grotius went on to establish his own legal practice in The Hague and in 1607 was made Attorney General of Holland. His first great work: Mare Liberum (or

7392-631: Was established in 2001 to maintain the integrity of teaching and intellectual rigour in courses. The faculty's research was moved to the E.M. Meijers Institute in 1997 and emphasised interdisciplinary scholarship as opposed to the classification of research by department. In response to growing internationalisation in the university research sector the law school jointly established the Strategic Alliance of Research Faculties of Law in 2003 with faculties at Bologna , Leuven , Oxford and Heidelberg . The faculty has five institutes; each institute

7480-472: Was granted either degree. However, upon the suggestion by the Law Commission of India and also given the prevailing cry for reform, the Bar Council of India instituted upon an experiment in terms of establishing specialized law universities solely devoted to legal education and thus to raise the academic standards of legal profession in India. This decision was taken somewhere in 1985 and thereafter

7568-432: Was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus . He went on to teach theology from 1516 (under the influences of Pierre Crockaert and Thomas Cajetan ). In 1522 he returned to Spain to teach theology at the college of Saint Gregory at Valladolid , where many young Dominicans were being trained for missionary work in the New World. In 1524, he was elected to the chair of theology at the University of Salamanca , where he

7656-587: Was instrumental in promoting Thomism (the philosophy and theology of St. Thomas Aquinas ). Francisco de Vitoria died on 12 August 1546 in Salamanca . A noted scholar, he was publicly consulted by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. He worked to limit the type of power the Spanish Empire imposed on the Native Peoples. He said, "The upshot of all the preceding is this, then, that

7744-491: Was prevented by the Germans. However, smaller groups of Leiden faculty members met subsequently and lodged individual objections to the policy. On November 23, two 'non-Aryan' law professors were dismissed including Eduard Meijers, later father of the Burgerlijk Wetboek (Dutch Civil Code). On November 26, Professor Rudolph Cleveringa , the dean of the law school and former graduate student of Professor Meijers, gave

#383616