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35-542: The Lenne Mountains lie in the Sauerland within the districts of Märkischer Kreis , Olpe and Hochsauerlandkreis . They are located north and northeast of the middle reaches of the Lenne between Hemer and Iserlohn to the northwest, Sundern to the north, Eslohe to the east, Finnentrop to the south, Plettenberg and Werdohl to the southwest and Altena to the west. The towns of Balve und Neuenrade lie within

70-669: A section of the B ;229 federal road and the B 236 passes along its southwestern perimeter in a northwest–southeast direction. The highest elevation is the Homert ( 656.1 m above NN ) roughly south of Meinkenbracht. Other hills are the Schomberg (648 m), Waldeshöhe (625.8 m), Baukloh (616.0 m), Reinscheid (573.0 m), Denstenberg (560.0 m), Kohlberg (513.7 m), Hommert (504.8 m) and Kleiner Hemberg (497.2 m). The largest river in

105-549: Is a major winter sport resort. The name Sauerland is first mentioned as Suderland in an official document from 1266. After 1400 the letter 'd' started to disappear. Therefore, Sauerland = southern country is the most convincing meaning, opposed to the theory that Sauer is from the German word sauer meaning sour (poor "sour" soil). Linguistically, "suder-“ is similar to the Old Saxon sûðar (southbound). Before 1800

140-558: Is a rural, hilly area spreading across most of the south-eastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia , in parts heavily forested and, apart from the major valleys, sparsely inhabited. The Sauerland is the largest tourist region in North Rhine-Westphalia, in particular for mountain biking and cycling, water sports and scenic recreation. The town and Skiliftkarussell of Winterberg in the Hochsauerlandkreis

175-805: Is part of the Rhine Massif ( Rheinisches Schiefergebirge ) including 'Bergisches Land', Westerwald , Siegerland , and, separated by the Rhine valley, the Eifel , Hohes Venn and Hunsrück . The Rheinisches Schiefergebirge was subjected to folding and faulting in the Variscan orogeny in Carboniferous times and eroded to a peneplain in the Permian . The tectonic uplift to the present-day low mountain range began approximately 500,000 years ago and

210-469: Is still going on. Most of the bedrock underneath the Sauerland originates from a Middle and Upper Devonian period, when it was under a marginal and shallow sea. This has meant that slates , sandstones and greywackes are the most abundant rock types in the Sauerland. In some areas limestones from an ancient reef fringe prevail and are karstified . The Sauerland has several caves, especially in

245-543: The Eurasian eagle-owl , the great grey shrike , the red-backed shrike and the whinchat . There have been reports of free-roaming wolves , which had been wiped out in Germany until a few specimens returned to the country in 2000. In 2007, Cyclone Kyrill caused severe damage to the coniferous forests. In addition, massive outbreaks of bark beetles have been killing up to 60 % by area of forest in some regions of

280-845: The Ruhr area industrialisation and the mining of its coal took place. Today there are only a few remains of this early heavy industry ; wire production is still important in Altena and a number of small factories still occupy the old industrial areas. Warsteiner is Germany's largest privately owned brewery. Sauerland has become a popular tourist area, attracting many visitors from the Ruhr Area and relatively close Netherlands. The forests and picturesque small towns are attractive for hikers and outdoor sports. There are more than 30,000 km (19,000 mi) of tagged hiking trails in Sauerland region maintained by Sauerland hiking association (SGV). Some of

315-617: The Soest Feud , that lasted until 1449. Soest had become a part of the Duchy of Cleves . Thereafter the town of Arnsberg became the administrative capital of Westphalia. Economically the loss of Soest had weakened the duchy. Especially as the surroundings of the town were very fertile and the grain was needed for the mountainous regions in the South. Peace with Marck was made in 1445 which witnessed territorial concessions from both sides. After

350-655: The Soest Feud , the city of Soest remained part of the Duchy of Cleves. Starting from 1463, the league of knights and cities in Westphalia began a long and bitter struggle against the archbishops. During the reign of Archbishop Herman V of Wied (1515–1546), the Reformation arrived in Westphalia. Eventually the Reformation was suppressed, but during the reign of Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg (1577–1583)

385-671: The prince-bishops of Münster beyond the Lippe river in the north and on the Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn in the northeast; both ecclesiastical principalities also had emerged from the former Duchy of Saxony, while the Landgraviate of Hesse , the counties of Nassau and Waldeck in the southeast were part of the former stem duchy of Franconia . The Rhenish Duchy of Berg and the Westphalian County of Mark in

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420-679: The Alps is the Atta Cave in Attendorn . The Sauerland can be reached by car or train. The drive either via the BAB 4 from Cologne or via the BAB 45 and BAB 46 from Dortmund , takes about one hour; from Kassel or Frankfurt - Rhine-Main (via the Sauerlandlinie ) the journey takes about two hours. The closest commercial airport is Dortmund Airport . In the region, railways were once

455-982: The Lenne Mountain region. The mountains forms the heart of the Homert Nature Park. The Lenne Mountains are the northeastern continuation of the Ebbe Mountains , from which it is separated by the deep valley of the Lenne. To the northeast, on the other side of the river Ruhr , is the Arnsberg Forest , to the east the Fredeburg Land , to the southeast the Saalhausen Hills and to the west the Märkisches Land. The uplands are crossed from southwest to northeast by

490-496: The Reformation returned and he was forced to attend to Westphalia in 1582 where several knights and cities had adopted the new doctrine. The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583–1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the duchy for the archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse . The Duchy of Westphalia

525-401: The Sauerland as well as, to a minor extent, the limestones are still exploited in numerous quarries. Some of these caves are now becoming modest attractions to tourists. Several areas of the Sauerland have the status of biological reserves. The biodiversity of the Sauerland is significant. It is the main habitat of many species within Germany, for example for the wisent , the black stork ,

560-403: The Sauerland. The largest town of the Sauerland is Iserlohn ; other larger towns are Lüdenscheid and Arnsberg . Meschede is the home of an abbey. Another abbey is placed at Bestwig . Parts of the Sauerland, especially the major valleys in the northwest, represent an old industrial region. The availability of iron ore and the abundance of wood and water allowed iron production long before

595-473: The archbishops extended their episcopal territory. Numerous monastery foundations, like Grafschaft Abbey in 1072 by Anno II of Cologne , stabilized the ecclesiastical rule. In the fierce Investiture Controversy , Archbishop Frederick I of Cologne in 1102 had occupied and seized half of the territory held by the Westphalian counts of Arnsberg , supporters of Emperor Henry IV . The other counties of

630-563: The archbishops managed to defeat a large confederation of Westphalian and Lower Rhenish opponents, but further action in 1288 forced the archbishops to abandon intentions on much of the greater territory of Westphalia. The purchase and annexation of Werl-Arnsberg in 1368 united the territories of the north and south of the Sauerland. Archbishop Frederick von Saarwerden began a hopeless campaign to maintain Colognian rights in Marck , and in 1392

665-657: The biggest reservoirs being the Möhne and Bigge . Although the highest elevation of the Sauerland is the Langenberg (843 m) near Olsberg , the much more renowned summit, which is well known for the nearby skiing facilities, its weather station and observation tower, is the slightly lower Kahler Asten (842 m) near Winterberg . Both Langenberg and Kahler Asten are peaks in the Rothaargebirge mountains. The Sauerland has six reservoir lakes. The Sauerland

700-516: The lands of the duchy by annexing the territory from Hellweg to Diemel , and secured the south of the Sauerland at Attendorn in 1222. Further controversy of its expansion eventually leads to Engelbert's death at the hands of Frederick I of Isenberg in 1225. In 1260 by an agreement with the Dukes of Brunswick the Weser River became the official border of their spheres of influence. In 1277

735-399: The most important means of transportation, but between 1950 and 1990 many smaller branch lines were closed and rail travel is now only present in the major valleys. The most important lines are: 51°15′00″N 8°00′00″E  /  51.2500°N 8.0000°E  / 51.2500; 8.0000 Duchy of Westphalia The Duchy of Westphalia ( German : Herzogtum Westfalen )

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770-426: The northern part, the biggest caves being in Attendorn and Balve . In some areas of the Sauerland the occurrence of lead - zinc - silver - ores lead to the development of a considerable mining industry, the center of which was the town of Meggen . Mining in this area lasted until the late second half of the 20th century, today there is no active mining in the Sauerland. The sandstones, greywackes and quartzites of

805-513: The region could not resist the encroachment of the mighty Archbishopric, and soon after the counties of Werl , Rüthen and Volmarstein (near Wetter ) followed. The former counts of Werl created a new county known as Werl-Arnsberg, and managed to keep their smaller and smaller territory independent of the Archbishops until they finally sold in 1368. After the rebellious Saxon duke Henry the Lion

840-581: The region is the Lenne itself, whose middle course grazes the hills to the south and southwest. The following rivers rise in hills: the Hönne , Röhr , Sorpe und Salwey . The Sorpesee is a lake in the northern part of the range, in the south is the Glingebach Dam and in the east the Esmecke Reservoir . Sauerland The Sauerland ( German: [ˈzaʊɐlant] )

875-590: The stark contrast to the rest of the adjoining Hessian landscape. To the west the hills continue into the Bergisches Land , to the south into the Siegerland , and to the north-east into the Teutoburg Forest . The major rivers of the Sauerland are the Ruhr and the Lenne . Several artificial lakes were created on the smaller rivers by building dams to store water for the nearby Ruhr area ,

910-520: The territory of the present-day districts of Olpe and Hochsauerland , as well as the adjacent areas of the Soest district and Märkischer Kreis ( Menden and Balve ), from 1507 also the exclave of Volkmarsen (a former property of the Imperial Abbey of Corvey ). The town of Soest was lost to the Duchy of Cleves-Mark after the Soest Feud in 1449. The duchy bordered on the territory of

945-617: The towns have the title Bad ( Spa ) because of their good air quality and stimulating climate. Winter sports are popular in the Sauerland. The bob sleigh track in Winterberg is widely known in Germany, as well as the ski jumping in Willingen . Sauerland also has a successful theme park called Fort Fun . Balve Cave is one of the biggest prehistorical caves of Europe and is situated in Balve . The largest accessible limestone cave outside

980-703: The towns of Werl , Erwitte and Geseke was part of an important trade route from Aachen to Goslar . Formerly part of the Saxon stem duchy along with Angria and Eastphalia , the Westphalian lands were Christianized by the Cologne archbishops at the behest of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne upon his conquests in the Saxon Wars . First parishes were established east of the Rhenish estates around Soest, where

1015-687: The west remained an obstacle to a land connection with the Cologne territory on the Lower Rhine river. The Westphalian duchy formed the largest part of the Cologne electorate. Apart from the fertile Hellweg Börde north of the Haar hill range, part of the Westphalian Lowland , the ducal lands primarily comprised mountainous and densely forested areas, with some significant metal deposits and brine springs. The Hellweg section connecting

1050-684: The western part of the Sauerland was part of the County of the Mark based in Altena ; the eastern part adhered to the County of Arnsberg , later became known as the Duchy of Westphalia and was owned by the Archbishops and Electorate of Cologne . The Duchy of Limburg covered a very small area in the lower Lenne river valley. After the Napoleonic Wars the area became part of Prussia and

1085-523: Was a historic territory in the Holy Roman Empire , which existed from 1102 to 1803. It was located in the greater region of Westphalia , originally one of the three main regions in the German stem duchy of Saxony and today part of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . The duchy was held by the archbishop-electors of Cologne until its secularization in 1803. The duchy roughly comprised

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1120-638: Was again confirmed as integral territory of the archbishopric in 1590. Like most other territories of Germany, Westphalia suffered during the Thirty Years' War . In 1794 the archbishops relocated to Westphalia after the French had annexed the territories west of the Rhine River . In the secularisation of 1803 the Duchy of Westphalia became part of Hesse-Darmstadt . In 1807 the Kingdom of Westphalia

1155-505: Was defeated in 1180, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa presented the Archbishop of Cologne, Philip of Heinsberg with these territories and the southwest of the former Duchy of Saxony as the 'Duchy of Westphalia'. Engelbert of Berg , archbishop of Cologne from 1220, began a campaign to force the nobility in Westphalia into submission and to extract from them the stewardship of the various scattered church lands. Engelbert managed to connect

1190-462: Was forced to abandon them. His successor, Dietrich II of Moers witnessed the last attempts by Cologne to gain rulership in Westphalia by attempting to break the powerful positions of Cleves and Marck . The financial burden placed upon the knights and cities of the Duchy of Westphalia led them into union in 1437. Cologne made peace with Cleves in 1441: this led Soest , the richest town of Westphalia, to refuse recognising Colognian supremacy in 1444 in

1225-483: Was integrated into the new province of Westphalia . After World War II , Westphalia was merged with the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia . Today, the Sauerland consists of the districts Märkischer Kreis , Olpe and Hochsauerland . The western part of the Hessian district Waldeck-Frankenberg is also attributed to the Sauerland because of its geomorphological , as well as its sociocultural similarity, and

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