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45-496: A relationship between Lemnian, Raetic and Etruscan , as a Tyrsenian language family , has been proposed by German linguist Helmut Rix due to close connections in vocabulary and grammar. For example, Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone , Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, or Rex E. Wallace . Common features between Etruscan, Raetic , and Lemnian have been observed in morphology , phonology , and syntax . On

90-534: A first-hand witness to Persian tactics, which was useful knowledge considering the Persians were bent on destroying the city. Thus, Miltiades escaped punishment and was allowed to rejoin his old countrymen. It was by Miltiades's advice that the Persian heralds who came to Athens to demand earth and water as tokens of submission were put to death. Miltiades is often credited with devising the tactics that defeated

135-701: A migration from Lemnos to Etruria or to the Alps where Raetic was spoken. The indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis , were the Sintians , a Thracian population. A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age Latins , and that the Etruscan language, and therefore

180-594: A retaliatory Persian invasion. Upon his return to Athens, Miltiades would have returned to a city much changed. Athens was no longer a Tyranny, as the Athenians had overthrown the Peisistratids 15 years previously, Since then Athens had established democracy as the new form of governance. Thus, Miltiades initially faced a hostile reception for his tyrannical rule in the Thracian Chersonese and

225-514: Is a high probability that here king/tyrant of Athens Hippias was mentioned. Tyrand Hippias died in Lemnos in 490 BC. Transcription: Another Lemnian inscription was found during excavations at Hephaistia on the island of Lemnos in 2009. The inscription consists of 26 letters arranged in two lines of boustrophedonic script. Transcription: Rhaetic language Rhaetic or Raetic ( / ˈ r iː t ɪ k / ), also known as Rhaetian ,

270-776: Is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and hellenized it. The stele bears a low-relief bust of a male soldier and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western (" Chalcidian ") Greek alphabet . The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs in Etruscan's own translation started to yield fruit. The inscription consists of 198 characters forming 33 to 40 words, word separation sometimes indicated with one to three dots. The text on

315-437: Is not to be confused with the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance . The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan , was a member of a language family he called Tyrrhenian , and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages. Robert S. P. Beekes likewise does not consider it Indo-European. Howard Hayes Scullard (1967), on

360-588: Is the lack of Persian cavalry. The theory is that the Persian cavalry left Marathon for an unspecified reason, and that the Greeks moved to take advantage of this by attacking. This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus's account of the battle, and an entry in the Suda dictionary. The entry χωρὶς ἱππεῖς ("without cavalry") is explained thus: The cavalry left. When Datis surrendered and

405-739: The Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age , when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily , Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples. After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support

450-623: The Fritzens-Sanzeno and Magrè cultures . It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in

495-753: The Peloponnese ), as well as the island of Euboea , and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy. The alphabet used for Lemnian inscriptions is similar to an archaic variant used to write the Etruscan language in southern Etruria. The stele, also known as the stele of Kaminia, was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens . The 6th century date

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540-524: The Scythians , and was left with other Greek officers to guard a bridge across the Danube , which Darius had used to cross into Scythia . Miltiades later claimed that he had tried to convince the other officers to destroy the bridge and leave Darius and his forces to die, but the others were afraid, and Darius was able to recross, though some historians are skeptical of this claim. When the king heard of

585-577: The Lemnian language appears to have had a four-vowel system, consisting of "i", "e", "a" and "o". Other languages in the neighbourhood of the Lemnian area, namely Hittite and Akkadian , had similar four-vowel systems, suggesting early areal influence . The Lemnian inscriptions are in Western Greek alphabet , also called the "red alphabet". The red type is found in most parts of central and northern mainland Greece ( Thessaly , Boeotia and most of

630-485: The Persians at the Battle of Marathon . Miltiades was elected to serve as one of the ten generals ( strategoi ) for 490 BC. In addition to the ten generals, there was one 'war-ruler' ( polemarch ), Callimachus , who had to decide—with the ten generals evenly split, five to five—whether to attack the Persians who had landed at Marathon under the command of Datis , or wait to fight them closer to Athens. Miltiades, as

675-521: The Persians, who then tried to sail around the Cape Sounion and attack Attica from the west. Miltiades got his men to quickly march to the western side of Attica overnight and block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, to prevent the Persians moving inland. Datis fled at the sight of the soldiers who had just defeated him the previous evening. One theory for the Greek success in the battle

720-472: The Persians. The expedition was not a success. His true motivations were to attack Paros , feeling he had been slighted by them in the past. The fleet attacked the island, which had been conquered by the Persians, but failed to take it. Miltiades suffered a grievous leg wound during the campaign and became incapacitated. His failure prompted an outcry on his return to Athens , enabling his political rivals to exploit his fall from grace. Charged with treason , he

765-520: The Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture , in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age Laugen-Melaun culture . The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti. Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to

810-519: The Venetic goddess Reitia has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as Raet- is found in inscriptions, while Rhaet- was used in Roman manuscripts; it is unclear whether this Rh represents an accurate transcription of an aspirated R in Rhaetic, or is merely an error. Our understanding of Rhaetic phonology is quite uncertain, and

855-565: The centre. He ordered the two tribes in the centre, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides , to be arrayed to a depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes, on their flanks, were arrayed in eight ranks. Miltiades also had his men march to the end of the Persian archer range, called the "beaten zone", then break out in a run straight at the Persian army. These tactics were successful in defeating

900-628: The city leaders, Miltiades the Younger rose through the ranks of Athens to become eponymous archon under the rule of the Peisistratid tyrant Hippias in 524/23 BC. Miltiades the Elder was childless, so when he died around 520 BC, his nephew, Miltiades the Younger's brother, Stesagoras, inherited the tyranny of the Chersonese. Four years later (516 BC), Stesagoras met his death by an axe to

945-573: The contrary, suggested it to be an Indo-European language , with links to Illyrian and Celtic . Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within the Tyrrhenian grouping. Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone , Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, and Rex E. Wallace . Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology , phonology , and syntax . On

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990-544: The course of the Neolithic Revolution ". The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula". Like Etruscan,

1035-497: The ending -r(a) is attested. Two verbal suffixes have been identified, both known from Etruscan: Miltiades the Younger Miltiades ( / m ɪ l ˈ t aɪ ə ˌ d iː z / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Μιλτιάδης Κίμωνος ; c. 550 – 489 BC), also known as Miltiades the Younger , was a Greek Athenian statesman known mostly for his role in the Battle of Marathon , as well as for his downfall afterwards. He

1080-427: The engagement." Miltiades also convinced the other generals of the necessity of not using the customary tactics of using hoplites arrayed in an evenly distributed phalanx armed with shields and spears , tactics otherwise not deviated from for 100 years, until the time of Epaminondas . Miltiades feared the cavalry of the Persians attacking the flanks , and asked for more hoplites to be stationed there than in

1125-465: The front consists of three parts, two written vertically (1; 6-7) and one horizontally (2-5). Comprehensible is the phrase sivai avis šialχvis ('lived forty' years, B.3), reminiscent of Etruscan maχs śealχis-c ('and forty-five years'), seeming to refer to the person to whom this funerary monument was dedicated, holaiesi φokiašiale ('to Holaie Phokiaš' B.1), who appeared to have been an official called maras at some point marasm avis aomai ('and

1170-451: The general with the most experience in fighting the Persians to that point, was firm in insisting that the Persians be fought immediately, as a siege of Athens would lead to its destruction. He convinced Callimachus to use his decisive vote in favor of a swift attack. He is quoted as saying "I believe that, provided the Gods will give fair play and no favor, we are able to get the best of it in

1215-407: The head, so the tyrant Hippias sent Miltiades the Younger to claim his brother's lands. Stesagoras's reign had been tumultuous, full of revolts often led by the native Dolonci, who after the death of Miltiades the Elder were no longer inclined to serve under Greek rule. Wishing to achieve stronger control over his lands than his brother had, Miltiades feigned mourning for his brother's death. When

1260-599: The last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC . Carlo De Simone and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the Bronze Age . This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences. * The language is documented in Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to

1305-533: The men of rank from the Chersonese came to console him, he imprisoned them. He then ensured his power by employing 500 troops. He also made an alliance with King Olorus of Thrace by marrying his daughter, Hegesipyle. In around 513 BC, Darius I , the king of Persia, led a large army into the area, forcing the Thracian Chersonese into submission and making Miltiades a vassal of Persian rule. Miltiades joined Darius's northern expedition against

1350-474: The oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the grammatical voices of past tenses or in the endings of male gentilicia . Around 600 BC, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data,

1395-439: The other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Raetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe. According to Dutch historian Luuk De Ligt, the Lemnian language could have arrived in

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1440-561: The other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe. In 2004 L. Bouke van der Meer proposed that Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, and no later than 700 BC, since divergences are already present in

1485-576: The other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages, as already argued by German geneticist Johannes Krause who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as Basque , Paleo-Sardinian and Minoan ) "developed on the continent in

1530-560: The planned sabotage, Miltiades's rule became a perilous affair and he had to flee around 511/510 BC. Miltiades joined the Ionian Revolt of 499 BC against Persian rule, returning to the Chersonese around 496 BC. He established friendly relations with Athens by capturing the islands of Lemnos and Imbros and ceding them to Athens, which had ancient claims to these lands. The Ionian Revolt collapsed in 494 BC, and in 493 BC Miltiades and his family fled to Athens in five ships to escape

1575-649: The region by that time. In his Natural History (1st century AD), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples: ... adjoining these (the Noricans ) are the Rhaeti and Vindelici . All are divided into several states. The Rhaeti are believed to be people of Etruscan race driven out by the Gauls ; their leader was named Rhaetus. Pliny's comment on a leader named Rhaetus is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of

1620-559: The working hypothesis is that it's very similar to Etruscan phonology . It appears that Rhaetic, like Etruscan, had a four-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /e/, /u/. Unlike Etruscan, Rhaetic does not seem to have the distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Consonant phonemes attested in Rhaetic include a dental (or palatal) affricate /ts/, dental sibilant /s/, palatal sibilant /ʃ/, nasals /n/, /m/ and liquids /r/, /l/. The following cases are attested in Rhaetic: For plural,

1665-521: Was a Tyrsenian language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th up until the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and western Austria, in two variants of the Old Italic scripts . Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan . The ancient Rhaetic language

1710-530: Was a major Athenian figure of the 470s and 460s BC. His daughter Elpinice is remembered for her confrontations with Pericles , as recorded by Plutarch. Around 555 BC, Miltiades the Elder left Athens to establish a colony on the Thracian Chersonese (now the Gallipoli Peninsula ), setting himself up as a semi-autonomous tyrant under the protection of Athens. Meanwhile, despite alleged rumors that abounded that his father had been murdered by

1755-581: Was a maras one year'B3), compare Etruscan -m "and" (postposition), and maru . Oddly, this text also contains a word naφoθ that seems to be connected to Etruscan nefts "nephew/uncle"; but this is a fairly clear borrowing from Latin nepot-, suggesting that the speakers of this language migrated at some point from the Italic peninsula (or independently borrowed this Indo-European word from somewhere else). G.Kleinschmidt in 1893 proposed such translation of expression haralio eptesio - king έπιτιδημι. It

1800-516: Was known as "Coalemos", meaning "simpleton", because he had a reputation for being rough around the edges, but whose three successive chariot-racing victories at the Olympics made him popular, so popular in fact that, Herodotus claims, the sons of Peisistratos murdered him out of jealousy. Miltiades was named after his father's maternal half-brother, Miltiades the Elder , who was also a victor at Olympic chariot-racing . Miltiades's son Cimon

1845-471: Was put on trial. His trial was further complicated by the politics of his aristocratic rivals (he came from the Philaid clan, traditional rivals of the powerful Alcmaeonidae ) and the general Athenian mistrust of a man accustomed to unfettered authority. However, Miltiades successfully presented himself as a defender of Greek freedoms against Persian despotism . He also promoted the fact that he had been

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1890-548: Was ready for retreat, the Ionians climbed the trees and gave the Athenians the signal that the cavalry had left. And when Miltiades realized that, he attacked and thus won. From there comes the above-mentioned quote, which is used when someone breaks ranks before battle. The following year (489 BC), Miltiades led an Athenian expedition of seventy ships against the Greek-inhabited islands that were deemed to have supported

1935-528: Was said to have been made from marble provided by Datis for a memorial to the Persians' expected victory. Aeschines writes that although Miltiades wanted his name to be written in the Stoa Poikile , the Athenians refused. Instead of writing his name they had him painted in the front rank, urging the soldiers. This Painting was then placed in the Stoa as one of four paintings depicting great battles, such

1980-486: Was sentenced to death, but the sentence was converted to a fine of fifty talents . He was sent to prison where he died, probably of gangrene from his wound. The debt was paid by his son Cimon . Pheidias later erected in Miltiades's honour, in the temple of the goddess at Rhamnus , a statue of Nemesis , the deity whose job it was to bring sudden ill fortune to those who had experienced an excess of good. The statue

2025-593: Was the son of Cimon Coalemos , a renowned Olympic chariot-racer , and the father of Cimon , the noted Athenian statesman. Miltiades was a well-born Athenian, and was accounted a member of the Aeacidae , as well as a member of the prominent Philaid clan. He came of age during the tyranny of the Peisistratids . His family was prominent, due in good part to their success with Olympic chariot-racing . Plutarch claimed that Cimon , Miltiades's father,

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