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97-597: Leonberg is most famous for its picturesque market square, the centuries-old annual horse market , its past role as the seat of one of Württemberg's first parliaments , and the Pomeranzen Garden – Germany's only remaining terraced garden , which dates back to the late Renaissance . Leonberg lies on the east bank of the Glems River on the lower slopes of a prominent hill known locally as Engelberg (literally: "Angel Hill"). The Glems flows into Leonberg from

194-449: A parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate , making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a senate , synod or congress and is commonly used in countries that are current or former monarchies . Some contexts restrict the use of the word parliament to parliamentary systems , although it

291-582: A vocational college plus the Karl-Georg-Haldenwang-Schule for the disabled. Leonberg is also home to an Evangelical College for Care Workers. Leonberg's famous horse market takes place every year in February. The traditional fair is staged in the old town centring on the old market square. The first horse market was arranged with the permission of Duke Frederick Charles on 15 February 1684. A ceremonial procession marches through

388-587: A brief period, England became a commonwealth , with Oliver Cromwell the de facto ruler, with the title of Lord Protector . Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions. A controversial figure notorious for his actions in Ireland , Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England. The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with

485-479: A century. This state of affairs came to an end with the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament, that however inherited the name of Cortes Gerais. The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of

582-575: A convocation sejm established an elective monarchy in the Commonwealth. After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by Afonso I of Portugal (followed by the recognition by the Kingdom of León in the Treaty of Zamora of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the Kingdom of Portugal occurred in 1211 in Coimbra by initiative of Afonso II of Portugal . These established

679-480: A critical role in the 1640 Restoration , and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of John IV of Portugal (r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future John V of Portugal ) as the successor of Peter II of Portugal . Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs and no Cortes were assembled for over

776-555: A fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and Edward 's reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions. Much of this compliance stemmed from how the English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but

873-566: A monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean the legislature. Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called tribalism . Some scholars suggest that in ancient Mesopotamia there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council. The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there

970-638: A single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential, members." Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A series of conflicts between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. For

1067-466: A single nave overlooked by rib vaulting and a retracted chancel . The tower is adorned by late Gothic acoustic windows and a polygonal spire. Other sights include: Leonberg once fell into the bishopric of Speyer and was part of an area governed by archdeacon St. Trinitatis. As an early member of Württemberg, in 1535, Duke Ulrich introduced the Reformation . For many centuries, Leonberg

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1164-475: A small winegrower's house in Leonberg. After the death of her father, who had lived with her for several years and had been cared for by her (in his will he thanked her for the selfless five-year care), Katharina Kepler inherited money. As a single widow, she was financially independent and could support herself and her children. After her youngest children moved out, Katharina lived alone in Leonberg. In 1614, she

1261-539: Is a New Apostolic Church . Since the latest round of local elections in June 2004, the district council has had 34 seats distributed as: The distribution of the seats among the various parties and groups since the election of June 2009 looks like this, changes over 2004 in brackets: A head of local administration - an executive official called the Schultheiss - was first appointed in Leonberg in 1304. In 1425, this

1358-569: Is also used to describe the legislature in some presidential systems (e.g., the Parliament of Ghana ), even where it is not in the official name . Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the Cortes of León , held in the Kingdom of León in 1188. According to the UNESCO ,

1455-552: Is the old Town Hall ( Rathaus ), which, with the water tower on Engelberg Hill, is considered a defining feature of Leonberg. The birth house of Schelling and the huge Zum Schwarzen Adler guesthouse - the first documented seat of parliament of the County of Württemberg - are also key features of the old town. Further attractions include the Evangelical Church ( Stadtkirche ) with its Roman and Gothic architecture and

1552-617: The Civil War , and again at the Glorious Revolution . It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent parliamentary procedure . The rise of Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran

1649-467: The Douro River , favoring the new royal city of Vila Nova de Gaia at the expense of the old episcopal city of Porto. The Portuguese Cortes met again under King Afonso III of Portugal in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if

1746-633: The German word for " bitter orange ", the garden originally dates back to the height of the Renaissance . It was planted in 1609 next to the palace ( Schloss ) as a retreat for widows of the Württemberg duchy. In 1742, it was converted into a fruit and vegetable garden until it was restored in 1980 using Heinrich Schickhardt's original plans. The Michaelskirche in Eltingen was built in 1487 with

1843-536: The Leonberger dog breed was first successfully registered and named after the town. After the rise of the Nazis in 1933, several bloody street battles were fought between stormtrooper ( Sturmabteilung ) followers, mostly backed by residents from Leonberg, who attacked supporters of the German communist party , mainly residents in Eltingen. In 1938, Eltingen – a staunchly proletarian community of small landowners -

1940-656: The Parliament of Toulouse , the first parliament outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern France. From 1443 until the French Revolution several other parliaments were created in some provinces of France ( Grenoble , Bordeaux ). All the parliaments could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France

2037-715: The Protestant town of Leonberg (1613–1629) accused fifteen women of sorcery and executed eight of them by burning. He acted in accordance with the will of the government and the public, which had asked for an investigation of sorcery , and issued an arrest of Katharina Kepler in 1615. Johannes Kepler defended his mother himself, he had sought advice with the assistance from lawyers and theologians of his university of Tübingen . One of his student friends, Christopher Besoldus , assisted her juridically. Her son took her away to Linz in December 1616. When she returned to Leonberg in

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2134-515: The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688 , helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown. The Parliament of England met until it merged with the Parliament of Scotland under the Acts of Union . This union created the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at

2231-574: The 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when John I of Portugal relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the Portuguese empire overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently. John II (r.1481-1495) used them to break

2328-415: The Cortes of Leiria of 1254 as the second sample of modern parliamentarism in the history of Europe (after the Cortes of León in 1188). In these Cortes the monetagio was introduced: a fixed sum was to be paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the septennium (the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years). These Cortes also introduced staple laws on

2425-450: The Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as aggravamentos (grievances) then artigos (articles) and eventually capitulos (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by

2522-830: The Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of Leon has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism". The English term is derived from Anglo-Norman and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century Old French word parlement ' discussion, discourse ' , from parler , ' to talk ' . The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by

2619-664: The Ehrenberg slopes along the Glems river. Leonberg is connected to the German motorway system ( Autobahn ) by the nearby A8 going from west to east ( Karlsruhe to Stuttgart , Ulm , München ) and eventually Salzburg in Austria and beyond), as well as the A81 going north to south ( Würzburg to Stuttgart and Singen ). The two motorways meet at the Leonberg intersection, which lies to

2716-660: The Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word думать ( dumat ), "to think". The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and tsars of Muscovy . The Duma was discontinued by Peter the Great , who transferred its functions to the Governing Senate in 1711. The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in

2813-538: The Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word Reichstag . Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic countries. In Yorkshire and former Danelaw areas of England, which were subject to Norse invasion and settlement, the wapentake was another name for the same institution. The Sicilian Parliament , dating to 1097, evolved as

2910-581: The Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council , not with the pope . In effect, the movement sought – ultimately, in vain – to create an All-Catholic Parliament. Its struggle with the Papacy had many points in common with the struggle of parliaments in specific countries against the authority of Kings and other secular rulers. Katharina Kepler Katharina Kepler (née: Guldenmann ; 8 November 1547 – 13 April 1622)

3007-482: The Spitalhof stages musicals, plays, amateur theatre, concerts and children's events with regular visits from touring theatres also performing in the town auditorium (Stadthalle). The Traumpalast cinema hall in Leonberg has the world's largest IMAX screen measuring 38×22m. Music societies have a strong tradition in Leonberg with the oldest society, 'Lyra Eltingen', dating back to 1897. The Leonberg symphony orchestra

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3104-496: The brow of the hill was chosen as a defence from enemies to the west, the towns of Markgröningen , Weil der Stadt , and the counts in Tübingen and Calw . At the time, the town was surrounded by stone fortifications with the count's castle in the southwest. A moat stood to the east, leading to two gates complete with towers and a swing bridge. The gates and almost all of the walls were demolished in and after 1814/1815, leaving only

3201-461: The city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at Yaroslav's Court . Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the Trinity cathedral . " Conciliarism " or the "conciliar movement", was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with

3298-572: The coat of arms still on display in the Altes Rathaus (old town hall)). The moat was filled in 1786. The only surviving building from the old town fortifications was the "Stonehouse" near the uppermost tower, probably because it was the only one used for housing and was not destroyed by the great fire of 1498. Today, it has become the Schwarzer Adler guesthouse and is a defining feature of the old town. According to an analysis in 1999,

3395-577: The conquered territories, such as those represented by the Gulating near Bergen in western Norway: Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a House of Knights for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called riksdag (in Finland also eduskunta ), a word used since

3492-623: The costs. She was in chains for 14 months, and the files of her trial piled up into mountains. She was told how she would be tortured, as a means of frightening her, but she refused to confess anything. When she was finally shown the instruments of torture in order to force her to confess, she remained steadfast: "She said that they could do whatever they wanted with her, and even if they pulled out every vein from her body, she would still have nothing to confess ... she would also want to die on that; God would reveal after her death that injustice and violence had been done to her." In October 1621, Kepler

3589-539: The council by general writs from the sheriffs of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council, later known as the parliamentum , established by Magna Carta . During the reign of King Henry III (13th century), English Parliaments included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of

3686-513: The country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest –

3783-472: The details of foreign policy. Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament. However, other scholars (notably from Hizb ut-Tahrir ) highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system. England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise

3880-627: The development of the Polish parliament, the Sejm , in around 1180. The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various Latin sources as contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta ) have been convened by Poland's monarchs. From 1374,

3977-581: The districts of Höfingen and Silberberg (stop name: Rutesheim). Several bus lines belonging to local and Stuttgart networks ( VVS ) also travel through or terminate in Leonberg. Leonberg has been a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) since March 2008, following the suit of other German cities. This affects all vehicles entering the borough of Leonberg "Environmental zone" ( Umweltzone ), including vehicles from abroad. All types of schools common to Germany are found in Leonberg: The district of Böblingen funds

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4074-448: The ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured Magna Carta from King John of England . This established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the sovereign, and that all others be summoned to

4171-494: The executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court. Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power, to which the throne had to defer, no later than the reign of Edward I . Like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially finance and taxation . A meeting in 1295 became known as the Model Parliament because it set

4268-529: The first communities in Germany to switch its office systems to Linux and start using freeware . The population figures are estimates, census results (¹) or official updates of the respective statistical offices (only primary residences). ¹ Census results The old town dates back to the Middle Ages and includes a historical market square lined by restored half-timbered houses. Standing among them

4365-526: The first general laws of the kingdom ( Leis Gerais do Reino ): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king Sancho I of Portugal . These Cortes also affirmed the validity of canon law for the Church in Portugal, while introducing

4462-472: The former Latin school (which was attended by the astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler ). The old Latin school now houses the town museum and Schelling Memorial Chapel. The town park contains a variety of modern sculptures. On the eastern outskirts of Leonberg is the Engelberg Tunnel. Leonberg's Pomeranzen Garden ( Pomeranzengarten ) is Germany's only remaining terraced garden. Named after

4559-470: The full assent of the Leonberg judiciary and the local community. One of the most famous Württemberg witch trials in Leonberg took place in 1615 and involved Katharina Kepler , mother of the royal astronomer Johannes Kepler . Kepler's mother was nearly tortured to death in the cellars of the "Stonehouse" before being transferred to Güglingen, where she was subsequently released in October 1620. In 1846,

4656-465: The high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise. Manuel I (r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of Sebastian (r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance. Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new Habsburg monarch. The Cortes played

4753-527: The institution of the Hungarian Diet. An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under King Charles I , continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of King Matthias I , the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus

4850-503: The king had to receive permission from that assembly to raise taxes and the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes granted the szlachta (nobles) unprecedented concessions and authority. The General Sejm (Polish sejm generalny or sejm walny ), first convoked by the John I Albert in 1493 near Piotrków , evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings called sejmiks . Simultaneously, the Senate

4947-425: The king in its entirety) before becoming law. Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice. The Cortes probably had their heyday in

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5044-631: The king on important matters. Under the Anglo-Saxon kings, there was an advisory council, the Witenagemot . The name derives from the Old English ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent around 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the Witan

5141-482: The king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between

5238-600: The king, along with ecclesiastics . William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy , and sought the advice of the Curia Regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the Supreme Court of Judicature . Only

5335-608: The land. It could be summoned either by tsar , or patriarch , or the Boyar Duma . Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly: The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the Federal Assembly of Russia . The term for its lower house, State Duma (which is better known than

5432-724: The late 19th century with the first parish set up in 1946 shortly followed by St. Johannes Baptista church in 1950. Today, the Catholic community belongs to the deanery of Böblingen within the bishopric of Rottenburg-Stuttgart . Apart from the two main German religions, "free churches" such as the United Methodist Church ( Pauluskirche ), the Seventh-day Adventist Church , and the Immanuel Community of Leonberg also are present, as

5529-414: The legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily . The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale ( Hungarian : Országgyűlés ), became the supreme legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s, and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period . The name of the legislative body

5626-512: The modern parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort , then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned a parliament of his supporters without royal authorisation. The archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls , and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough . Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295, Edward I adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in

5723-408: The monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament. The Acts of Supremacy established the monarch as head of the Church of England. The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after

5820-481: The north): Ditzingen and Gerlingen (districts of Ludwigsburg ), Stuttgart , and then the Böblingen rural districts of Magstadt , Renningen , and Rutesheim . Leonberg merged with the neighbouring town of Eltingen in 1938, which now flows seamlessly into the former old town. Administrative reforms in 1975 also resulted in the districts of Gebersheim, Höfingen, and Warmbronn becoming part of Leonberg. Central Leonberg encompasses Silberberg, Ramtel, Gartenstadt, and

5917-411: The old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the " ius resistendi "). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into

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6014-426: The old town on the second Tuesday of the month to mark the occasion. The horse market attracts huge crowds and is so important to local tradition that civil servants are granted half a day's leave to attend. Schools in Leonberg are closed for the whole day. In modern times, the scope of the fair has been expanded to include sports, seminars on horseriding and breeding, an amusement fair and a flea market. The theatre in

6111-426: The other two Heinrich and Christoph. Katharina sparked the interest of her son Johannes in astronomy at an early age of six. She showed him the Great Comet of 1577 , writing that he "was taken by [his] mother to a high place to look at it", and later a lunar eclipse in 1580. After her husband's death around 1590, Katharina Kepler inherited a house as well as fields and meadows. In 1598 she and her family moved into

6208-414: The parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power. According to the Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus , the first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit , who began the Piast dynasty , was chosen by an ancient wiec council. The idea of the wiec led to

6305-434: The pattern for later Parliaments. The significant difference between the Model Parliament and the earlier Curia Regis was the addition of the Commons: that is, the inclusion of elected representatives of rural landowners and of townsmen. In 1307, Edward agreed not to collect certain taxes without the "consent of the realm" through parliament. He also enlarged the court system. The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with

6402-412: The prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies). After the conquest of Algarve in 1249, the Kingdom of Portugal completed its Reconquista . In 1254 King Afonso III of Portugal summoned Portuguese Cortes in Leiria , with the inclusion of burghers from old and newly incorporated municipalities. This inclusion establishes

6499-405: The reigns of King Ladislaus I and King Coloman "the Learned", assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances. The first exact written mention of the word "parlamentum" (Parliament) for the nation-wide assembly originated during the reign of King Andrew II in the Golden Bull of 1222 , which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of

6596-410: The republic of Novgorod until 1478. In its sister state, Pskov , a separate veche operated until 1510. Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling grand prince , the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of Venice , becoming the Commons chamber of the parliament. An upper Senate -like Council of Lords

6693-470: The residential neighbourhoods of Eichenhof, Glemseck, Hinter Ehrenberg, Mahdental, and Rappenhof. The district of Höfingen also includes the residential neighbourhoods of Tilgshäusleshof and Wannenhof. Although incorporated into Leonberg in 1975, Gebersheim, Höfingen, and Warmbronn are separate constituencies in local elections . The town of Levinberch was founded by Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg in 1248, where Leonberg still stands today. The position on

6790-497: The royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes. Delegates ( procuradores ) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews , pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving

6887-408: The so-called " Model Parliament ". At first, each estate debated independently; by the reign of Edward III , however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers. The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of Henry VIII . Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and

6984-590: The south of the town. The nearest motorway junctions are called Leonberg-Ost (Leonberg East) and Leonberg-West (Leonberg West), the latter having been newly constructed and opened in September 2009. Leonberg is served by the local transport network of Stuttgart and nearby towns, including (since 1978) line S6 of the Stuttgart S-Bahn running from Weil der Stadt via Leonberg to Stuttgart city centre. As well as Leonberg station , there are S-Bahn stops in

7081-424: The southeast before turning northwest until it reaches the district of Eltingen. Here, it turns northeast into the western part of the old town, carving its way along the valley to the district of Höfingen before flowing northeast towards Ditzingen . The northern districts of Höfingen and Gebersheim belong to Strohgäu for administrative purposes. Leonberg is surrounded by these communities ( clockwise , starting from

7178-517: The summer of 1620, she was arrested and imprisoned for fourteen months. Katharina Kepler was arrested on 7 August 1620 in the parsonage in Heumaden and taken to Güglingen . The scrupulous court hearing took place on 20 August 1621. According to the record, Katharina Kepler appeared "unfortunately with the assistance of her son Johann Kepler, Mathematici." Two strong men guarded the 73-year-old woman day and night. The accused and her relatives had to pay

7275-522: The thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce. The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected chieftains and kings , and judged according to the law, which was memorised and recited by the " law speaker " (the judge). The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the Viking expansion originating from the petty kingdoms of Norway as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in

7372-648: The union with Ireland. Originally, there was only the Parlement of Paris , born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the Paris Hall of Justice . The jurisdiction of the Parliament of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the Hundred Years' War , King Charles VII of France granted Languedoc its own parliament by establishing

7469-649: The unity of the nation and the state. The general parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting privileges. In 1573,

7566-612: The wooden-timber gabled roof on top of the Schwarzer Adler was built in the 15th century. Three stories high, it is one of southern Germany's largest and oldest original timber-gable roofs. A great fire swept through the town in 1498, destroying 46 houses and making around 200 people homeless. Most of the homeless left the town. During the Holy Roman Empire , Leonberg fell under the jurisdiction of Esslingen before finally becoming part of Württemberg in 1383, when it first gained administrative rights. The population of Leonberg

7663-546: Was a woman from Leonberg , Württemberg , who was the mother of the famous astronomer Johannes Kepler . She was accused of witchcraft in 1615, but was defended by her son and released. Katharina grew up in Eltingen . Her father Melchior Guldenmann was an innkeeper and became Schultheiss (mayor, until 1587) of the town when she was 20 years old. She had a female cousin who was burned as a " witch " in Weil der Stadt . Katharina

7760-508: Was able to effect her release. The trial ended with an acquittal . Six months after the end of the trial, in April 1622, Katharina Kepler probably died in Roßwälden . There is no documentary evidence of her burial place. Although the witch trial against Katharina Kepler was one of the best-documented cases in Germany, it received little attention in research. For a long time, Katharina Kepler

7857-512: Was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called vechniks . It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche bell , although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of

7954-615: Was certainly in existence long before then. The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament. As part of the Norman Conquest , the new king, William I , did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a Curia Regis ("King's Council"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants-in-chief , the few nobles who "rented" great estates directly from

8051-598: Was finally merged with the more bourgeois Leonberg. Later the same year, the Engelberg Tunnel - Germany's first motorway tunnel - was completed. During the Second World War , the tunnel was used regularly for producing and storing aeroplane parts made by prisoners held in Leonberg concentration camp, an outlying camp belonging to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace . The old tunnel

8148-588: Was founded in 1970 as a youth orchestra. Today it comprises 70 musicians and is conducted by Alexander Adiarte. There is a children's music school in Leonberg which provides tuition in partnership with the Lyra Eltingen music association and Höfingen music association. The Villa Musica also offers tuition through the Stadtkapelle and Liederkranz music associations. Leonberg is twinned with: Parliament In modern politics, and history,

8245-553: Was founded on the earlier curia regis , convened at the king's discretion. Hence, the year 1493 marked the beginning of a bicameral legislative body of government . With the subsequent development of Polish Golden Liberty in the next several decades, the Sejm's powers systematically increased. Poland was among the few countries in Europe where the parliament played an especially important role in its national identity as it contributed to

8342-635: Was halved during the Thirty Years' War as a result of the bubonic plague . On 16 November 1457, the first Württemberg parliament (Württemberg-Urach) convened in Leonberg to administer the custodianship of the underaged Eberhardt V . Although no documentary evidence confirms the fact, many locals claim this parliament met in the "Stonehouse". During the era of witch hunts , the Leonberg governor Lutherus Einhorn sent 15 women to trial under suspicion of witchcraft. Eight women were condemned to death with

8439-440: Was listed in the tax register as a tax-paying independent citizen. In 1615, Ursula Reinbold, the wife of a glazier, accused Katharina after a business dispute with her of having given her a bitter drink that had made her ill, and she reported Katharina to the ducal sub-bailiff of the Leonberg office, demanding compensation for the pain she had suffered. A witch trial was initiated by Lutherus Einhorn who in his reign as Vogt of

8536-443: Was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the ekklesia was different from the parliamentary system. The Roman Republic had legislative assemblies , who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes , the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. The Roman Senate controlled money, administration, and

8633-550: Was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period. It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946. Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under

8730-757: Was predominantly Protestant . In 1552, the deanery was moved to Leonberg, with the Stadtkirche becoming the Dekanatskirche . After the Second World War, the religious community in Leonberg grew quickly as people moved into the area. The Protestant community in the district of Eltingen also dates back to the Reformation, as it does in Gebersheim, Höfingen, and Warmbronn. After the reformation, Catholicism first reappeared in Leonberg in

8827-460: Was raised by her parents in the Lutheran faith . Because of her mother's illness, she did not have an easy childhood. She worked in her parents' inn until she got married. Katharina Kepler was married on 15 May 1571 to Heinrich Kepler and bore seven children from him, four of them she bore survived childhood, one daughter (Margarete) and three sons, first born of them was Johannes Kepler as well as

8924-410: Was replaced by a Vogt , a type of reeve. By 1535, responsibility was shared by a senior and junior governor, both of whom were selected by a local judge. After the 15th century, two burgomasters were replaced by a type of senior district magistrate ( Oberamtmann ) in 1759. A town council has existed in Leonberg since 1312; in 1523, it had eight members. In 1930, the interim designation of town mayor

9021-456: Was replaced by a new tunnel in the 1990s. Above the tunnel now stands a memorial to the people who died in the Leonberg concentration camp. By 1961, the population of Leonberg passed 20,000. Boundary reforms in 1973 resulted in the rural districts of Leonberg being merged with the rural districts of Böblingen in the south and Enzkreis / Ludwigsburg in the north. Leonberg has existed in its current form since 1975. In 2004, Leonberg became one of

9118-458: Was replaced by the now common burgomaster whose status was raised to Oberbürgermeister (senior mayor) in 1963. The mayor is elected for eight years through a direct vote, and chairs the borough council. Local companies include Leonberg falls within the wine-growing area of Württemberg called Remstal-Stuttgart. Most of the local vineyards lie to the south of the town in the Feinau area and on

9215-405: Was some form of democracy . However, these claims are not accepted by other scholars, who see these forms of government as oligarchies . Ancient Athens was the cradle of democracy . The Athenian assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklesia ) was the most important institution, and every free male citizen could take part in the discussions. Slaves and women could not. However, Athenian democracy

9312-497: Was suppressed more so than in England as a result of absolutism , and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger Estates General , up until the French Revolution , when the last Estates General transformed itself into a National Assembly , a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power. A thing or ting ( Old Norse and Icelandic : þing ; other modern Scandinavian : ting , ding in Dutch )

9409-517: Was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers . The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a hundred (hundare/härad/herred) . There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or land. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for

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