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91-533: The Leipzig Trade Fair ( German : Leipziger Messe ) is a major trade fair , which traces its roots back for nearly a millennium. After the Second World War, Leipzig fell within the territory of East Germany , whereupon the Leipzig Trade Fair became one of the most important trade fairs of Comecon and was traditionally a meeting place for businessmen and politicians from both sides of

182-465: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it

273-402: A second language , and 75–100   million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220   million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90   million people, or 16% of

364-612: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become

455-514: A car components store. In 2008, the association Verein Pavillon der Hoffnung in Leipzig e. V. – Förderverein Ökumenisches Zentrum bought hall 14, which had been built in 1985 by VEB Carl Zeiss Jena , and named it Pavillon der Hoffnung (Pavilion of Hope). It holds Christian activities of various kinds. The Alte Messe site is very well accessible by capable roads from every direction and by

546-682: A considerable buzz of activity. The utilisation concept of Alte Messe schedules four different main focuses: Between Alte Messe and the German National Library at Deutscher Platz have been built Bio City Leipzig and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology as a centre of science. In 2008 the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) was finished; its annexes are called "daughter-cells". In 2013, "BioCube" beside Bio City

637-559: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from

728-496: A mile (7.5 km) away ( Bannmeile ). In 1268, Margrave Theodoric of Landsberg assured all merchants travelers to Leipzig full protection for person and goods, even if their sovereign was at feud with him. This led to the settlement of numerous merchants in Leipzig. Trade goods now included herring, cloth, wine, and pepper. Two annual fairs established in Leipzig, at Jubilate (third sunday after Easter) and Michaelis (29th of September) . Frederick II of Saxony imparted in 1458

819-458: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained

910-436: A plot of 71,000 m (760,000 sq ft), where the old exhibition halls 1–6 were opened in 2013, is a retail furniture store, Porta Möbel. On and around the site of Alte Messe over the years was developed a so-called Automeile ( Mile of car traders) with dealerships of the brands Audi , BMW , Chrysler , Dodge , Honda , Jeep , Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen supplemented by a centre of Triumph Motorcycles and

1001-696: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In

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1092-483: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it

1183-717: Is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and

1274-601: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as

1365-981: Is accessible by tram, train, bus, or car. Leipziger Messe GmbH was founded after the reunification of Germany on 13 June 1996. It is owned equally by Saxony and the city of Leipzig . The firm employs about 400 people, working in the parent company CCL and its subsidiaries. There are two people leading the Leipziger Messe GmbH : the CEO is Mr. Martin Buhl-Wagner and the CTO is Mr. Markus Geisenberger. The subsidiaries are: Leipziger Messe GmbH also has about 22 departments abroad, most of which are autonomous. 51°23′48″N 12°24′10″E  /  51.39667°N 12.40278°E  / 51.39667; 12.40278 German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] )

1456-612: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German

1547-558: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic

1638-478: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German

1729-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25   million speak it as

1820-535: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in

1911-611: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as

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2002-565: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are

2093-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and

2184-597: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as

2275-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German

2366-456: Is that it is often simpler to develop an unbuilt area than a built area, especially if the latter has listed buildings. At Alte Messe, there are some listed buildings. This is considered in the utilisation concept. After some difficulties at the start, a multitude of investments have been made. In 2022 a reporter wrote that the charm of musty-smelling, empty exhibition halls of the GDR has given way to

2457-525: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c.  1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period

2548-578: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish

2639-485: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers

2730-689: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to

2821-639: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as

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2912-527: The Augsburg merchant family Welser built a big house with shops at the Markt 8 (today's Barthels Hof ), the rival Fuggers had factories as well. In 1678–87, an exchange was built ( Alte Handelsbörse , Naschmarkt , destroyed in 1943, rebuilt). In the 18th century, Leipzig became the centre for trade with Russian, Polish and English goods. It was called 'the marketplace of all Europe'. The importance of

3003-537: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share

3094-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language

3185-522: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout

3276-746: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in

3367-571: The Iron Curtain . Since 1996, the fair has taken place on the Leipzig fairgrounds, located about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the city centre. The history of the Leipzig fairs goes back to the Middle Ages . A fair held at Leipzig is first mentioned in 1165. Otto the Rich , Margrave of Meissen presented the Leipzig fairs under protection. No other fair was allowed within a circle of

3458-570: The Leipzig Hbf–Leipzig-Connewitz railway line, in the south by Richard-Lehmann-Straße and in the west by Zwickauer Straße. The old site belongs to the district Zentrum-Südost (Centre-Southeast). The adjacent boroughs are Reudnitz-Thonberg, Stötteritz, Marienbrunn and Südvorstadt . A straight line between the 114.7 m (376 ft) tall tower of the New Town Hall of Leipzig and the 91 m (299 ft) tall Monument to

3549-779: The Monument to the Battle of the Nations . It included 19 pavilions in 1940. Today this site is called Alte Messe Leipzig . In 1937, Leipzig was renamed Reichsmessestadt Leipzig (Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig) by the Nazis. Between the wars, the Ring-Messehaus and the Messehaus Bugra were built. During World War II , the area of the technical fair was used for military production and partly destroyed by bombs. In 1946,

3640-666: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c.  765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in

3731-676: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung

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3822-550: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit.   ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this

3913-513: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and   Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German

4004-469: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from

4095-516: The 1920s led to an enormous extension by the erection of further exhibition halls on the site. In 1928, there were 17 exhibition halls and several smaller structures with a total of 130,000 m (1,400,000 sq ft) of exhibition space. In 1930, the International Fur Trade Exhibition (Internationale Pelzfach-Ausstellung) brought another heyday. During World War II, the arms industry occupied several halls in

4186-514: The Battle of the Nations – the so-called axis of the 18 October – goes through the old site. The axis is marked by the Street of 18 October ( Straße des 18. Oktober ) which is crossed at the old site orthogonally by a street named Alte Messe . Coming from today's point of intersection of both these streets, the old site was developed from 1913. In 1913 an International Architecture Exhibition ( Internationale Bauausstellung ), opened in Leipzig in

4277-723: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In

4368-748: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of

4459-620: The GDR and Westerners believed to be the key to Western governments re-evaluating East Germany's international status as a mere occupation zone the Soviets were yet to leave. British delegations, often from the UK Labour Party and associated groups, were frequent during the late 1950s and early 1960s and included a variety of prominent politicians, including Anthony Greenwood , Ian Mikardo , and Clement Davies : many of those who attended would go on to campaign for official recognition of

4550-591: The German Democratic Republic until the early 1970s. The fair also played an important role in international politics during the crisis over the erection of the Berlin Wall . In August 1961, Willy Brandt (then Mayor of Berlin) called for an international boycott of the fair and a host of other East German functions in response to the Wall going up, which illustrates how the Leipzig Trade Fair

4641-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of

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4732-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c.  1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of

4823-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by

4914-547: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are

5005-644: The Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German

5096-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c.  thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c.  1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy

5187-419: The Technical Trade Fair on the site of Alte Messe when the Leipzig Trade Fair grew to become a World Trade Fair. In the strategy document 2020 of the municipality of Leipzig, it is explained that the portico of the former exhibition hall 12 and the entirety of the former exhibition hall 16 have to be conserved in any circumstance; whereas the fates of other buildings are to be decided from case to case. Also,

5278-411: The Western states, as it facilitated delegations from numerous major NATO powers, including the United States and United Kingdom . The Leipzig Trade Fair, during the period 1949 to 1989, served both propagandistic and economic functions in its attempts to organise visits from Western nations. Trade was instrumental to the SED 's plans for East German recognition, with increased trade relations between

5369-421: The center of Leipzig . They normally contained several interconnected courtyards with shops, storage areas, and living space ( Mädlerpassage , Petershof, Handelshof, Specks Hof , Drei Könige etc.) Leipzig became the main German fair for books and consumer goods. The fair's MM symbol was designed by Erich Gruner in 1917. In 1920 the technical fairground was opened in the southeast of the town, between Reudnitz and

5460-412: The club can host up to 2000 guests. In the summer months at the southern part of the site there is a drive-in theater . At Alte Messe, in a 1996 building, is one of the nine head offices of the German Central Bank . This building (Architects: Hans Kollhoff and Helga Timmermann from Berlin ) was in 1999 awarded the Architekturpreis der Stadt Leipzig (Architecture Award of the City of Leipzig). On

5551-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with

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5642-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in

5733-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of

5824-412: The fair, which drew merchants from across Europe, was the impetus for the construction of one of Europe's most significant Moorish Revival buildings, the 1855 Leipzig synagogue by architect Otto Simonson . In 1895, the first commercial sample fair was held in Leipzig, dominated by exhibitors presenting samples of their goods. Between 1893 and 1938 a number of fair-houses (Messe-Häuser) were built in

5915-413: The first postwar fair ('Peace fair') took place. When the GDR joined the RGW ( Comecon ) in 1950, the fair was used to present the production of East Germany's Warsaw Pact neighbours - not only to each other, but also to nations of the capitalist West. The technical fairground was rebuilt and contained more than 20 pavilions. The fair played an important role in Cold War diplomacy between East Germany and

6006-506: The form of aircraft production and maintenance. In the allied air raid of 4 December 1943 , halls 4 and 14 respectively were completely and partly destroyed. The first Trade Fair after the war was held in four halls in 1946. In the following years, several extensions, rebuildings and new constructions were carried out, among them in 1950 the conversion of the former Achilleion into the Soviet Pavilion, exhibition hall 7 (1977), exhibition hall 22 (1989–1992) and an administration building at

6097-484: The hall in its dimensions of 1928. Thus this cultural heritage monument was secured. Its inauguration was on 4 April 2019. Since 1996 the Alte Messe has been transformed for science, business, trade and enterprises according to a general plan decided by the city council in 1993. The development is driven by Leipziger Entwicklungs- und Vermarktungsgesellschaft (LEVG). Firstly, for preparation all temporary arrangements were removed and several demolished. The fence around

6188-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,

6279-417: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of

6370-405: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Alte Messe Leipzig The old site is about three kilometres (two miles) from the city centre in the southeast. It is bordered in the north by Deutscher Platz and Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße, in the east by Prager Straße and

6461-440: The most important fairs are the Leipziger Buchmesse , PaintExpo and the Auto Mobil International . The new Leipzig Trade Fair was built between 1995 and April 1996. The new fairground consists of six halls: five exhibition halls, which have a size of 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft), and the world's largest levitated glass hall, designed by Ian Ritchie Architects . The fairground has about 14,000 parking spaces and

6552-507: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted

6643-463: The neighboring dioceses of Magdeburg , Halberstadt , Meissen , Merseburg and Naumburg . In 1507 Maximilian I banned any fairs within a 15-mile radius around Leipzig, which further increased the marketplace importance. The privilege also confirmed the staple right and extended the protection for the merchants on their way to the Leipzig fairs. Towns like Halle , Naumburg , Erfurt , and Magdeburg were now disadvantaged as marketplaces. In 1523,

6734-653: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from

6825-415: The north gate. There also arose a lot of smaller buildings and temporary arrangements. From 1991 until 1996 some specialised fairs were undertaken, before the newly built exhibition halls in the north of Leipzig went into service in 1996. Some of the exhibition halls on the site are listed as cultural heritage monuments, in whole or in part. The listed buildings originated from the beginning (1920–1928) of

6916-644: The presence of the last King of Saxony . For this, a new exhibition site was created behind the Thonberg manor on what had been farmland. This exhibition was followed in 1914 by an International Exhibition for Book Manufacturing and Art Work (Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik, or Bugra) with 2.3 million visitors. In 1920, in three of the exhibition halls was held the Technical Trade and Construction Fair, which had taken place elsewhere in Leipzig from 1918. The economic development of

7007-429: The preservation of exhibition hall 15, a milestone in the history of construction, could be secured by the buyer of the hall, a bicycle retailer. After severe war destruction, only 60 per cent of the hall could be restructured until 1951, and in the interior metal pillars and a gallery could be built. After a long vacancy the bicycle trader Stadtler purchased hall 15 in 2015. Reconstruction began in 2018 and re-established

7098-525: The privilege for a third fair in Leipzig, the New Year's Fair. German emperor Frederick III confirmed this fair in 1466 and 1469 by imperial privileges. That made the Leipzig merchant bourgeoisie grewing up. In 1497, Maximilian I (from 1508 Emperor) confirmed all three Leipzig fairs (New Year, Jubilate, Michaelis) again and provided his seigneurial protection, including a ban of establishing more fairs in

7189-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation

7280-470: The significant growing biotechnological business c-LEcta saved its place in the new BioSquare whose construction started in 2022. Over the years, some facilities for football , ice hockey and beach volleyball were built, some of them in combination with gastronomic businesses. Exhibition hall 7 with 8700 m (93,646 sq ft) is used for football and offers ten playing fields. Exhibition hall 6 , now dismantled, housed an ice stadium. It

7371-477: The site was removed. A new street and tramway track named Zwickauer Straße was built through the area. Furthermore, the other streets on the site got names: Alte Messe, Perlick-, Pusch-, Otto- and Landsteinerstraße. The single plots and buildings have been offered for sale. Also the surroundings of the former site have been partially developed, especially the huge double domed hall of the former central market. (Vernacular name: Kohlrabi circus ) The major challenge

7462-546: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,

7553-500: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in

7644-555: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during

7735-600: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching

7826-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of

7917-547: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially

8008-492: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which

8099-516: Was of great importance to the Cold War struggles over the legitimacy and recognition of the East German state. In 1996, a new trade fair ground was opened. The Congress Center Leipzig was also opened, built after designs by Gerkan, Marg and Partners . The old trade fair ground is used for shops, events, supermarkets, and figure skating events, although many areas are empty and unused. Today,

8190-584: Was opened, some tenants of the last one moved into the new building. Alongside Bio City is also housed Inspirata, a collection of interactive mathematical and natural scientific exhibits. The building of the Bio City Leipzig (Architects: Spengler . Wiescholek from Hamburg ) was in 2003 awarded the Architekturpreis der Stadt Leipzig (Architecture Award of the City of Leipzig). In October 2021,

8281-446: Was the home of the club Icefighters Leipzig and was big enough for 2000 guests. In the summertime, there is also an urban beach with playing fields for beach volleyball. In 2006, the former exhibition hall 16 , the only surviving hall of 1913 at Alte Messe (then called "hall of concrete"), was converted into a dance club named Volkspalast (People's Palace), since 2012 Eventpalast . Under its dome, 32 m (105 ft) in diameter,

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