34-730: [REDACTED] Look up lepcha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lepcha may refer to: Lepcha people , of eastern Nepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling district Lepcha language , of the Lepcha people Lepcha script Lepcha (Unicode block) Lepcha (beetle) , a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae Ruben Lepcha (born 1988), Indian cricketer Ruden Sada Lepcha (active from 2021), Indian politician from Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (Tamang) See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Lepcha Topics referred to by
68-561: A lexicostatistical comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant Munda and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic. He therefore takes
102-497: A crossing of the Patkoi range coming back west, and finally entering ancient India (this supported by Austroasiatic language substrata in their vocabularies). While migrating westward through India, they are surmised to have passed through southern Bhutan before reaching their final destination near Kanchenjunga . The Lepcha people themselves do not have any tradition of migration, and hence they conclude that they are autochthonous to
136-588: A few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches. The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice . Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost
170-414: A flat round cap called a thyáktuk , with stiff black velvet sides and a multicolored top topped by a knot. Rarely, the traditional cone-shaped bamboo and rattan hats are worn. Traditionally, the Lepcha live in a local house called a li . A traditional home is made out of logs of wood and bamboo and rests around 4 to 5 feet (1.2m to 1.5m) above the ground on stilts. The wooden house with thatched roof
204-479: A stressed, full syllable. This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages. As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have infixes , but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and
238-769: A taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family. Scholars generally date the ancestral language to c. 3000 BCE – c. 2000 BCE with a homeland in southern China or the Mekong River valley. Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the Red River Delta area around c. 2500 BCE – c. 2000 BCE . Genetic and linguistic research in 2015 about ancient people in East Asia suggest an origin and homeland of Austroasiatic in today southern China or even further north. The name Austroasiatic
272-641: Is better preserved in the Katuic languages , which Sidwell has specialized in. Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the Mon–Khmer languages of Southeast Asia , Northeast India and the Nicobar Islands , and the Munda languages of East and Central India and parts of Bangladesh and Nepal . However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published. Each of
306-724: Is derived from the Tibetan script. It was developed between the 17th and 18th centuries, possibly by a Lepcha scholar named Thikúng Munsulóng , during the reign of the third Chogyal (Tibetan king) of Sikkim . Lepchas are divided into many clans ( Lepcha : putsho ), each of which reveres its own sacred lake and mountain peak ( Lepcha : dâ and cú ) from which the clan derives its name. While most Lepcha can identify their own clan, Lepcha clan names can be quite formidable, and are often shortened for this reason. For example, Nāmchumú , Simíkmú , and Fonyung Rumsóngmú may be shortened to Namchu , Simik , and Foning , respectively. Some of
340-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Lepcha people The Lepcha ( / ˈ l ɛ p tʃ ə / ; also called Rongkup ( Lepcha : ᰕᰫ་ᰊᰪᰰ་ᰆᰧᰶ ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰀᰪᰱ ᰛᰪᰮ་ᰀᰪᰱ , Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup , "beloved children of the Róng and of God") and Rongpa ( Sikkimese : རོང་པ )) are among
374-518: Is fermented from millet . Chi also has religious significance, as it is given as offering to the gods during religious ceremonies. The Lepchas are known for their unique weaving and basketry skills. They have a rich tradition of dances, songs, and folktales. The popular Lepcha folk dances are Zo-Mal-Lok, Chu-Faat, Tendong Lo Rum Faat , and Kinchum-Chu-Bomsa . Musical instruments used are sanga (drum), yangjey (string instrument), fungal, yarka, flute, and tungbuk . One popular instrument used by
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#1732772747774408-424: Is folded over one shoulder, pinned at the other shoulder, and held in place by a waistband, or tago , over which excess material drapes. A contrasting long-sleeved blouse may be worn underneath. The traditional Lepcha clothing for men is the thakraw ("male dress"). It is a multicolored, hand-woven cloth pinned at one shoulder and held in place by a waistband, usually worn over white shirt and trousers. Men wear
442-425: Is natural air conditioner and eco-friendly. The traditional Lepcha house has no nails used in the construction and it is seismic movement friendly since the weight of the house is rested over a large tablets of stones and not planted on the soil. The Lepchas are mostly agriculturists. They grow oranges, rice, cardamoms, and other foods. Lepcha cuisine is mild and not as spicy as Indian or Nepalese cuisine . Rice
476-439: Is the staple, whole wheat, maize, and buckwheat are also used. Fresh fruit and vegetables are used. Khuzom is a traditional Lepcha bread made from buckwheat, millet, and corn or wheat flour. Popular Lepcha dishes include ponguzom (rice, fish, vegetable grill), su zom (baked meat dish), ihukpa (noodle, meat, and vegetable stew), and sorongbeetuluk (rice and nettle porridge). An alcoholic beverage called chi or chhaang
510-859: The Chamic languages of Vietnam, and the Land Dayak languages of Borneo (Adelaar 1995). Diffloth 's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in Encyclopædia Britannica and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in Ethnologue . Peiros is a lexicostatistic classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to language contact . Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find
544-679: The Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese , Khmer , and Mon have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the Wa language is a "recognized national language" in
578-500: The Lepchas is a four-string lute that is played with a bow. The Lepcha are largely an endogamous community. The Lepcha trace their descent patrilineally . The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom. If the marriage deal is settled, the lama checks the horoscopes of the boy and girl to schedule a favourable date for the wedding. Then the boy's maternal uncle, along with other relatives, approaches
612-571: The Nepal Census of 2001, out of the 3,660 Lepcha in Nepal, 88.80% were Buddhists and 7.62% were Hindus. Many Lepchas in the Hills of Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong are Christians. The traditional clothing for Lepcha women is the ankle-length dumvun , also called dumdyám or gādā ("female dress"). It is one large piece of smooth cotton or silk, usually of a solid color. When it is worn, it
646-429: The bride's father arranges a feast for relatives and friends. This seals the marriage between the couple. The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Lepcha as a subgroup within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , 3,445 people identified as Lepcha, one in every 7,690 or the total Nepalese population (26,494,504). Bhujel people formed more than 1% of
680-535: The conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell & Blench (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic. If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward. Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest Shompen as an additional branch, and believe that
714-590: The de facto autonomous Wa State within Myanmar. Santali is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status. Ethnologue identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen , which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer, and Munda . However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Khasi–Khmuic ), while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as
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#1732772747774748-658: The families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade. By contrast, the relationships between these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional "Mon–Khmer" as a valid unit. However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review. In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of Acehnese in Sumatra (Diffloth),
782-406: The girl's maternal uncle with a khada , a ceremonial scarf, and one rupee, to gain the maternal uncle's formal consent. The wedding takes place at noon on the auspicious day. The groom and his entire family leave for the girl's house with some money and other gifts that are handed over to the bride's maternal uncle. Upon reaching the destination, the traditional Nyomchok ceremony takes place, and
816-626: The indigenous people of the Indian state of Sikkim and Nepal , and number around 80,000. Many Lepcha are also found in western and southwestern Bhutan , Darjeeling , the Koshi Province of eastern Nepal , and in the hills of West Bengal . The Lepcha people are composed of four main distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of Sikkim ; the Dámsángmú of Kalimpong , Kurseong , and Mirik ;
850-505: The internal (branching) structure below. Diffloth compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have: Remo Savara Kharia – Juang Korku Kherwarian Khmuic Pakanic Palaungic Khasian Vietic Katuic Bahnaric Khmer Pearic Nicobarese Aslian Monic Or in more detail, Paul Sidwell (2009), in
884-715: The name of the clans are "Zuraboo", "Barphungputso", "Rongong", "Karthakmu", "Sungutmu", "Phipon", "Brimu", "Lickchingmu ", “Sadamoo”, “Kabomoo”, “Molomoo”, “Lingdamoo” etc. Most Lepchas are Buddhists , although a large number of Lepchas have today adopted Christianity . Some Lepchas have not given up their shamanistic religion, which is known as Mun . In practice, rituals from Mun and Buddhism are frequently observed alongside one another among some Lepchas. For example, ancestral mountain peaks are regularly honoured in ceremonies called tandong lho rumfát. Many rituals involve local species. In Sikkim, Lepchas are known to use over 370 species of animals, fungi, and plants. According to
918-758: The population in only one district, Ilam : Austroasiatic languages The Austroasiatic languages ( / ˌ ɒ s t r oʊ . eɪ ʒ i ˈ æ t ɪ k , ˌ ɔː -/ OSS -troh-ay-zhee- AT -ik, AWSS- ) are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia , South Asia and East Asia . These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia , and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand , Laos , India , Myanmar , Malaysia , Bangladesh , Nepal , and southern China . Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese speakers. Of
952-494: The reconstruction of Proto-Mon–Khmer in Harry L. Shorto 's Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary . Little work has been done on the Munda languages , which are not well documented. With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows: This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for *ʄ . *ʄ
986-682: The region, currently falling under the state of Sikkim , Darjeeling District of West Bengal , eastern Nepal and the southwestern parts of Bhutan. In the Province No. 1 , they form 7% of the population of Ilam District , 2% in Panchthar District , and 10% of the population in Taplejung District . In Sikkim as a whole they are considered to be around 15% of the population of the state. The Lepcha people were earlier ruled by Pano (King) Gaeboo Achyok . Gaeboo Achyok
1020-411: The register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis . Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure. Much work has been done on
1054-463: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lepcha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepcha&oldid=1123057318 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
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1088-600: The ʔilámmú of Ilam District , Nepal; and the Promú of Samtse and Chukha in southwestern Bhutan . Lepchas are said to have migrated from Cambodia and Tibet having a similar culture, dressup, traits and history. They speak a Tibeto-Burman language which some classify as Himalayish Others suggest a more complex migration, a migration to Cambodia , then a navigation of the Ayeyarwady River and Chindwin Rivers,
1122-679: Was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt ( German : austroasiatisch ) based on auster , the Latin word for "South" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and "Asia". Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia: Khasic , Munda , and Nicobarese . Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic "sesquisyllabic" pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced minor syllable followed by
1156-605: Was instrumental in uniting the Lepcha people and to honour him, the Lepcha people celebrate 20 December of every year as Gaeboo Achyok celebrations day. Gaeboo Achyok extended the Lepcha kingdom from Bhutan in the east to Ilam ( Nepal ) in the west and from Sikkim to the northern tips of present day Bangladesh . The Lepcha have their own language , also called Lepcha. It belongs to the Bodish–Himalayish group of Tibeto-Burman languages . The Lepcha write their language in their own script, called Róng or Lepcha script , which
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