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60-553: (Redirected from Lemurians ) [REDACTED] Look up lemurian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lemurian or Lemurians or variation , may refer to: Lemurian Fellowship , a religious movement Lemurian (album) , an album by the artist Lone Inhabitants of Lemuria (continent) , a hypothetical "lost land" variously located in the Indian and Pacific Oceans Lemurians,

120-721: A hypothesis . If a new theory better explains and predicts a phenomenon than an old theory (i.e., it has more explanatory power ), we are justified in believing that the newer theory describes reality more correctly. This is called an intertheoretic reduction because the terms of the old theory can be reduced to the terms of the new one. For instance, our historical understanding about sound , light and heat have been reduced to wave compressions and rarefactions , electromagnetic waves , and molecular kinetic energy , respectively. These terms, which are identified with each other, are called intertheoretic identities. When an old and new theory are parallel in this way, we can conclude that

180-518: A knowledge transfer where there is a task of translating research knowledge to be application in practice, and ensuring that practitioners are made aware of it. Academics have been criticized for not attempting to transfer the knowledge they produce to practitioners. Another framing supposes that theory and knowledge seek to understand different problems and model the world in different words (using different ontologies and epistemologies ). Another framing says that research does not produce theory that

240-419: A first step toward being tested or applied in a concrete situation; theorems are said to be true in the sense that the conclusions of a theorem are logical consequences of the axioms. Theories are abstract and conceptual, and are supported or challenged by observations in the world. They are ' rigorously tentative', meaning that they are proposed as true and expected to satisfy careful examination to account for

300-413: A foundation to gain further scientific knowledge, as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing diseases. The United States National Academy of Sciences defines scientific theories as follows: The formal scientific definition of "theory" is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by

360-435: A given subject matter. There are theories in many and varied fields of study, including the arts and sciences. A formal theory is syntactic in nature and is only meaningful when given a semantic component by applying it to some content (e.g., facts and relationships of the actual historical world as it is unfolding). Theories in various fields of study are often expressed in natural language , but can be constructed in such

420-585: A hypothetical human root race Lemurians, a fictional race of giant lemur relatives from Taylor Anderson's Destroyermen series of books Lemurians, a fictional alien species of humanoid lizards from the Risk of Rain game series. See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "lemurian" on Misplaced Pages. Lemuria (disambiguation) Lemur (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Lemurian All pages with titles containing Lemurian Topics referred to by

480-447: A recursively enumerable set) in which the concept of natural numbers can be expressed, can include all true statements about them. As a result, some domains of knowledge cannot be formalized, accurately and completely, as mathematical theories. (Here, formalizing accurately and completely means that all true propositions—and only true propositions—are derivable within the mathematical system.) This limitation, however, in no way precludes

540-437: A single textbook. In mathematical logic , a theory has a related but different sense: it is the collection of the theorems that can be deduced from a given set of axioms , given a given set of inference rules . A theory can be either descriptive as in science, or prescriptive ( normative ) as in philosophy. The latter are those whose subject matter consists not of empirical data, but rather of ideas . At least some of

600-552: A small set of basic postulates (usually symmetries, like equality of locations in space or in time, or identity of electrons, etc.)—which is capable of producing experimental predictions for a given category of physical systems. One good example is classical electromagnetism , which encompasses results derived from gauge symmetry (sometimes called gauge invariance) in a form of a few equations called Maxwell's equations . The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed "laws of electromagnetism", reflecting

660-481: A technical term in philosophy in Ancient Greek . As an everyday word, theoria , θεωρία , meant "looking at, viewing, beholding", but in more technical contexts it came to refer to contemplative or speculative understandings of natural things , such as those of natural philosophers , as opposed to more practical ways of knowing things, like that of skilled orators or artisans. English-speakers have used

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720-403: A theory of heat as energy replaced it. Also, the theory that phlogiston is a substance released from burning and rusting material was eliminated with the new understanding of the reactivity of oxygen. Theories are distinct from theorems . A theorem is derived deductively from axioms (basic assumptions) according to a formal system of rules, sometimes as an end in itself and sometimes as

780-404: A theory's content is based on some formal system of logic and on basic axioms . In a deductive theory, any sentence which is a logical consequence of one or more of the axioms is also a sentence of that theory. This is called the received view of theories . In the semantic view of theories , which has largely replaced the received view, theories are viewed as scientific models . A model

840-548: A vast body of evidence. Many scientific theories are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them substantially. For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales (the theory of plate tectonics) ... One of

900-419: A way that their general form is identical to a theory as it is expressed in the formal language of mathematical logic . Theories may be expressed mathematically, symbolically, or in common language, but are generally expected to follow principles of rational thought or logic . Theory is constructed of a set of sentences that are thought to be true statements about the subject under consideration. However,

960-421: Is a logical framework intended to represent reality (a "model of reality"), similar to the way that a map is a graphical model that represents the territory of a city or country. In this approach, theories are a specific category of models that fulfill the necessary criteria. (See Theories as models for further discussion.) In physics the term theory is generally used for a mathematical framework—derived from

1020-526: Is a statement that can be derived from those axioms by application of these rules of inference. Theories used in applications are abstractions of observed phenomena and the resulting theorems provide solutions to real-world problems. Obvious examples include arithmetic (abstracting concepts of number), geometry (concepts of space), and probability (concepts of randomness and likelihood). Gödel's incompleteness theorem shows that no consistent, recursively enumerable theory (that is, one whose theorems form

1080-493: Is commonly referred to as the Golden Rule . Precipitation is used for bringing desired and important things into one's life. The law of compensation influences economic security and is said to have a spiritual foundation. An example of following the law of transmutation would be finding the good in a situation by changing one's viewpoint. Other topics covered are health, marriage and family relationships, helping others,

1140-487: Is considered to hold not only for the development of individuals, but for groups of individuals and nations as well. For example, one of the principles said to have guided the Mukulian government was: No organized society can hope to prosper permanently except as each member thereof prospers, and no individual member can hope to prosper permanently except as the group or society as a whole prospers. Training of students in

1200-553: Is described as a gradual process, requiring many incarnations to gain the knowledge and wisdom needed. Egos are meant to move toward perfection , and toward God. From the Fellowship's perspective, all religions are considered to have their value , and the Lemurian teachings do not seek to change what is good in any religion, or to proselytize. Rather, teachings and training are offered to people who are interested in

1260-487: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lemurian Fellowship The Lemurian Fellowship was founded in Chicago in 1936 by Robert D. Stelle, a teacher, author, and physician, and Howard Zitko, his associate. After moving briefly to Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and then Chula Vista , California, the Fellowship relocated near Ramona, California, to get away from

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1320-419: Is often associated with such processes as observational study or research. Theories may be scientific , belong to a non-scientific discipline, or no discipline at all. Depending on the context, a theory's assertions might, for example, include generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek , but in modern use it has taken on several related meanings. In modern science,

1380-490: Is relevant to practice. In the context of management, Van de Van and Johnson propose a form of engaged scholarship where scholars examine problems that occur in practice, in an interdisciplinary fashion, producing results that create both new practical results as well as new theoretical models, but targeting theoretical results shared in an academic fashion. They use a metaphor of "arbitrage" of ideas between disciplines, distinguishing it from collaboration. In science,

1440-522: Is said to have formed the foundation of the so-called Mukulian civilization on the legendary continent of Mu (also known as Lemuria ) now covered by the Pacific Ocean. This lost continent is considered incompatible with the theory of plate tectonics , the standard theory describing movement of the Earth 's lithosphere accepted by most, but not all, Earth scientists . Nonetheless,

1500-421: Is to provide an opportunity for Order members to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Lemurian teachings while working together. The Fellowship is supported primarily by student tuition, tithes , gifts, and sales of crafts items. Theory A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon , or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational thinking

1560-709: Is under the theory. Sometimes two theories have exactly the same explanatory power because they make the same predictions. A pair of such theories is called indistinguishable or observationally equivalent , and the choice between them reduces to convenience or philosophical preference. The form of theories is studied formally in mathematical logic, especially in model theory . When theories are studied in mathematics, they are usually expressed in some formal language and their statements are closed under application of certain procedures called rules of inference . A special case of this, an axiomatic theory, consists of axioms (or axiom schemata) and rules of inference. A theorem

1620-581: The Greek language . In the book From Religion to Philosophy , Francis Cornford suggests that the Orphics used the word theoria to mean "passionate sympathetic contemplation". Pythagoras changed the word to mean "the passionless contemplation of rational, unchanging truth" of mathematical knowledge, because he considered this intellectual pursuit the way to reach the highest plane of existence. Pythagoras emphasized subduing emotions and bodily desires to help

1680-550: The mind , the twelve virtues, the Bible, transition (bodily death), and reincarnation (rebirth as humans). The training takes a learn -by-doing approach, and students answer a questionnaire after each lesson to determine their understanding and use of the concepts presented. If a student completes the 12 basic lessons satisfactorily, he or she may be offered what is called the Advanced Training. Upon completing

1740-752: The Advanced Training, qualified students may join the Lemurian Order. Order members take part in activities that further the goals of the Lemurian Philosophy and program. Order headquarters is located on a 200-acre property called "The Gateway," also near Ramona, California, but separate from Fellowship headquarters. Some Order members live at or near Gateway. However, Order members are not required to relocate there, but can participate in Order activities to whatever extent they can, from wherever they live. One ongoing group activity of

1800-477: The Lemurian Philosophy is through a correspondence course, either through regular mail or online . The basic instruction consists of 12 lessons, each being sent to a student based on successful completion of the one prior. Lessons cover topics such as the laws of action and reaction, precipitation, compensation, and transmutation. The law of action and reaction includes Isaac Newton 's definition of it, accepted by most, but not all, physicists, but also what

1860-602: The Lemurian Philosophy points to various megalithic structures and other features on various Pacific Islands , and in South America and Asia, as indications that the continent and an advanced civilization did at one time exist. The Fellowship teaches that, as a result of following universal law as individuals and as a nation, a peaceful and prosperous civilization was built on Mu, reaching great heights culturally and materially. However, corrupting, destructive elements eventually began to grow and significantly impact

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1920-648: The Order is the Lemurian Crafts, where hand-made products have been designed and fashioned ranging from wooden beakers, to lamps, to door and cabinet hardware, to violins and music stands . Emphasis is on making useful and beautiful products. One item, a wooden beaker, is part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. A key function of the Crafts endeavor

1980-483: The Philosophy and are willing to work with their problems. Students are neither expected nor required to abandon any religion they may be following or beliefs they may hold. Within the broader context of the Philosophy's beliefs regarding the purpose of human life, and the organization and operation of the universe , the Fellowship describes the principles it teaches to its students as practical in nature, with

2040-564: The aims are different. Theoretical contemplation considers things humans do not move or change, such as nature , so it has no human aim apart from itself and the knowledge it helps create. On the other hand, praxis involves thinking, but always with an aim to desired actions, whereby humans cause change or movement themselves for their own ends. Any human movement that involves no conscious choice and thinking could not be an example of praxis or doing. Theories are analytical tools for understanding , explaining , and making predictions about

2100-414: The axioms of that field. Some commonly known examples include set theory and number theory ; however literary theory , critical theory , and music theory are also of the same form. One form of philosophical theory is a metatheory or meta-theory . A metatheory is a theory whose subject matter is some other theory or set of theories. In other words, it is a theory about theories. Statements made in

2160-436: The construction of mathematical theories that formalize large bodies of scientific knowledge. A theory is underdetermined (also called indeterminacy of data to theory ) if a rival, inconsistent theory is at least as consistent with the evidence. Underdetermination is an epistemological issue about the relation of evidence to conclusions. A theory that lacks supporting evidence is generally, more properly, referred to as

2220-451: The discipline of medicine: medical theory involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked. The English word theory derives from

2280-562: The doctrines of reincarnation and karma as well as Christ's precepts in the gospels of the Christian Bible. The spirit, or real identity of an individual is referred to as the Ego. The inherent potential of Egos is considered vast and through discovering the universal laws that govern existence , and then learning to cooperate with and use them, one can eventually master human life and so control one's environment and destiny. This

2340-400: The elementary theorems of a philosophical theory are statements whose truth cannot necessarily be scientifically tested through empirical observation . A field of study is sometimes named a "theory" because its basis is some initial set of assumptions describing the field's approach to the subject. These assumptions are the elementary theorems of the particular theory, and can be thought of as

2400-540: The emphasis on applying them to solve problems of everyday living. One principle is that of living balanced lives, and particularly to acquire balanced growth within oneself in three areas: spiritual, material or physical, and mental. To assist towards achieving balanced growth, students work to build their character through developing twelve primary virtues : precision, efficiency, forbearance, patience, discrimination, kindliness, tolerance, devotion, sincerity, courage, charity, humility. The importance of balance

2460-443: The intellect function at the higher plane of theory. Thus, it was Pythagoras who gave the word theory the specific meaning that led to the classical and modern concept of a distinction between theory (as uninvolved, neutral thinking) and practice. Aristotle's terminology, as already mentioned, contrasts theory with praxis or practice, and this contrast exists till today. For Aristotle, both practice and theory involve thinking, but

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2520-650: The level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them. Within electromagnetic theory generally, there are numerous hypotheses about how electromagnetism applies to specific situations. Many of these hypotheses are already considered adequately tested, with new ones always in the making and perhaps untested. Certain tests may be infeasible or technically difficult. As a result, theories may make predictions that have not been confirmed or proven incorrect. These predictions may be described informally as "theoretical". They can be tested later, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of

2580-446: The metatheory about the theory are called metatheorems . A political theory is an ethical theory about the law and government. Often the term "political theory" refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, thought about politics. In social science, jurisprudence is the philosophical theory of law. Contemporary philosophy of law addresses problems internal to law and legal systems, and problems of law as

2640-436: The most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word "theory" that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which in formal terms is better characterized by the word hypothesis ). Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures , and from scientific laws , which are descriptive accounts of

2700-622: The most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed. From the American Association for the Advancement of Science : A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of

2760-411: The new one describes the same reality, only more completely. When a new theory uses new terms that do not reduce to terms of an older theory, but rather replace them because they misrepresent reality, it is called an intertheoretic elimination. For instance, the obsolete scientific theory that put forward an understanding of heat transfer in terms of the movement of caloric fluid was eliminated when

2820-400: The possibility of faulty inference or incorrect observation. Sometimes theories are incorrect, meaning that an explicit set of observations contradicts some fundamental objection or application of the theory, but more often theories are corrected to conform to new observations, by restricting the class of phenomena the theory applies to or changing the assertions made. An example of the former is

2880-453: The pressures and distractions of the city, but also have the advantages of being near a major city, San Diego . The Fellowship is registered as a nonprofit, non-stock , religious corporation under California law, and is overseen administratively by a board of governors . According to the Fellowship, the Lemurian Philosophy was revealed to Stelle by highly advanced men and women, called Masters or Elder Brothers. The Philosophy

2940-517: The real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact. The term theory is not appropriate for describing scientific models or untested, but intricate hypotheses. The logical positivists thought of scientific theories as deductive theories —that

3000-432: The restriction of classical mechanics to phenomena involving macroscopic length scales and particle speeds much lower than the speed of light. Theory is often distinguished from practice or praxis. The question of whether theoretical models of work are relevant to work itself is of interest to scholars of professions such as medicine, engineering, law, and management. The gap between theory and practice has been framed as

3060-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lemurian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemurian&oldid=1185830747 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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3120-563: The society, with the result that the civilization declined and the continent itself eventually submerged. When sufficient numbers of people are again educated and trained to live by universal laws, such as those taught by Christ, it is believed that a new, advanced human society will be built. It is believed this will take many generations, but will recreate and then surpass what existed on the continent of Mu. The Lemurian Philosophy combines elements characteristic of eastern and western religious traditions. For example, teachings include

3180-448: The speaker did not experience or test before. In science, this same concept is referred to as a hypothesis , and the word "hypothetically" is used both inside and outside of science. In its usage outside of science, the word "theory" is very often contrasted to " practice " (from Greek praxis , πρᾶξις) a Greek term for doing , which is opposed to theory. A "classical example" of the distinction between "theoretical" and "practical" uses

3240-409: The term "theory" refers to scientific theories , a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature , made in a way consistent with the scientific method , and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science . Such theories are described in such a way that scientific tests should be able to provide empirical support for it, or empirical contradiction (" falsify ") of it. Scientific theories are

3300-416: The term "theory" refers to "a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment." Theories must also meet further requirements, such as the ability to make falsifiable predictions with consistent accuracy across a broad area of scientific inquiry, and production of strong evidence in favor of

3360-497: The theory from multiple independent sources ( consilience ). The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain, which is measured by its ability to make falsifiable predictions with respect to those phenomena. Theories are improved (or replaced by better theories) as more evidence is gathered, so that accuracy in prediction improves over time; this increased accuracy corresponds to an increase in scientific knowledge. Scientists use theories as

3420-557: The theory. In mathematics, the term theory is used differently than its use in science ─ necessarily so, since mathematics contains no explanations of natural phenomena per se , even though it may help provide insight into natural systems or be inspired by them. In the general sense, a mathematical theory is a branch of mathematics devoted to some specific topics or methods, such as set theory , number theory , group theory , probability theory , game theory , control theory , perturbation theory , etc., such as might be appropriate for

3480-407: The truth of any one of these statements is always relative to the whole theory. Therefore, the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. This is, in ordinary language, where statements such as "He is a terrible person" cannot be judged as true or false without reference to some interpretation of who "He" is and for that matter what a "terrible person"

3540-446: The way nature behaves under certain conditions. Theories guide the enterprise of finding facts rather than of reaching goals, and are neutral concerning alternatives among values. A theory can be a body of knowledge , which may or may not be associated with particular explanatory models . To theorize is to develop this body of knowledge. The word theory or "in theory" is sometimes used outside of science to refer to something which

3600-469: The word theory since at least the late 16th century. Modern uses of the word theory derive from the original definition, but have taken on new shades of meaning, still based on the idea of a theory as a thoughtful and rational explanation of the general nature of things. Although it has more mundane meanings in Greek, the word θεωρία apparently developed special uses early in the recorded history of

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