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138-519: The Leidy Award is a medal and prize presented by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was named after US palaeontologist Joseph Leidy . The award was established in 1923 to recognize excellence in "publications, explorations, discoveries or research in

276-751: A Herder Handbook and continues to conduct research and work with nomadic herders to develop sustainable practices. The Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey is a multi-year biodiversity survey, environmental monitoring and capacity building project managed by Jon Gelhaus of the Academy's Entomology Department . A total of 217 sites from the Selenge River Basin, the most populous and most extensive drainage in Mongolia, were surveyed from 2003 to 2006. Most of these sites are in rivers or streams, but some are in freshwater and saltwater lakes, hot and cold springs, and marsh wetlands. Additional sites from

414-543: A blockade of the mouth of Delaware Bay; British soldiers were moving south through New Jersey from New York. In December fear of invasion caused half the population to flee the city, including the Continental Congress, which moved to Baltimore . General George Washington pushed back the British advance at the battles of Princeton and Trenton , and the refugees and Congress returned. In September 1777,

552-781: A theocracy at the mouth of the Schuylkill River . The New Haven Colony had earlier struck a deal with the Lenape to buy much of the Province of New Jersey south of present-day Trenton . The Dutch and Swedes in the area burned the English colonists' buildings. A Swedish court under Swedish Governor Johan Björnsson Printz convicted Lamberton of "trespassing, conspiring with the Indians." The offshoot New Haven colony received no support. The Puritan Governor John Winthrop said it

690-415: A bewildering assemblage of specimens with little in the way of supplemental information. Over time, however, museums such as the Academy started to showcase their more popular specimens while sequestering the bulk of the collections. In addition, they spent more effort interpreting their public displays. Museums started to play a more active role in educating the public. One expression of this transformation

828-685: A central criterion of water quality . Its 1948 biological survey of the Conestoga River Basin in Pennsylvania, a milestone in environmental research , led to similar surveys and studies throughout much of the United States. Characteristically, these earlier projects were joint projects of the Limnology Department and private industry. Since the rise of the environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s and

966-407: A city where all people regardless of religion could worship freely and live together. Being a Quaker , Penn had experienced religious persecution. He also planned that the city's streets would be set up in a grid, with the idea that the city would be more like the rural towns of England than its crowded cities. The homes would be spread far apart and surrounded by gardens and orchards. The city granted

1104-766: A decade long declared war against the Susquehannocks and the Dutch, who'd been trading them furs for tools and firearms for some time. Both groups had uneasy relations with the Delaware (Lenape) and the Iroquois . Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the Dutch , Swedish , or English settlers in present-day Delaware . They had no historical allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own Assembly. Penn envisioned

1242-526: A few days after that. He expanded the city west to the bank of the Schuylkill River , for a total of 1,200 acres (4.8 km ). Streets were laid out in a gridiron system. Except for the two widest streets, High (now Market) and Broad , the streets were named after prominent landowners who owned adjacent lots. The streets were renamed in 1684; the ones running east–west were named after local trees ( Vine , Sassafras , Mulberry , Cherry , Chestnut , Walnut , Locust, Spruce , Pine, Lombard, and Cedar ) and

1380-469: A fire, fights with other fire companies often broke out. The lawlessness among fire companies virtually ended in 1853 and 1854 when the city took more control over their operations. During the 1840s and 50s violence was directed against immigrants by people who feared their competition for jobs and resented newcomers of different religions and ethnicity. Nativists often held mostly anti-Catholic , anti-Irish meetings. Violence against immigrants also occurred,

1518-746: A large part in the city's development. To help protect the city from fire, Franklin founded the Union Fire Company . In the 1750s Franklin was named one of the city's post master generals and he established postal routes between Philadelphia, New York , Boston , and elsewhere. He helped raise money to build the American colonies' first hospital , which opened in 1752. That same year the College of Philadelphia , another project of Franklin's, received its charter of incorporation. Threatened by French and Spanish privateers , Franklin and others set up

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1656-603: A logistical hub for a number of Working Groups organized around sustainability issues. Currently active groups include one for condominium and building co-op owners, a network of faith-based environmental groups, and a forum of senior executives in the private sector. The Library and Archives were established at the Academy's founding meeting in 1812 for the purpose of supporting its natural science research. The library provides online access, services, collections, imaging, and shared resources with other libraries. The library houses nearly 200,000 volumes ranging from works published in

1794-621: A non-congested city. Most people bought land along the Delaware River instead of spreading westward towards the Schuylkill. The lots they bought were subdivided and resold with smaller streets constructed between them. Before 1704, few settlers lived west of Fourth Street. Philadelphia grew from a few hundred European inhabitants in 1683 to over 2,500 in 1701. The population was mostly English, Welsh , Irish, Germans , Swedes, Finns , and Dutch. Before William Penn left Philadelphia for

1932-515: A number of public programs that are free and open to the public. Urban Sustainability Forums feature panels of local and national experts discussing environmental and sustainability topics as they relate to the Philadelphia region. Town Square, which may feature a panel or an individual, addresses a variety of topics relating to the environment or public science. The center also hosts candidate forums, conferences and workshops. The center acts as

2070-403: A part of Academy collections and research since its beginnings, but the size of the collection was relatively modest until acquisition of Edward Drinker Cope 's personal collections in 1898. A few years later, Henry Weed Fowler began his tenure at the Academy, during which he systematized the collections and described 1,408 species. James E. Böhlke, William Saul, and William Smith-Vaniz are among

2208-538: A secretary for William Penn. He was the first to help establish Philadelphia as a place of culture and learning. Logan, who was the mayor of Philadelphia in the early 1720s, created one of the largest libraries in the colonies. He also helped guide other prominent Philadelphia residents, which included botanist John Bartram and Benjamin Franklin . Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia in October 1723 and would play

2346-482: A transitional zone between the semi-arid Eurasian Steppe (grasslands) to the south and the Eurasian Taiga (boreal forest) to the north. As such, it is an ideal mid-continental site at which to monitor the ecological effects of climate change. In addition, changes in livestock herding practices raise concerns about overgrazing and desertification . In response, the team at Hovsgol created and distributed

2484-622: A volunteer group for defense and built two batteries. When the French and Indian War began in 1754 as part of the Seven Years' War, Franklin recruited militias . During the war, the city attracted many refugees from the western frontier. When Pontiac's Rebellion occurred in 1763, refugees again fled into the city, including a group of Lenape hiding from other Native Americans, angry at their pacifism, and white frontiersmen. The Paxton Boys tried to follow them into Philadelphia for attacks, but

2622-526: Is best known for his rivalry with Othniel Charles Marsh during the infamous Bone Wars . Curator Edward B. Daeschler is currently studying the evolution of Devonian tetrapods , but he will be retiring in September 2023. He is a co-discoverer of the transitional "fishapod" Tiktaalik roseae from the Canadian Arctic and the discoverer of two tetrapods, Hynerpeton and Densignathus from

2760-480: Is study of plants, including nonvascular bryophytes ( mosses , liverworts , and hornworts ) and vascular plants, including ferns, conifers and flowering plants. The field of botany has also traditionally included the study of algae , lichens , and fungi which are now classified in different biological kingdoms . Collections at the Academy, which are housed in the Philadelphia Herbarium (PH),

2898-531: Is the most comprehensive collection of rotifers on microslides. The herpetology collection contains about 40,000 specimens, including more than 500 type specimens. The mammalogy collection contains about 36,000 specimens and 180 holotypes . Among the naturalists and scientists associated with these collections are Timothy Conrad, Edward Drinker Cope , Richard Harlan , John Edwards Holbrook , William W. Jefferis , Henry Charles Lea , Isaac Lea , Joseph Leidy , Samuel George Morton , and Thomas Say . Formerly

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3036-448: Is the most comprehensive collection of bird images in the world. Started in 1979, the collection contains over 180,000 photographs representing over 7,300 species. The collection contains work by some of the world's most talented photographers. VIREO licenses bird images for a wide variety of commercial and non-profit uses. The Academy first opened its collections to the public in 1828. The popularity of its exhibits soared in 1868 with

3174-589: The American Revolution was the site of the First and Second Continental Congresses . After the Revolution the city was chosen to be the temporary capital of the United States. At the beginning of the 19th century, the federal and state governments left Philadelphia, but the city remained the cultural and financial center of the country. Philadelphia became one of the first U.S. industrial centers and

3312-914: The American Revolutionary War , Philadelphia was the site of the First and Second Continental Congresses . After the American Revolutionary War began in April 1775 following the Battles of Lexington and Concord , the Second Continental Congress met in May at the Pennsylvania State House. There, they also met a year later to write and sign the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Philadelphia

3450-542: The Catskill Formation in Pennsylvania. The Academy houses several collections of smaller size yet historical and scientific importance. The general invertebrate collection contains about 22,600 specimens, while the invertebrate paleontology collection contains about 105,000 lots. Both contain numerous type specimens. Generally, 21,500 specimens are gaunt, 13,500 are affiliated skins, and 1,700 are wet-preserved specimens. The Frank J. Myers Rotifer Collection

3588-568: The Lenape (Delaware) Indians . The Delaware River Valley was called the Zuyd , meaning "South" River, or Lënapei Sipu. Located north of what will eventually become the Center City and on the east bank of the Schuylkill was a Lenape settlement named Coaquannock, meaning "grove of pines." One of the largest Lenape settlements in the region, located in today's South Philadelphia near

3726-621: The Limnology Department, the Patrick Center for Environmental Research focuses on applied ecology . Founded in 1947 by Ruth Patrick , formerly of the Diatom Herbarium , it was one of the earliest U.S. environmental consulting concerns. Its attachment to the Academy led it to become the first to employ interdisciplinary teams of scientists to study freshwater systems and the first to regard biodiversity as

3864-607: The OBIS Indo-Pacific Mollusc database. Research associate and former curator Danielle Graf, an expert on Unionidae (freshwater mussels), maintains the MUSSEL Project web site. The majority of ornithologists active in the United States during the first half of the 19th century, including Charles Lucien Bonaparte , George Ord , Titian Ramsay Peale , John James Audubon , John Cassin , Thomas Nuttall , and John Kirk Townsend , were active members of

4002-562: The Philadelphia Main Line west of the city. Politically the city was dominated by the Republican Party , which had developed a strong political machine . The Republicans dominated the post-war elections, and corrupt officials made their way into the government and continued to control the city through voter fraud and intimidation. The Gas Trust was the hub of the city's political machine. The trust controlled

4140-577: The Supreme Court worked at City Hall. Robert Morris donated his home at 6th and Market Street as a residence for President Washington, known as the President's House . During the city's 10 years as federal capital, members of Congress were exempt from the abolition law, but the many slaveholders in the executive and judicial branches were not. President Washington, Vice-president Jefferson and others brought slaves as domestic servants, and evaded

4278-478: The War of Jenkins' Ear . The city was plagued by pickpockets and other petty criminals. Working in the city government had such a poor reputation that fines were imposed on citizens who refused to serve an office after being chosen. One man fled Philadelphia to avoid serving as mayor. In the first half of the 18th century, Philadelphia – like other American cities – was generally dirty, with garbage and animals littering

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4416-522: The West Indies , inflicting financial harm on Philadelphia. The end of the war brought brief prosperity to all of British possessions , but a depression in the 1720s stunted Philadelphia's growth. The 1720s and 1730s saw immigration from mostly Germany and north Ireland to Philadelphia and the surrounding countryside. The region was developed for agriculture and Philadelphia exported grains, lumber products and flax seeds to Europe and elsewhere in

4554-398: The 16th century to current journals and books. Its holdings also include illustrated works from as early as the 15th century, including Konrad Gessner's Historia animalium , Maria Sibylla Merian 's Insects of Surinam , Edward Lear 's Psittacidae or Parrots , and a double elephant folio of John James Audubon 's The Birds of America . The Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences

4692-421: The 1930s and 1940s. They feature a variety of animals from Africa, Asia, and North America. Some of these, such as the caribou , lion , and plains zebra are familiar and relatively common, but others, such as the desert bighorn , kiang , Kodiak bear , panda , and passenger pigeon , are threatened, endangered , or extinct . In 2018, under the management of Drexel University, The Academy renovated some of

4830-575: The 19th century, other notable naturalists and scientists, including John James Audubon , Charles S. Boyer, John Cassin , Edward Drinker Cope , Ezra Townsend Cresson , Richard Harlan , Ferdinand V. Hayden , Isaac Lea , William W. Jefferis , John Lawrence LeConte , Joseph Leidy , Samuel George Morton , George Ord , and James Rehn were members. Corresponding members included Charles Darwin along with his supporters Asa Gray , and Thomas Henry Huxley . For much of its history, new members had to be nominated by two current members and then elected by

4968-421: The 19th century. Traditionally, researchers at natural science (or natural history) institutions such as the Academy engaged in biological taxonomy , the science of discovering, describing, naming, and classifying species. In recent decades, research has shifted in emphasis to the science of systematics , the study of the evolutionary relationships among these species. The Academy preserves many type specimens ,

5106-574: The Academy for safekeeping. Currently, the collection contains more than 22,000 specimens, including many types. Richard Harlan was an early member who introduced many American naturalists to the groundbreaking works of Georges Cuvier . Joseph Leidy , who described Hadrosaurus and alerted the scientific world to the paleontological treasures of the American West, is considered the "father" of American vertebrate paleontology. Edward Drinker Cope , who also worked extensively on other vertebrates,

5244-1108: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . 156 (1). The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: 403–404. June 2007. doi : 10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2 . ^ Avril, Tom (December 22, 2009). "A big man in the world of insects Entomologist has identified 1,500 species" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ Mitchell, Peter (November 3, 2010). "Flannery wins Joseph Leidy Award" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ "Joseph Leidy Award for Stony Brook Biologist" . The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. September 13, 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leidy_Award&oldid=1254596095 " Categories : American science and technology awards Biology awards Earth sciences awards Paleontology awards Drexel University Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University During

5382-661: The Academy since 1890. Vertebrate paleontology in the United States originated in Philadelphia through the efforts of naturalists and scientists associated with the American Philosophical Society (APS) during the first decade of the 19th century and at The Academy of Natural Sciences thereafter. By the end of the 19th century, the holdings from the APS, including the Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection , had been transferred to

5520-564: The Academy since its founding. Two of its earliest members include Thomas Say , regarded as the father of American entomology, and Titian Peale , a leading natural history illustrator and the chief naturalist on the United States Exploring Expedition (1834–1842). The entomology collection currently contains more than 3.5 million specimens and includes the Titian Peale Moth and Butterfly Collection,

5658-458: The Academy, as well as from other American institutions, Mongolia, Russia, and Japan started a multi-year study of the lake's biodiversity , limnology , and watershed. Although this research was scientifically rewarding, it was apparent that issues concerning environmental protection and sustainable economic development needed addressing. Consequently, work at Hovsgol shifted to ecosystem studies and capacity building . One early undertaking

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5796-476: The Academy. Later notable Academy ornithologists include James Bond , Frank Gill , Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee , Pete Myers, Fred Sheldon, and Witmer Stone . With nearly 200,000 specimens representing over 9,000 species, the Ornithology collection is one of the largest and most taxonomically complete bird collections in the world. The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC) has held regular meetings at

5934-587: The Academy. The Academy's malacology collection is the oldest such collection in the United States and is the 3rd largest in the world. It currently contains over 10 million specimens, including types erected by more than 400 authors. Curator Gary Rosenberg , an expert on Jamaican land snails, is a leader in digitised museum collections and research data. Research websites include the Malacology Georeferencing Project an online database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Malacolog) , and

6072-417: The American colonies; this pulled the city out of the depression. In 1704, they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new semi-autonomous colony of Lower Delaware . New Castle, the most prominent, prosperous and influential settlement in the new colony, became the capital. During its brief period of ascendancy as an empire following

6210-448: The American wilderness that has not been discovered, led a small group of naturalists to establish the Academy of Natural Sciences in the winter of 1812. The academy was meant to foster a gathering of fellow naturalists, and nurture the growth and credibility of American science. They frequently looked to their European counterparts for inspiration and expertise and longed to be regarded as equals. On 25 April 1817 they were incorporated into

6348-660: The British invaded Philadelphia from the south. Washington intercepted them at the Battle of Brandywine but was driven back. Following Washington's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, thousands of Philadelphians fled north within Pennsylvania and east into New Jersey . Congress moved to Lancaster and then to York . Fearing the British Army would seize the Liberty Bell and other large Philadelphia bells, which could easily be recast into munitions,

6486-723: The Delaware River basin, the ecology and genetics of bridal shiner (a fish that's endangered in Pennsylvania), and the impacts of flow management ( dam releases ) in the Upper Delaware River to native and introduced fish populations. Benthic macroinvertebrates (primarily aquatic insects , crustaceans, and mollusks) are useful for biological monitoring programs. Their varied life spans, ranging from weeks to years, are long enough to reveal intermittent and continuous pollutants, yet short enough respond to worsening or improving water quality. The Macroinvertebrate Section at

6624-636: The Delaware. After the Boston Tea Party , a shipment of tea had arrived in December, on the ship the Polly . A committee told the captain to depart without unloading his cargo. A series of acts in 1774 further angered the colonies; activists called for a general congress and they agreed to meet in Philadelphia. The First Continental Congress was held in September in Carpenters' Hall . During

6762-662: The Dutch authority of New Netherland built a palisaded factorij located near the confluence of the Schuylkill River and the Delaware River, named Fort Beversreede . In 1637, Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders formed the New Sweden Company to trade for furs and tobacco in North America. Under the command of Peter Minuit , the company's first expedition sailed from Sweden late in 1637 in two ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Gri . Minuit had been

6900-740: The Fort Wilson Riot of October 4, men attacked James Wilson , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who was accused of being a Loyalist sympathizer. Soldiers broke up the riot, but five people died and 17 were injured. However, Philadelphia was selected as the temporary United States capital for ten years starting in 1790. The United States Congress , founded in March 1789, occupied the Philadelphia County Courthouse, which became known as Congress Hall , and

7038-657: The French entered the War on the side of the Continentals, the last British troops pulled out of Philadelphia on June 18, 1778, to help defend New York City and the Continentals arrived the same day and reclaimed Philadelphia, placing Major General Benedict Arnold in charge as the city's military commander. The city government returned a week later, and the Continental Congress returned in early July. The Liberty Bell, which had been hidden in an Allentown church since September 1777,

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7176-615: The Liberty Bell was hastily transported north, where it was hidden beneath the floor boards of the Zion German Reformed Church in Northampton Town, in present-day Allentown, Pennsylvania . On September 23, 1777, as expected, British troops marched into a half-empty Philadelphia and were met by cheering Loyalist crowds. The British occupation of the colonial capital would last ten months. After

7314-487: The Patrick Center has extensive experience in bioassessment, biomonitoring, and inventorying of freshwater habitats throughout the United States. Because of their great diversity and specific ecological requirements, algae , particularly diatoms , make excellent indicators of water quality . Moreover, diatoms are readily preserved in sediments, which make them useful organisms for studying paleolimnology (the long-term trends of streams and lakes). The Phycology Section of

7452-540: The Patrick Center is concerned with the influence of aquatic organisms on the sources, fate and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems . Studies frequently deal with the carbon and nutrient cycling as well as those of trace elements (e.g., lead, copper, mercury, and zinc) and organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The section regularly provides water, sediment and tissue analyses for government, intergovernmental agencies, and private companies from around

7590-484: The Patrick Center provides algal analyses for governmental and other agencies interested in both assessing water quality and long-term environmental trends. One such undertaking is the analyses of diatom assemblages in lake sediments ( sediment cores ) throughout the eastern United States. This work, part of a large project managed by the EPA , will try to establish reference (pre- anthropogenic ) conditions for lakes throughout

7728-674: The Pennsylvania statehouse in Philadelphia. Congress, lacking in funds, fled from Philadelphia to Princeton, New Jersey . With their departure and the departure of their families and staffs, Philadelphia was left all but deserted. As a result of the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Congress fled Philadelphia, eventually settling in New York City, designated as the temporary capital. Besides the Constitutional Convention in May 1787, United States politics

7866-495: The Philadelphia region. In 1669, one of the founders of the New Sweden, Sven Gunnarsson , moved into the region and settled at a place called Wicaco, a former native settlement located on today's Society Hill and Queens Village in present-day South Philadelphia , beginning with a log blockhouse. The Swedish congregation on Tinicum Island moved to Wicaco in 1677, and repurposed the blockhouse as their church, five years before

8004-502: The Schuylkill River. In 1648, New Sweden built a stockaded 30-by-20-foot blockhouse directly in front of the Dutch Fort Beversreede, called Fort Nya Korsholm or Fort New Korsholm . The Swedish building was said to be only twelve feet from the gate of the Dutch fort and was meant to intimidate the Dutch residents and intercept trade. As a result, the Dutch abandoned Fort Beversreede in 1651 and dismantled and relocated

8142-404: The United States. Academy members were frequently enlisted to participate in national surveys of the western territories and other major expeditions. Several of its earliest members, including William Bartram , John Godman, Richard Harlan , Angelo Heilprin , Charles Alexandre Lesueur , William Maclure , Titian Peale , Charles Pickering , Thomas Say , and Alexander Wilson were among

8280-691: The United States. The department also hosts the All Catfish Species Inventory (a comprehensive online resource on catfish) and Catfish Bones (an online digital atlas of catfish morphology), and is a participant in Neodat II (an online resource of Neotropic ichthyology collections). Two of the early members of the Academy, Thomas Say and Isaac Lea , were malacologists (see also conchologists ). R. Tucker Abbott , Samuel Stehman Haldeman , Henry A. Pilsbry , and George W. Tryon, Jr. were other noted malacologists who worked at

8418-497: The Upper South worried that free people of color would encourage slave insurrections in the U.S. Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class, and their distrust of their betters, in northern ports. He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during

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8556-800: The area by Europeans was in 1609, when a Dutch expedition led by Henry Hudson entered the Delaware River valley in search of the Northwest Passage . The Valley, including the future location of Philadelphia, became part of the New Netherland claim of the Dutch Republic . Around 1630s, to control the Great Minquas Path , a fur trade route to the Susquehannock which passed through Philadelphia region,

8694-456: The building of the first research laboratory in Mongolia dedicated to the study of aquatic invertebrates. It also includes training of Mongolian scientists and students. The Center for Environmental Policy informs and engages various constituents, promotes solutions, and builds public and professional awareness on important environmental topics. Much of its activities focus on public programs and working groups. The center hosts or participates in

8832-436: The church floor boards during the British occupation of Philadelphia . The Liberty Bell remained hidden in Allentown from September 1777 until its return to Philadelphia in June 1778, following the British retreat from Philadelphia on June 18, 1778. After the Revolution's conclusion in 1783, Philadelphia was chosen to be the temporary capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800, and the city continued for some years to be

8970-428: The city and soon outnumbered the Quakers, but they continued to be powerful economically and politically. Political tensions existed between and within the religious groups, which also had national connections. Riots in 1741 and 1742 took place over high bread prices and drunken sailors. In October 1742 and the "Bloody Election" riots, sailors attacked Quakers and pacifist Germans, whose peace politics were strained by

9108-408: The city contained a variety of industries, the largest being textiles . After the American Civil War Philadelphia's government was controlled by a Republican political machine and by the beginning of the 20th century Philadelphia was described as "corrupt and contented." Various reform efforts slowly changed city government with the most significant in 1950 where a new city charter strengthened

9246-519: The city in flight from the Haitian Revolution . They represented five percent of the city's total population. They likely carried the disease from the island where it was endemic, and it was rapidly transmitted by mosquito bites to other residents. Fear of contracting the disease caused 20,000 residents to flee the city by mid-September, and some neighboring towns prohibited their entry. Trade virtually stopped; Baltimore and New York quarantined people and goods from Philadelphia. People feared entering

9384-570: The city of brotherly love!" Several anti-slavery societies had been formed and free blacks, Quakers and other abolitionists operated safe houses associated with the Underground Railroad , but working class and ethnic whites opposed the abolitionist movement. The lawlessness and the difficulty in controlling it, along with residential development just north of Philadelphia, led to the Act of Consolidation in 1854 . The act passed on February 2, making Philadelphia's borders coterminous with Philadelphia County , and incorporating various subdistrict within

9522-562: The city or interacting with its residents. The fever finally abated at the end of October with the onset of colder weather and was declared at an end by mid-November. The death toll was 4,000 to 5,000, in a population of 50,000. Yellow fever outbreaks recurred in Philadelphia and other major ports through the nineteenth century, but none had as many fatalities as that of 1793. The 1798 epidemic in Philadelphia also prompted an exodus; an estimated 1,292 residents died. Pennsylvania, which had abolished slavery in 1780, required any slaves brought to

9660-423: The city to be freed after six months' residency. The state law was challenged by French planters from Saint-Domingue, who brought their enslaved peoples with them, but defended by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society . Through 1796, 500 slaves from Saint-Domingue gained freedom in the city. Because of the violence accompanying the revolution on the island, Philadelphians, many of whom had southern ties, and residents of

9798-490: The city's population stood at 817,000. The dense population areas were not only growing north and south along the Delaware River, but also moving westward across the Schuylkill River. A large portion of the growth came from immigrants, still mostly Irish and German. In 1870, twenty-seven percent of Philadelphia's population was born outside the United States. By the 1880s, immigration from Russia, Eastern Europe , and Italy started rivaling immigration from Western Europe. Many of

9936-454: The city, swelling the population of Philadelphia and its suburbs. In Philadelphia, as the rich moved west of 7th Street, the poor moved into the upper class' former homes, which were converted into tenements and boarding houses. Many small row houses crowded alleyways and small streets, and these areas were filthy, filled with garbage and the smell of manure from animal pens. During the 1840s and 1850s, hundreds died each year in Philadelphia and

10074-403: The city. Revitalization and gentrification of certain neighborhoods started bringing people back to the city. Promotions and incentives in the 1990s and the early 21st century have improved the city's image and created a condominium boom in Center City and the surrounding areas that has slowed the population decline. Before Philadelphia was colonized by Europeans, the area was inhabited by

10212-408: The claim as written would create a bloody conflict with Maryland (dubbed Cresap's War ) over the land grant already owned by Lord Baltimore. Penn put together a colonial expedition and fleet, which set out for America in the middle of the following summer. Penn, sailing in the vanguard, first set foot on American soil at the colony at New Castle, Delaware . An orderly change of government ensued, as

10350-542: The colonists had to recognize the authority of New Netherland , the Dutch terms were tolerant. The Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy a much local autonomy, having their own militia, religion, court, and lands. This official status lasted until the English capture of New Netherland in October 1664, and continued unofficially until the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania in 1682. The Swedish immigration and expansion continued in

10488-407: The confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, was Passyunk , meaning "in the valley." Other settlements including the village of Nitapèkunk, "place that is easy to get to," located in today's Fairmount Park area, and Shackamaxon , "place where the chief was crowned", both were located on the west bank of Delaware River, upstream from today's Northern Liberties . The first exploration of

10626-643: The cost and accusations of sensationalism, but proved popular amongst the public. In 1935, the Works Progress Administration began providing artists to help work on the dioramas, fueling the exhibits' continued expansion. By presenting the wilderness to the public, dioramas nurtured an appreciation of our natural heritage, which, coincided with the growth of the Conservation Movement in the United States. The Academy currently has 37 dioramas, most of which were installed in

10764-533: The country's cultural and financial center. Its large free black community aided fugitive slaves and founded the first independent black denomination in the nation, the African Methodist Episcopal Church . The port city was vulnerable to capture by the British by sea. Officials recruited soldiers and studied defenses for invasion from Delaware Bay , but built no forts or other installations. In March 1776 two British frigates began

10902-499: The country's largest city, with 67,787 people living in Philadelphia and its contiguous suburbs. Philadelphia's maritime trade was interrupted by the Embargo Act of 1807 and then the War of 1812 . After the war, Philadelphia's shipping industry never returned to its pre-embargo status, and New York City succeeded it as the busiest port and largest city. In the mid and late 1850s, immigrants from Ireland and Germany streamed into

11040-794: The country. In addition to these research efforts, the Phycology Section of the Patrick Center has developed a set of online resources for using algae in environmental research. These include an algal image database, autecology datasets for freshwater algae, algae research with the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, and a diatom paleolimnology database. For most of its history, biological taxonomy and systematics were conducted using comparative morphology . In recent decades, however, advances in molecular biology and computational technologies have opened new possibilities for studying

11178-640: The country. In addition to the sediment core project mentioned above, it has recently studied the effects of small dams on sediment contaminants, photochemical transformation of marsh-derived dissolved organic matter , and sedimentation and eutrophication in salt marshes . The Ecological Modeling Section employs sophisticated and rigorous mathematical modelling techniques to address a variety of questions in basic and applied research. Examples include watershed-scale modeling and risk assessment ; nonlinear population models structured by age, body size, or space; particle transport in turbulent aquatic systems ; and

11316-522: The county. Once the American Civil War began in 1861, Philadelphia's pro-southern leanings were reduced. Popular hostility shifted against southern sympathizers. Mobs threatened a secessionist newspaper and the homes of suspected sympathizers, and were only turned away by the police and Mayor Alexander Henry. Philadelphia supported the war with soldiers, ammunition, and war ships and its manufacturers produced many army uniforms. Philadelphia

11454-473: The debut of the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton, Hadrosaurus . The size of the crowds flocking to this display prompted the Academy to relocate to its present-and roomier-location in 1876. As with most museums in the 19th century, there was little separation of the Academy's collections, which were vital to scientific work, and the public spaces. Not only did this subject the collections to extra wear and tear, but visitors were typically confronted with

11592-431: The diversity and history of life through the use of cladistics and computational phylogenetics . These technologies also offer new opportunities for molecular ecology and conservation genetics . Academy scientists have been early adapters of molecular biology techniques. Allozymes , DNA-DNA hybridization , immunoelectrophoresis , restriction site analyses of mitochondrial DNA and serology were used extensively since

11730-494: The donation or purchase of existing collections or individual items, the collection activities of Academy-sponsored expeditions, or those of individual scientists, whether or not they work at the Academy. Some collections were originally gathered by other institutions. For example, a number of the natural history collections at the American Philosophical Society were relocated to the Academy by the end of

11868-509: The ecology and control of exotic invasive plants in urban parks. The Fisheries Section of the Patrick Center conducts research into the ecology, conservation , and management of lotic and estuarine fishes . Studies may range from the analysis of fish tissues for contaminants, monitoring fish populations for environmental assessments, to investigating the life histories of individual species. Recent and ongoing work include, glass eel (the larvae of freshwater or American eels ) recruitment in

12006-485: The first decades of the United States, Philadelphia was the cultural capital and one of the country's commercial centers. Two of the city's institutions, the Library Company and the American Philosophical Society , were centers of enlightened thought and scientific inquiry. The increasing sophistication of the earth and life sciences, combined with a growing awareness of the variety of life and landscape in

12144-645: The first purchasers land along the Delaware River for their homes. It had access to the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean, and became an important port in the Thirteen Colonies. He named the city Philadelphia ( philos , "love" or "friendship", and adelphos , "brother"); it was to have a commercial center for a market, state house, and other key buildings. The grid plan was adapted from a grid plan originally designed by cartographer Richard Newcourt for London . Penn sent three commissioners to supervise

12282-556: The founding of the city of Philadelphia. Sven Gunnarsson died in 1678 and was one of the first buried at the church. The church and the cemetery eventually became the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church of Philadelphia, the oldest church in Pennsylvania. In 1681, King Charles II gave Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed to Admiral Sir William Penn , Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware , though

12420-405: The gas company supplying lighting to the city. With the board under complete control by Republicans in 1865, they awarded contracts and perks for themselves and their cronies. Some government reform did occur during this time. The police department was reorganized; and volunteer fire companies were eliminated and were replaced by a paid fire department . A compulsory school act passed in 1895, and

12558-674: The governor of the New Netherland from 1626 to 1631. Resenting his dismissal by the Dutch West India Company , he brought to the new project the knowledge that the Dutch colony had temporarily abandoned its efforts in the Delaware Valley to focus on the Hudson River valley to the north. The ships reached Delaware Bay in March 1638, and the settlers began to build a fort at the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware . They named it Fort Christina , in honor of

12696-516: The immediate southwest of present-day Philadelphia, where he built an outpost called Fort New Gothenburg and his own manor house which he called the Printzhof . In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannock in their successful conflict with Maryland colonists led by General Harrison II. With the alliance with Susquehannock, the Swedes further strengthened their claims for land at the mouth of

12834-535: The immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jewish. In 1881, there were around 5,000 Jews in the city , and by 1905 the number had increased to 100,000. Philadelphia's Italian population grew from around 300 in 1870 to around 18,000 in 1900, with the majority settling in South Philadelphia . Along with foreign immigration, domestic migration by African Americans from the South led to Philadelphia having

12972-540: The lab offers research opportunities for students and post-doctoral fellowships. The Academy's work in Mongolia started with the realization of the unique research opportunities available at Lake Hovsgol (Hovsgol Nuur). This large lake and its watershed were remarkably pristine and relatively unknown, especially in comparison to its sister lake in Russia, Lake Baikal . In 1995, a multidisciplinary team of scientists from

13110-423: The largest black population of a Northern U.S. city in this period. By 1876, nearly 25,000 African Americans living in Philadelphia, and by 1890 the population was near 40,000. While immigrants moved into the city, Philadelphia's rich left for newer housing in the suburbs, with commuting made easy by newly constructed railroads. During the 1880s much of Philadelphia's upper class moved into the growing suburbs along

13248-511: The last time on October 25, 1701, he issued the Charter of 1701. The charter established Philadelphia as a city and gave the mayor , aldermen , and councilmen the authority to issue laws and ordinances and regulate markets and fairs. The first known Jewish resident of Philadelphia was Jonas Aaron, a German who moved to the city in 1703. He is mentioned in an article entitled "A Philadelphia Business Directory of 1703," by Charles H. Browning. It

13386-458: The late 1960s. Recent molecular work mainly employs DNA sequencing , microsatellites , and AFLP ( amplified fragment length polymorphism ). In 2004, the Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Ecology (LMSE) was formed as a shared, multi-user facility to improve access to and provide training for the use of molecular data in systematic and ecological research. In addition to supporting staff,

13524-432: The law by regularly shifting their slaves out of the city before the 6-month deadline. Two of Washington's slaves escaped from the President's House , and he gradually replaced his slaves with German immigrants who were indentured servants . The Pennsylvania state government left Philadelphia in 1799 and the United States government left in 1800. By this time, the city had become one of the United States' busiest ports and

13662-460: The most comprehensive core sampling in any estuary, relies extensively on the center's expertise in biogeochemistry and phycology . Once the sampling is completed, scientist will be able to investigate historical trends in marsh development, carbon , nitrogen and phosphorus cycling , water pollution , salinity variations, and climatic change by analysing the core's sediments, chemistry, and diatom assemblages. The Biogeochemistry Section of

13800-1487: The natural sciences", and was intended to be presented every three years. The award consists of a rectangular bronze medal (decorated with a bust depiction of Leidy) and an honorarium which was initially $ 5000. Laureates [ edit ] 1925 – Herbert Spencer Jennings 1928 – Henry Augustus Pilsbry 1931 – William Morton Wheeler 1934 – Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. 1937 – Edwin Linton 1940 – Merritt Lyndon Fernald 1943 – Chancey Juday 1946 – Ernst Mayr 1949 – Warren Poppino Spencer 1952 – G. Evelyn Hutchinson 1955 – Herbert Friedmann 1958 – Herbert Barker Hungerford 1961 – Robert Evans Snodgrass 1964 – Carl Leavitt Hubbs 1967 – Donn Eric Rosen 1970 – Arthur Cronquist 1975 – James Bond 1979 – Edward Osborne Wilson 1983 – G. Ledyard Stebbins 1985 – Hampton Carson 1989 – Daniel H. Janzen 1994 – Peter and Rosemary Grant 2006 – David B. Wake 2009 – Dan Otte 2010 – Tim Flannery 2012 – Douglas Futuyma See also [ edit ] List of general science and technology awards List of biology awards List of earth sciences awards List of paleontology awards References [ edit ] ^ "The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients". Proceedings of

13938-539: The nearby Fort Nassau to the Christina River , downstream from the Swedes' Fort Christina . The Dutch consolidated their forces at the rebuilt fort, renamed Fort Casimir . The Dutch never recognized the legitimacy of the Swedish claim and, in the late summer of 1655, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam mustered a military expedition to the Delaware Valley to subdue the rogue colony. Although

14076-494: The north–south streets were numbered. Within the area, four squares (now named Rittenhouse , Logan , Washington and Franklin ) were set aside as parks open for everyone. Penn designed a central square at the intersection of Broad and what is now Market Street to be surrounded by public buildings. Some of the first settlers lived in caves dug out of the river bank, but the city grew with construction of homes, churches, and wharves. The new landowners did not share Penn's vision of

14214-610: The older dioramas. These renovations were meant to increase the scientific accuracy of the displays and improve their aesthetics. History of Philadelphia The city of Philadelphia was founded and incorporated in 1682 by William Penn in the English Crown Province of Pennsylvania between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Before then, the area was inhabited by the Lenape people . Philadelphia quickly grew into an important colonial city and during

14352-605: The oldest entomology collection in the United States. Curator Emeritus, Daniel Otte , an expert on Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, and their relatives) is a pioneer of presenting biological data on the internet through the creation of the Orthoptera Species File . Curator and Entomology Department Chair, Jon Gelhaus is a leading expert on crane flies and manages the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey . Ichthyology has also been

14490-672: The oldest institutional herbarium in the New World, include some of the oldest and most important botanical collections in the Americas. Notable early collectors include Benjamin Smith Barton , Constatine Rafinesque , Thomas Meehan , Thomas Nuttall , and Fredrick Pursh . The herbarium contains approximately 1.5 million specimens of vascular plants , fungi , lichens , algae , and fossil plants , 40,000 of which are types. It also contains some special collections, including

14628-468: The pioneers or recognized authorities in their respective areas of study. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Edwards Holbrook of South Carolina, Thomas Nuttall and Richard Owen of the United Kingdom, Georges Cuvier of France, and Alexander von Humboldt of Prussia were among the corresponding members (members who lived far from Philadelphia) of the Academy's first decades. Later during

14766-527: The plants collected by Johann and Georg Forster during the voyages of Captain James Cook , and by Meriwether Lewis during the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) . The department's current focus is plant biodiversity and evolution focusing on Apocynaceae (milkweed or dogbane family) and Polygalaceae . The Academy's Diatom Herbarium, the largest in the Americas and the second largest in

14904-677: The position of mayor and weakened the Philadelphia City Council . At the same time Philadelphia moved its supports from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party , which has since created a strong Democratic organization. The city began a population decline in the 1950s as mostly white and middle-class families left for the suburbs. Many of Philadelphia's houses were in poor condition and lacked proper facilities, and gang and mafia warfare plagued

15042-437: The reference material that helps establish a species' identity. They also preserve additional specimens with which scientists can investigate the nature of these species, their relationships with other species, their evolutionary history, or their conservation status. The Academy's collections include a wide range of specimens across the tree of life. The museum also maintains several historically important collections. Botany

15180-566: The remaining members. These requirements were dropped in 1924. Notable 20th-century scientists include James Böhlke , James Bond , Henry Weed Fowler , Ruth Patrick , Henry Pilsbry , H. Radclyffe Roberts , and Witmer Stone . The Academy of Natural Sciences holds an internationally important natural history collection. Currently, there are over 18 million biological specimens, and hundreds of thousands of volumes, journals, illustrations , photographs, and archival items in its library. These collections were obtained through multiple means, including

15318-481: The remote drainage systems in western Mongolia will be sampled in 2008. The survey has yielded numerous new species and hundreds of geographic records for known aquatic insects , provided an extensive dataset for ongoing environmental monitoring, and has helped develop research and technical infrastructures in Mongolia. This capacity building includes, in collaboration with the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology,

15456-523: The resulting increases in governmental regulation of water pollution , the environmental assessments pioneered at the Academy are increasingly conducted by private environmental consulting firms . As of 2013 , much of the research at the Patrick Center is conducted with regulatory agencies and other governmental bodies, in fields such as diatom autecology, environmental chemistry and toxicology , habitat restoration , long-term environmental trends, species conservation, and watershed management . Some of

15594-590: The revolution. They held power for a while, and used their control of the local militia to disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution. Philadelphia suffered serious inflation, causing problems especially for the poor, who were unable to buy needed goods. This led to unrest in 1779, with people blaming the upper class and Loyalists. A riot in January by sailors striking for higher wages ended up with their attacking and dismantling ships. In

15732-504: The rival and territorial Conestoga peoples to the west for a number of decades as the English Quaker and German Anabaptist, Lutheran and Moravian settlers attracted to the religiously tolerant colony worked their way northwest up the Schuylkill and due west south of the hill country into the breadbasket lands along the lower Susquehanna River . Lord Baltimore and the Province of Maryland had circa 1652–53 finished waging

15870-494: The river and founded Philadelphia with a core group of accompanying Quakers and others seeking religious freedom on lands he purchased from the local chieftains of the Lenape or Delaware nation . This began a long period of peaceful co-operation between the colony and the Delaware, in contrast to the frictions between the tribe and the Swedish and Dutch colonists. However, the new colonists would not enjoy such easy relations with

16008-499: The scientists who followed Fowler. Curator Emeritus, John Lundberg, an expert in catfishes , pioneered deep channel collecting in large tropical rivers and is the lead author of a seminal scientific paper on the biological and geographic history of the Amazon River Basin . The Ichthyology collection, which currently houses nearly 1.2 million specimens and nearly 3,000 types, is one of the most important such collections in

16146-415: The settlement and to set aside 10,000 acres (40 km ) for the city. The commissioners bought land from Swedes at the settlement of Wicaco , and from there began to lay out the city toward the north. The area went about a mile along the Delaware River between modern South and Vine Streets . Penn's ship anchored off the coast of New Castle, Delaware , on October 27, 1682, and he arrived in Philadelphia

16284-416: The society under the title of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by the legislature of Pennsylvania. By 1 January 1818, eight members were published. In 2011, the Academy became affiliated with nearby Drexel University and changed its name to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. Within a decade of its founding, the Academy became the undisputed center of natural sciences in

16422-641: The streets. The roads were unpaved and in rainy seasons impassable. Early attempts to improve quality of life were ineffective as laws were poorly enforced. By the 1750s, Philadelphia was turning into a major city. Christ Church and the Pennsylvania State House, better known as Independence Hall , were built. Streets were paved and illuminated with oil lamps. Philadelphia's first newspaper , Andrew Bradford 's American Weekly Mercury , began publishing on December 22, 1719. The city also developed culturally and scientifically. Schools, libraries and theaters were founded. James Logan arrived in Philadelphia in 1701 as

16560-616: The surrounding districts from diseases such as malaria , smallpox , tuberculosis , and cholera , related to poor sanitation; the poor suffered the most fatalities. Small rowhouses and tenement housing were constructed south of South Street. Violence was a serious problem; gangs like the Moyamensing Killers and the Blood Tubs controlled various neighborhoods. During the 1840s and early 1850s when volunteer fire companies, some of which were infiltrated by gangs, responded to

16698-541: The twelve-year-old Queen Christina of Sweden. It was the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley. Part of this colony eventually included land on the west side of the Delaware River from just below the Schuylkill River . The first English settlement occurred about 1642, when 50 Puritan families from the New Haven Colony in Connecticut , led by George Lamberton, tried to establish

16836-586: The victory by Gustav the Great in the Battle of Breitenfeld Swedish settlers arrived in the area in the early 17th century to found a nearby colony, New Sweden in what is today southern New Jersey . With the arrival of more numerous English colonists and development of the port on the Delaware, Philadelphia quickly grew into an important colonial city. Philadelphia's pledge of religious tolerance attracted many other religions beside Quakers. Mennonites , Pietists , Anglicans , Catholics , and Jews moved to

16974-468: The work employs most of the center's expertise and capabilities, such as recent studies on the ecological effects of small dams or the ecological benefits of riparian reforestation . Other studies may involve only one or a couple of the research programs. For example, a current project sampling sediment cores in tidal marshes throughout the Delaware Estuary . This undertaking, possibly

17112-620: The world, contains approximately 220,000 slides of these microscopic algae . The herbarium contains many specimens contributed by notable collectors, a diversity of fossil diatoms, and diatoms collected as part of numerous freshwater environmental surveys in the United States. The Diatom Herbarium also provides collections and taxonomic services for the Phycology Section of the Patrick Center for Environmental Research. Former curators of note include Charles S. Boyer, Ruth Patrick , and Charles Reimer. Entomology has been important to

17250-427: The worst being the nativist riots in 1844 . Violence against African Americans was also common during the 1830s, 40s, and 50s. Immigrants competed with them for jobs, and deadly race riots resulted in the burning of African-American homes and churches. In 1841, Joseph Sturge commented "...there is probably no city in the known world where dislike, amounting to the hatred of the coloured population, prevails more than in

17388-540: Was also a major receiving place of the wounded, with more than 157,000 soldiers and sailors treated within the city. Philadelphia began preparing for invasion in 1863, but the Confederate Army was repelled by Union forces at Gettysburg . In the years following the American Civil War, Philadelphia's population continued to grow. The population grew from 565,529 in 1860 to 674,022 in 1870. By 1876,

17526-403: Was defenseless, and the city prepared for what was seen as an inevitable British Army attack. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, one of those preparations was hastily removing the Liberty Bell and other Philadelphia bells and sending them by heavily guarded wagon train to the Zion German Reformed Church in Northampton Town in present-day Allentown , where it was hidden under

17664-399: Was dissolved owing to summer "sickness and mortality." The disaster contributed to New Haven's losing control of its area to the larger Connecticut Colony . Johan Björnsson Printz was appointed to be the first royal governor of New Sweden , arriving in the colony on February 15, 1643. Under his ten-year rule, the administrative center of New Sweden was moved north to Tinicum Island , to

17802-428: Was important to the war effort; Robert Morris said, You will consider Philadelphia, from its centrical situation, the extent of its commerce, the number of its artificers, manufactures and other circumstances, to be to the United States what the heart is to the human body in circulating the blood. After Washington 's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia

17940-583: Was issued in 1918. The Academy publishes three other series. The occasional series Notulae Naturae began in 1939 as a means to quickly publish short items, usually not longer than 16 pages on subject areas such as zoology, botany, ecology, geology and paleontology. The Monographs series, which began in 1935, is composed principally of larger systematic reviews of selected taxonomic groups. The Special Publications series, begun in 1922, includes works such as biography, taxonomy, historical reviews, and collections surveys. VIREO (VIsual REsource for Ornithology )

18078-649: Was no longer centered in Philadelphia. Due to political compromise, Congress chose a permanent capital to be built along the Potomac River . After 1787, the city's economy grew rapidly in the postwar years. Serious yellow fever outbreaks in the 1790s interrupted development. Benjamin Rush identified an outbreak in August 1793 as a yellow fever epidemic , the first in 30 years, which lasted four months. Two thousand refugees from Saint-Domingue had recently arrived in

18216-486: Was normal in an age used to the privileges and prerogatives of aristocracy and which antedated nationalism : the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new Proprietor . The first Pennsylvania General Assembly was soon held in the colony. By 1682, the area of modern Philadelphia was inhabited by about fifty Europeans, mostly subsistence farmers living in and around the Wicaco settlement. Penn later journeyed up

18354-697: Was prevented by the city's militia and Franklin, who convinced them to leave. In the 1760s, the British Parliament 's passage of the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts , combined with other frustrations, increased political tension and anger against Britain in the colonies. Philadelphia residents joined boycotts of British goods. After the Tea Act in 1773, there were threats against anyone who would store tea and any ships that brought tea up

18492-553: Was published in The American Historical Register, in April, 1895. Philadelphia became an important trading center and major port. Initially the city's main source of trade was with the West Indies , which had established sugar cane plantations as part of the Triangle Trade associated with Africa and Europe . During Queen Anne's War in 1702 and 1713 with the French, trade was cut off to

18630-576: Was returned to Philadelphia following the British retreat from Philadelphia on June 18, 1778. At the end of the American Revolutionary War , many Patriot soldiers had not been paid their wages for their service during the war. Congress refused the soldiers' request for payment of their salaries. In what is known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , hundreds of Patriot veterans of the war who were owed back pay marched with their weapons on

18768-511: Was the enhancement of the operational and physical infrastructure at Hovsgol National Park. Long-term ecological monitoring of several tributary watersheds began in 1997 and soon the site would be adopted into the International Long Term Ecological Research Network . Recent work at Hovsgol is focusing on the consequences of and sustainable responses to climate change . The region lies in

18906-482: Was the first peer-reviewed publication in the United States devoted to the natural sciences. The first volume was published in 1817. By 1842, it had been superseded by the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences . The Proceedings have been published continuously since 1841. The Journal was reborn in 1847 as a larger-format publication that could accommodate longer articles and monographs . The last volume

19044-459: Was the rise of that icon of natural history museums, the diorama . These three-dimensional displays were the virtual reality of their time, providing generations of museum visitors with their only opportunity to experience distant places and exotic wildlife. In 1929 program coordinator Harold T. Green created The Academy's first diorama, depicting rocky mountain goats . Green's work was at first controversial amongst The Academy's staff, due to both

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