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87-565: The Abravanel (or Abrabanel) family was extraordinarily prominent among Jewish families in the Middle Ages , active in public service in the court of Castile . Judah (or Leon, as he is known in Spanish) was the son of Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (meaning Isaac “son of Judah” Abravanel) who, according to Soria was “the last great commentator of the Bible of Medieval Jewry” (12). Don Isaac was

174-562: A personal representative , a de facto viceroy to rule on their behalf (as does their co-ruler, the Bishop of Urgell ). The French position of "adjunct département director, delegate for the sea and coast of the Atlantic Pyrenees and Landes " carries the title of "viceroy of Pheasant Island ". Pheasant Island is a French-Spanish condominium on the river Bidasoa . In Italian viceré : The highest colonial representatives in

261-775: A financier at the court. His son, Judah, joined him in service to the Catholic Monarchs in 1484 as personal doctor to the royal family. The year 1492 brought a turbulent change to the Abravanel family and to all Jews in Spain, as Isabella and Ferdinand ordered the forced conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain. Don Isaac, in a desperate plea, threw himself at the feet of the Catholic Monarchs and begged them to revoke their decree, but to no avail. He made plans to move his family to Naples , Italy . To no avail he bribed King Ferdinand and even threatened Queen Isabella that

348-530: A little stiffly, [therefore] there is good reason to doubt whether [it] represents the original text” (xii). Also, the Hebrew text that remains was probably a translation, and while Spanish scholars also want to claim he wrote it in the language of the country from which he was exiled, it is possible that he wrote it in Judeo-Spanish , the language of many Spanish Jews and a mixture of Hebrew and Castilian. In

435-407: A low degree sufficing to constitute inanimate things and the highest degree permitting the marriage of body with soul. But love is not limited to the sublunar world. Heaven loves earth as a husband, and her nurslings as children. The analogy is completed by the identification of the functions of the planets with those of the seven organs. The third and most lengthy dialogue, “Philo and Sophia on

522-513: A risk of foreign or Indian attack, but the captains general were usually given political powers over the provinces under their command. Because the long distances to the viceregal capital would hamper effective communication, both audiencias and captains general were authorized to communicate directly with the crown through the Council of the Indies . The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of

609-521: A second one ruling the possessions in India (Hindustan) and Ceylon ; and a third one from Malacca to the Far East. However, Governor Afonso de Albuquerque (1509–1515) centralized the post into a plenipotentiary office, which it remained after his tenure. The typical duration in office was usually three years, although powerful viceroys might extend their tenure; of the thirty-four governors of India in

696-458: A single governor: Thereafter it had lieutenants-general and viceroys: Next were a series of viceroys (resident in France) from 8 October 1611 to 1672. Later there were governors and governors-general. The president of France retains, ex officio , the title of Co-Prince in the neighboring microstate of Andorra (a post previously occupied by the king of France) and continues to send

783-908: A statesman, financier, and a defender of the Jewish faith, who was also born in Lisbon in 1437 and spent most of his life in Portugal , eventually becoming a financial advisor to King Afonso V . However, in 1481 King Afonso V died and Don Isaac was suspected of conspiring to enthrone the Duke of Braganza , whom he had befriended earlier, over the son of Afonso, João II . Consequently, he had to flee without his family from Portugal to Seville , then Castile, finally settling in Toledo . Don Isaac eventually took refuge from his financial and political dealings in his other love—literature—while living with his family, with whom he

870-465: A viceroy's wife, known as the viceregal consort . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , who are viceregal representatives of the monarch. The position of a viceroy is by royal appointment rather than a noble rank. An individual viceroy often also held a separate noble title, such as Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston , who

957-441: Is a contemplation on the distinctions between love and desire, or the types of love and the true nature of love. In Sophia's opinion, love and desire are exclusive; however, Philo argues that love and desire mix in things we find pleasurable, and that desire assumes knowledge of its object and, thus, its existence. Philo defines desire as that which seeks to become united with its object and love as that which, in union with its object,

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1044-587: Is as yet untold. Dialoghi d'amore was an important work in Spanish culture as it brought Renaissance ideals to Spain. Otis Green argues in his España y la tradición occidental that in Abravanel's work human love is spiritualized, placing it in connection with divine love, by posing the necessity of going beyond physical union to merge minds and souls. Miguel de Cervantes refers to the Dialoghi d'amore in

1131-408: Is born of Reason (though it is not subject to it directly, or at least not to its “ordinary” form; rather, “heroic Reason” motivates it to seek the beloved as its object). At this point, Philo tells her that the hour is drawing late and she must rest while “my mind keeps it usual anguished watch.” However, she is not satisfied to end the discussion yet. The second dialogue, titled, “Philo and Sophia on

1218-511: Is enjoyed. When love and desire intersect, there are three different qualities of objects: useful, pleasant and good. Useful objects are not loved and desired together. Useful objects are those that are possessed. Meanwhile, love and desire of pleasant objects grows and perishes at the same time; pleasant objects exist because of privation. Good objects, on the other hand, exist when love and desire have no limit. Sophia then asks Philo to distinguish love of God from love of friends. He posits that God

1305-452: Is found to be of three kinds: natural (in lifeless things), sensitive (in animals), and rational-voluntary (in [humans]). Philo explains how the elements are [a]ffected by love for their own place and by love based on the five motives common to men and animals; how first, matter, which underlies the elements, is determined by love of form; and how the nature of compounds is determined by the degree of love between their constituent elements,

1392-447: Is sometimes translated to English as viceroy. In 1830, emperor Minh Mạng abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam. During the Han , Ming and Qing dynasties, there existed positions of viceroys having control over various provinces (e.g., Liangguang = Guangdong and Guangxi , Huguang = Hubei and Hunan ). In Siam before 1885,

1479-410: Is subject to birth, because it presupposes both lover and beloved, from whom it takes its origin. The answer to the second question—when was love first born?—must depend on yet another—when was the world first created? The first love and procreative cause of the universe is that of God for Himself as eternal lover and beloved, and whenever the universe was first created, then love was first born. As to

1566-422: Is the fountainhead, reason and end of good in the world. However, as humans, we lack the knowledge to love God completely. Happiness is the next topic of discussion, and the two determine that it exists not by gaining or enjoying a possession but rather in wisdom, when virtue is assumed. Wisdom is not omniscience, however, which is noted to be almost unreachable and can be found only in knowing God or communing with

1653-705: Is thought that a passage in a poem in the Cancionero de Baena , attributed to Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino , refers to him. Samuel Abravanel, Don Judah Abravanel's grandson, settled in Valencia , and Samuel's son, Judah (and perhaps Don Judah himself), left for Portugal . Isaac, the son of Judah, returned to Castile , where he lived until the time of the great expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. Then, with his three sons, Judah, Joseph, and Samuel, Isaac went to Italy . Their descendants, as well as other members of

1740-428: Is unwilling to grant him his desire and makes no return of his love. She persists in her refusal to recognize any save the love of the intellect, and finding that argument cannot avail her against the subtleties of Philo's reasoning, reminds him of his promise to tell of the effects of love, for she would know further of the dangers into which he would lead her. And so the lovers part, and the tale of their promised meeting

1827-716: The Albanian Kingdom (today Albania ). As viceré of Albania of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were the Marchese Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino and after his departure General Alberto Pariani . Ban Borić was the first ruler and viceroy of Bosnia, appointed by Géza II of Hungary by 1154. His war affairs are documented as he fought several notable battles. He also maintained ties with knights Templar and donated lands in Bosnia and Slavonia to their order. His own biological brother Dominic

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1914-660: The Australian House of Representatives : "The Governor-General is the viceroy of the Queen of Australia". The Australia Act 1986 also provide that all royal powers in Australia, except the actual appointment of the governor-general and the governors, are exercisable by the viceregal representatives. The noun viceroy is rarely used, but the adjective viceregal is standard usage. Namestnik (Russian: наме́стник , Russian pronunciation: [nɐˈmʲesʲnʲɪk] )

2001-515: The British Library , there is a manuscript (Or. Gaster 10688) of a Spanish translation written with Hebrew characters. This was once thought to have been the author's original, or a copy of it; this is no longer accepted, and the text corresponds very closely to the 1568 Spanish translation. This translation was likely produced in order reclaim Abravanel's Jewish identity and to encourage Spanish-speaking diaspora communities and as an appeal to

2088-584: The Central Legislative Assembly , one of the first steps in the establishment of Indian home rule . This process was accelerated by the Government of India Act 1935 and ultimately led to the independence of India and Pakistan as dominions in 1947. Both countries finally severed complete ties with Britain when they became republics – India as a secular republic in 1950 and Pakistan as an Islamic republic in 1956. Alongside

2175-655: The Commander-in-Chief, India , the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. As the representative of the emperors and empress of India , who were also the kings and queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , the viceroy served as the grand master of the two principal orders of chivalry of British India:

2262-604: The Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its members claim to trace their origin to the biblical King David . Members of this family lived in Seville , Córdoba (Spanish province) , Castile-Leon , and Calatayud . Seville is where its most prominent representative, Don Judah Abravanel , once dwelt. Don Judah Abravanel was treasurer and tax collector under Sancho IV of Castile (1284–95) and Ferdinand IV of Castile (1295–1312). In 1310 he and other Jews guaranteed

2349-608: The Medici court and mysticism and author of Song of songs ), Giovanni Pontano , Mario Equicola and monk Egidio da Viterbo . Leon was surrounded by humanists interested in the topic of Love. The Chancellor of Florence, Marsilio Ficino commented on Plato ’s Symposium (1474–75), while Girolamo Benivieni composed his Canzone d’amore (1486), which Pico della Mirandola analyzed soon after. Equicola’s Libro della natura d’amore (1495), Pietro Bembo ’s Asolani and Francesco Cattani da Diacceto’s De amore were published while Judah

2436-791: The Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire . During the office's history, the governors-general of India were based in two cities: Calcutta until 1911 and New Delhi afterwards. Additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of India, the viceroys spent the summer months at Simla . The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand: the Viceroy's House in New Delhi and Government House in Kolkata. They are used today as

2523-649: The Ottoman Empire , Don Isaac and his family settled in Naples. There, he became a financial advisor to the King of Naples, Ferrante , and his son Alfonso. The Abravanel family enjoyed a position of prestige in the court of Naples until 1494 when Charles VIII , king of France , invaded Naples. The Neapolitan royal family then fled to Sicily , accompanied by Don Isaac. Judah, meanwhile, moved to Genoa , where he studied in an Italian humanist milieu and probably wrote

2610-748: The Sublime Porte rather than hereditary privilege. Pashas and beylerbeys were appointed to govern provinces called eyalets , until the promulgation of the Vilayet Law in 1867 ended the eyalet system, replacing it with more centrally-controlled vilayets . the beylerbey of the Rumelia Eyalet was the only provincial governor entitled to a seat in the Imperial Council , but only when a matter fell within his jurisdiction. The post of Tổng Trấn ( governor of all military provinces )

2697-506: The intendant , which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. See also: From 1505 to 1896 Portuguese India  – including, until 1752, all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia and Australasia – was governed alternatively by either a viceroy (Portuguese vice-rei ) or governor and commission located in

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2784-643: The secretary of state for India in London and were advised by the Council of India . They were largely unencumbered in the exercise of their authority and were among the most powerful men on earth in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, ruling over an entire subcontinent with a large military force at their disposal in the form of the Indian Army . Under the terms of the Government of India Act 1919 , viceroys shared some limited aspects of their authority with

2871-536: The "federation" of Italian East Africa (six provinces, each under a governor; together Ethiopia , Eritrea and Somaliland ) were no longer styled high commissioner , but viceroy and governor-general from 5 May 1936, when Italian forces occupied the Ethiopian Empire (today Ethiopia ), until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. On 7 April 1939, Italy invaded

2958-472: The 16th century, only six had longer mandates. During some periods of the Iberian Union , between 1580 and 1640, the king of Spain , who was also king of Portugal , appointed viceroys to govern Portugal itself , as the king had multiple realms throughout Europe and delegated his powers to various viceroys. After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of

3045-678: The 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The last ban held his position until 1941 and the collapse of Yugoslavia in World War II. An equivalent office, called the Exarch , was created in the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire towards the end of the sixth century for governors of important areas too far from

3132-638: The 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon , Valencia , Catalonia , Navarre , Portugal during the brief period known as the Iberian Union, Sardinia , Sicily , and Naples . With the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general . At the end of War of the Spanish Succession ,

3219-516: The Active Intellect. From there, Sophia asks Philo to clarify knowledge and love of God. Wisdom is born out of the love of God, he explains, and is the source of human happiness. Sophia then asks Philo to give a definition of the love that he feels for her, according to their discussion. He attempts to win her affection by stating that union increases love because of the physical aspect of human love, while injury does not. He adds that love

3306-570: The Classics was common during this time. However, the Venetian press that printed the second and third editions of his Dialoghi in 1541 and 1545 claimed on the first pages of the work that the author had converted to Christianity: “Dialoghi di Amore composti per Leone Medico, di Natione Hebreo, et di poi fatto Christiano” (Dialogues of Love, composed by Doctor Leon, of Hebrew heritage, and who later became Christian). This statement does not appear in

3393-611: The Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation Viceroy , although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament . Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first viceroy and governor-general", none of the warrants appointing his successors referred to them as viceroys , and

3480-714: The Hispanic Jewish community, especially the works of Solomon ibn Gabirol and Maimonides . A disciple of these renowned Jewish scholars, Abravanel was also influenced by the Hellenic spirit of the Renaissance . Platonic notions of reaching towards a nearly impossible ideal of beauty, wisdom, and perfection encompass the whole of the work. The Dialoghi was an exceedingly popular book that enjoyed at least five editions in twenty years. First published in Italian, it

3567-415: The Jews were the eternal people and therefore could not be destroyed. A plot was hatched to kidnap Judah's son as an attempt to persuade the Abravanel family to convert to Christianity and, ultimately, to remain in the service of the Catholic Monarchs. In an attempt to circumvent the plot, Judah sent his son to Portugal with a nurse, but by order of the king, the son was seized and baptized . This occurrence

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3654-499: The Origin of Love” is a discussion about God's love and how it encompasses all of existence, from the lowest creatures to the heavens and is the “cohesion of the universe.” A discussion of beauty and the soul follows, with an analysis of Plato's ideas. The third dialogue is considered the most important at the aesthetic level. In this dialogue, Philo and Sophia meet unexpectedly. After Philo apologizes for not recognizing Sophia because he

3741-725: The Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil ( Estado do Brasil ) was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro . Following adoption of the Government of India Act 1858 , which transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown , the Governor-General as representing

3828-516: The Prologue to his Don Quixote . Abravanel The Abravanel family ( Hebrew : אַבְּרַבַנְאֵל ‎ ʾAbravanʾēl or אַבַּרבְּנְאֵל ‎ ʾAbarbənʾēl ), also spelled as Abarbanel , Abrabanel , Avravanel , Barbernell , or Barbanel  – literally meaning Ab ("father") rabban ("priest") el ("of God") – is one of the oldest and most distinguished Jewish families. It first achieved prominence on

3915-593: The Río de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires ). The viceroyalties of the Spanish Americas and the Spanish East Indies were subdivided into smaller, autonomous units, the audiencias ( tribunal with the authority to judge), and the captaincies general (military districts), which in most cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern Hispanic America . These units gathered

4002-516: The Spanish viceroy , Don Gonsalvo of Cordoba , “The Great Captain.” By 1506, the Neapolitan government was defeated, and Spain gained control of southern Italy. Judah left Naples for Venice, where he dedicated himself again to the study of philosophy until 1507. After this time, little is known about Judah's life. His most famous work, Dialoghi d'amore , appears to have been written around 1501-02. In 1535, when his friend Mariano Lenzi discovered

4089-539: The Spanish king to remember and reconsider the situation of the Sephardic exiles. In his Dialoghi d'amore , Judah (Leon) Abravanel seeks to define love in philosophical terms. He structures his three dialogues as a conversation between two abstract and mostly undeveloped “characters”: Philo, representing love or appetite, and Sophia, representing science or wisdom, in other words, Philo+Sophia (philosophy). The first dialogue, titled, “Philo and Sophia on Love and Desire”

4176-587: The Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time; Naples until 1734, Sicily until 1816 and Sardinia until 1848. The Americas were incorporated into the Crown of Castile . With the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the institution of viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of

4263-820: The Universality of Love” postulates that love is the dominant principle of all life and describes how love operates in human beings’ lives. Sophia asks Philo to expound on his ideas of love's origin and universality. As the translation by F. Friedeberg-Seeley and Jean H. Barnes in The Philosophy of Love reads, God decides to set out its universality first. Love is common to all living things: in men and animals alike, it springs from sex, parenthood, benefits, affinity and association; in [humans] it may spring also from congruence of nature and from moral and intellectual virtues. Moreover, love extends to inanimate things. For love (with knowledge, which it presupposes)

4350-543: The beautiful is not sufficient as a definition of universal love, for goodness and beauty are not the same, and whereas every beautiful thing is good in essence or appearance, not every good thing is beautiful. Universal love depends upon universal goodness, human love upon the beautiful, which is a good with the complement of beauty. Beauty itself is grace, which brings pleasure to the mind which perceives it, and moves it to love. Philo then turns to Sophia's first question, and shows her that love must have been created and

4437-427: The birthplace of love, this must have been the angelic world, which is the most perfect of all created being and has, therefore, the most perfect knowledge of the divine beauty it lacks. In answer to the fourth question—who were the parents of love?—Philo tells Sophia of the allegorical meaning of the birth of Cupid , and that of the ancient and mythological figure, Androgynous , and of the creation of Adam and Eve and

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4524-514: The capital of Goa . The government started seven years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , in 1505, under the first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida (b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King Manuel I of Portugal tried to distribute power with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction: a government covering the area and possessions in East Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf , overseeing up to Cambay (Gujarat);

4611-436: The contemporary countries of South Africa and Nigeria as the customary representatives of their respective principals in the various areas that are under their immediate control. The viceroy in the Magadha Empire was called Uparaja (lit. vice king). The Mughal Empire had a system of administration which involved both official governors appointed from the capital, and local feudal lords ( zamindars ). Subahdars were

4698-414: The desire of something and its object is pleasure in a present or acquired good. Love and desire, moreover, are synonymous and are accompanied by privation, because their object is lacking either in the present or in the future. This is also true of divine love, since God, being subject to no privation in Himself, desires not His own perfection, but that which is lacking in His creatures. The desire of

4785-410: The fall of man. The universal father of all love is the beautiful, and the universal mother a knowledge of the beautiful together with privation. Beauty is the necessity a prior condition of all love, because it is upon the world. The supremely beautiful is God, the highest beauty is His intellect or wisdom, in the image of which the whole derives from the form that actuates their matter, and therefore all

4872-519: The family who arrived later from the Iberian Peninsula, have lived in the Netherlands , England , Ireland , Germany , Turkey , Greece and American continent since the sixteenth century. The high relative status of the family among the people of Iberia is indicated by a Ladino saying in Thessaloniki : Ya basta mi nombre ke es Abravanel , meaning "My name is enough, and my name is Abravanel." Don Isaac Abravanel wrote that his forebears were descended from King David, but this has been challenged on

4959-464: The first edition, nor in later editions. Therefore, this “editorial note” was most likely included to promote the work and to persuade those who harbored hostilities against Jews at that time to purchase the book. Further evidence that Judah remained true to his Jewish faith can be found in Dialoghi , where Judah directly addresses his heritage and religion, stating that the book was written “according to Hebrew truth” and addresses “all of us who believe in

5046-406: The first two of his Dialoghi . There is evidence that he moved from Genoa to Barletta in 1501, where he became a servant of King Frederick of Naples, leaving in 1503 for Venice , where he rejoined his father Dom Isaac. Other sources say that he left Genoa for Naples in 1501 and remained there until 1506. While in Naples, Judah (apparently overlooking the injuries of the past) became the doctor of

5133-457: The former, and can be seen as equivalents of viceroys, governing the provinces ( subahs ) by appointment from the capital. Mansabdars were military governors who were also appointed to provincial government, but they were appointed for military rather than civilian government. The Khedive of Egypt, especially during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still

5220-444: The forms or Ideas pre-exist in the eternal splendor. The end of all love is pleasure, and this is the same as the desire of the lover for union with the beloved, because pleasure consists in union with the pleasurable. The end of love of the universe is union with divine beauty, the final beatitude and highest perfection of all creation. Philo, however is careful to point out that his love has no end but torment and grief, because Sophia

5307-442: The grounds of lack of sources. Several of the more prominent members of this family include: Viceroy A viceroy ( / ˈ v aɪ s r ɔɪ / ) is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice- , meaning "in the place of" and the Anglo-Norman roy ( Old French roi , roy ), meaning "king". This denotes

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5394-413: The holy law of Moses.” Through his travels, Judah was well-acquainted with many Italian humanists and with the Neapolitan Court. Some say he may have met Giovanni Pico della Mirandola while in Florence and composed for him a discourse on the “Harmony of the Skies.” If so, he also probably associated with Elia de Medigo , teacher of Pico della Mirandola, Yohanan Alemanno (a Jewish writer influenced by

5481-410: The imperial capital of Constantinople to receive regular instruction or reinforcement. The chosen governors of these provinces were empowered to act in place of the monarch (hence ex- "outside", arch "ruler") with more discretion and autonomy than was granted other categories of governor. This was an extraordinary break from the centralized traditions of the Roman Empire and was an early example of

5568-453: The last Viceroy of India, but continued on as the first governor-general of the Dominion of India . The lords lieutenant of Ireland were often referred to as viceroy after 1700 until 1922, even though the Kingdom of Ireland had been merged in 1801 into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms , for example Gough Whitlam in 1973 told

5655-416: The loans made to the crown of Castile to finance the siege of Algeciras . He probably was almoxarife ("collector of revenues") of Castile. Don Judah Abravanel and his family later fled to Lisbon , Portugal , where they reverted to Judaism and filled important governmental posts. His son, Judah (died 1471), was in the financial service of the infante Ferdinand of Portugal , who by his will (1437) ordered

5742-421: The local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, a corregidor (sometimes alcalde mayor ) or by a cabildo or town council. Audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. Captaincies general were primarily military districts set up in areas with

5829-431: The manuscript and had it published in Rome , records indicate he had already died. There are claims that Judah converted to Christianity at the end of his life; however, upon further investigation, these claims appear unfounded. One source states that allusions made to Saint John the Evangelist in the work indicate his Christian beliefs; however, the tendency of Jewish scholars to cite examples from both New Testament and

5916-420: The north overseas: New Spain (Mexico and Philippines) and the south overseas: Peru and South America. The viceroys of these two areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, Caribbean and East Indian areas supervised by the viceroy in Mexico City and the South American ones by the viceroy in Lima , (with the exception of most of today's Venezuela , which

6003-465: The official residences of the president of India and the governor of West Bengal , respectively. The portraits of the governors-general still hang in a room on the ground floor of the Presidential Palace, one of the last vestiges of both the viceroys and the British Raj. Notable governors-general of India include Warren Hastings , Lord Cornwallis , Lord Curzon , The Earl of Minto , Lord Chelmsford , and Lord Mountbatten . Lord Mountbatten served as

6090-408: The position as one who acts on behalf of a king or monarch. A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty , though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal , less often viceroyal . The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure , although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate

6177-399: The principle of viceroyalty. As with many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures. In cultures all over the continent of Africa, the role of viceroy has been subsumed into a hereditary noble as opposed to strictly administrative position. In the Arabo-Berber north, for example,

6264-423: The repayment to him of the vast sum of 506,000 reis blancs. Later, he was apparently in the service of the Duke of Braganza . His export business also brought him into trade relations with Flanders. He was the father of Don Isaac Abrabanel and grandfather of Judah Leon Abravanel and Samuel Abravanel . Another eminent member of the family was Samuel of Seville , of whom Menahem ben Aaron ibn Zerah wrote that he

6351-533: The title of Khalifa is often used by individuals who derive their authority to rule from someone else in much the same way as a viceroy would. Elsewhere, subordinate inkosis under the rule of a paramount chief like the King of the Zulu Nation of Southern Africa or subordinate baales in the realms of the reigning obas of West African Yorubaland continue to occupy statutorily recognized positions in

6438-685: The title of Khedive which was almost an equivalent to viceroy. Other titles, such as Sharif (as in the Sharifate of Mecca ), or Khan (as in the Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Kazan ), denoted hereditary rulers of Ottoman vassal states, under the Sultan's titles of Caliph and Great Khan , respectively. Titles such as pasha , beylerbey , bey , and agha denote officials who were, at least nominally, appointed to their positions by

6525-501: The title, which was frequently used in warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the sovereign's representative. The governor-general continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council. The viceroys reported directly to

6612-515: Was "intelligent, loved wise men, befriended them, was good to them and was eager to study whenever the stress of time permitted". He had great influence at the court of Castile. In 1388, he served as royal treasurer in Andalusia . During the anti-Jewish riots of 1391 he was forcibly converted to Christianity under the name of Juan Sánchez (de Sevilla) and was appointed comptroller in Castile. It

6699-500: Was a devastating insult to Judah and to his family, and was a source of bitterness throughout Judah's life and the topic of his writings years later. The Abravanel family chose exile over conversion, although it was not an easy choice, considering that there were not many places in Europe that Jews were welcomed and that living in exile required money, and the Jews were not allowed to take much with them. Originally intent on traveling to

6786-601: Was a political post in the early period of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor Gia Long , there were two Tổng Trấn who administered Vietnam's northern part named Bắc thành with administrative center in Hanoi and the southern part Gia Định thành with administrative center in Gia Định , while Nguyen emperors ruled only the central region Kinh Kỳ from capital Phú Xuân . Tổng Trấn

6873-496: Was also Viceroy of New Spain . The title was originally used by the Crown of Aragon , where, beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of Sardinia and Corsica . After the unification, at the end of the 15th century, later kings of Spain came to appoint numerous viceroys to rule over various parts of the increasingly vast Spanish Empire in Europe, the Americas, and overseas elsewhere. In Europe, until

6960-571: Was an official position in the history of the Russian Empire . It can be translated as "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (in the broadest sense of the word) or in place appointee . The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings. The Tsar Paul I 's 1799 formation of the Russian-American Company obviated viceroys in the colonization of the northwestern New World . New France , in present Canada, had

7047-535: Was later reunited in Toledo. Spain had recently seen the marriage of Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón , the Catholic Monarchs . Under their rule began the centralization of power in Spain, then fragmented by individual governance of its many regions. The monarchs desired to conquer the kingdom of Granada , which at that time was Muslim . Don Isaac Abravanel saw this as an opportunity and became

7134-560: Was on record as a Knight Templar . Due to his vast powers over Bosnian politics and essential veto powers, the modern-day position of the high representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina has been compared to that of a viceroy. From the earliest medieval period in the Kingdom of Croatia , the position of viceroy was held by Ban of Croatia who acted as king's representative in Croatian lands and supreme commander of Croatian army. In

7221-515: Was overseen by the high court, or Audiencia of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola for most of the colonial period). These large administrative territories became known as viceroyalties (Spanish term: virreinatos ). There were only two New World viceroyalties until the 18th century, when the new Bourbon dynasty established two additional viceroyalties to promote economic growth and new settlements on South America. New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogotá ) and

7308-400: Was struck by her beauteous image, he begins to discuss a comparison between the soul and intellect. As the translation by F. Friedeberg-Seeley and Jean H. Barnes in The Philosophy of Love reads, "The intellect is purely spiritual, whereas the soul is partly spiritual and partly corporeal, and is ever-moving to and fro between body and mind." Philo [later] defines the essence of love: love is

7395-562: Was translated into French by Tyard , as well as into Hebrew and into Latin by Sarasin . The Inca Garcilaso de la Vega made one of its three translations into Spanish. Abravanel’s Dialoghi is notably one of the first original philosophical compositions to be published in the vernacular (as opposed to Latin). However, there is some controversy about the language in which it was originally written. According to Roth, although Abravenel had ample time to embrace and employ Italian, “the Dialogue read

7482-401: Was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte , he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's grandson, Ismail Pasha , subsequently received

7569-435: Was writing. Abravanel’s Dialoghi is regarded as the finest of these works. Menéndez Pelayo describes it as the most monumental work of Platonic philosophy since Plotinus 's Enneads . Similar to other humanist works, Dialoghi is strongly influenced by Plato and Aristotle . Menéndez Pelayo states that Abravanel employs Platonic ideals in his work, but filtered through his heritage. That is, his Neo-platonism derived from

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