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35-497: In the 11th century, a market grew up by a cemetery to the northwest of Paris in an area called the Little Fields ( Champeaux ). This was mainly a dry goods and money changing market. A bishop briefly took control of the market before sharing control with Louis VI in 1137. In 1183, Philip Augustus took full control of the market and built two market halls —  halles  — to protect the textiles. He also built walls around

70-623: A Christian choral group associated with the Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois . At the age of 11, Delanoë witnessed the crisis of Bizerte between France and newly independent Tunisia. Bertrand Delanoë moved back to France with his family following Tunisian independence ; after the military base in Bizerte was closed in 1963, Delanoë's family broke up. His mother came to live in Rodez , Aveyron with her son. After leaving school, Delanoë

105-515: A Muslim immigrant, Azedine Berkane, who reportedly told police that "he hated politicians, the Socialist Party, and homosexuals." Before being taken to hospital, Delanoë ordered that the festivities continue. Delanoë's wound was not life-threatening and he left the hospital after about two weeks. Azedine Berkane was eventually permitted to leave the psychiatric hospital where he had been a patient after his doctors no longer considered him

140-426: A century and became one of the sights of Paris; this would last until the 1970s. Having become entirely a food market, the remodeled market was known as the "Belly of Paris", as Émile Zola called it in his 1873 novel Le Ventre de Paris , which is set in the busy marketplace of the 19th century. Unable to compete in the new market economy and in need of massive repairs, the colourful ambience once associated with

175-502: A contract for redesign of the station. The station redesign included new entrances on Rue Berger, Rue Rambuteau, and Place Marguerite de Navarre, an expanded RER concourse, and improved pedestrian circulation. Construction began in 2010 on the gardens, Forum, and station. The canopy over the Forum was inaugurated in April 2016; construction finished in 2018. Dry goods Dry goods

210-458: A dry-goods store carries consumer goods that are distinct from those carried by hardware stores and grocery stores . Downtown Ann Arbor, Michigan had as many as 15 stores that sold dry goods. Dry goods can be carried by stores specializing only in those products (a type of specialty store ), or may be carried by a general store or a department store . ‘Dry goods’ is the collective name of textile fabrics and manufactured articles. In

245-555: A term for textiles dates back to 1742 in England or even a century earlier. In Commonwealth countries and the Philippines , dry goods are dry (dried, preserved) food items which have a years-long or indefinite shelf-life. They are "dry" because they are not stored in a preserving anti-fungal or anti-bacterial liquid which fully wets the preserved goods. The "dry goods" usage is made with reference to pre- refrigeration days of

280-463: A threat. However, in early April 2007, he failed to keep a scheduled appointment with his doctors. Paris police recaptured him on May 22. He was returned to the psychiatric facility and placed into a high-security unit. The failure to secure the 2012 Summer Olympics for Paris on 6 July 2005 was Delanoë's first major setback as mayor. In the aftermath of the defeat in his Olympic bid, he accused British prime minister Tony Blair of unduly influencing

315-554: Is a historic term describing the type of product line a store carries, which differs by region. The term comes from the textile trade, and the shops appear to have spread with the mercantile trade across the British Empire (and former British territories ) as a means of bringing supplies and manufactured goods to far-flung settlements and homesteads. Starting in the mid-18th century, these stores began by selling supplies and textile goods to remote communities, and many customized

350-681: Is said to have started studies in law at the University of Toulouse . According to Who's Who in France he has a diploma in economics. Delanoë has been involved in politics since the age of twenty-three as the secretary of the Socialist federation in Aveyron . He was first elected to the Council of Paris in 1977. In 1993, he became the head of the city's Socialist Party branch. In 1995, he

385-577: The National Assembly from 1981 to 1986 and Senate from 1995 until 2001. Delanoë was born 30 May 1950 in Tunis , at that time a protectorate of the French colonial empire , to a French mother and a French-Tunisian father. His father, a land surveyor , was atheist while his mother, a nurse, was Roman Catholic . At 6 years old, Delanoë became a member of the "Petits Chanteurs des Sables",

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420-590: The Presidential election in 2012 . However, this plan suffered a setback in November 2008 when he lost the race for the party leadership to Lille mayor Martine Aubry . On 22 December 2008, The New York Times published a letter attributed to Delanoë criticizing Caroline Kennedy 's candidacy for the United States Senate seat vacated by Hillary Clinton . The newspaper later admitted that

455-448: The quality of life , reduce pollution, and cut down on vehicle traffic within the city (including a plan for a non-polluting tramway to ease Parisian traffic) and pedestrian malls . He helped introduce a program called Vélib' (a portmanteau of "vélo" and "libre" meaning " free bicycles ") which gave Parisians access to inexpensive rental bicycles available in stations all around Paris. The program has been enormously successful despite

490-470: The "Paris Beach" ( Paris-Plages ) on the banks of the Seine every summer in order to give Parisians who could not take a regular vacation a chance to relax, sunbathe and build sandcastles in the center of Paris. The program, especially popular with families with children, has been in place since 2002, and has since been copied by many other international cities. As mayor, Delanoë's goals were to improve

525-551: The 20th century was made all the more striking by setbacks to the left in the 2001 municipal elections that occurred more generally. It has been partially attributed with the weariness of the Parisian public with respect to various scandals of corruption and graft in the preceding administrations. Delanoë was virtually unknown before the election of 2001, but soon gained fame for organising new and unusual events in Paris, such as

560-409: The Forum and gardens was held, with entries from Jean Nouvel , Winy Maas , David Mangin , and Rem Koolhaas . Mangin's design for the gardens, which proposed replacing the landscaped mounds and paths of the 1980s design with a simplified pattern of east–west pedestrian promenades and a large central lawn, was selected. The plan also included extending the pedestrianized area further east to include all

595-513: The businesses concerned. As an example, The Denver Dry Goods Company became known to a generation simply as The Denver , a mall anchor store in the western United States. Bertrand Delano%C3%AB Bertrand Delanoë ( French: [bɛʁ.tʁɑ̃ də.la.nɔ.e] ; born 30 May 1950) is a French retired politician who served as Mayor of Paris from 2001 to 2014. A member of the Socialist Party (PS), he previously served in

630-487: The bustling area of merchant stalls disappeared in 1973, when Les Halles was demolished (fruit, flower and vegetable markets had moved in 1969, and only the butchers at the meat markets remained); the wholesale market was relocated to the suburb of Rungis . Two of the glass and cast iron market pavilions were dismantled and re-erected elsewhere; one in the Paris suburb of Nogent-sur-Marne , the other in Yokohama , Japan, and

665-575: The early 20th century. Such foods could be transported and stored without immediate danger of spoiling, and without the extra weight and fragility of waterproof glass or ceramic containers. Dried beans , flours , whole grains , and rolled oats are examples of this type of dry goods. In the United States , dry goods are products such as textiles , ready-to-wear clothing, toiletries , and "grocery items (such as tobacco, sugar, flour, and coffee) that do not contain liquid." In US retailing ,

700-516: The effect that condom use was unhelpful or even counter-productive in the fight against AIDS. Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2012 convention in Toulouse , Delanoë endorsed Harlem Désir as candidate to succeed Aubry at the party's leadership. Delanoë was stabbed on 5 October 2002 during the Nuit Blanche , a night of festivities in Paris, while mingling with the public. His assailant was

735-514: The events "the most violent act ever committed against the heritage of Paris", with architect Lloyd Alter adding that the replacement complex was "nearly universally reviled for its mean spirit". Against that background, in 2002 Mayor Bertrand Delanoë announced that the City of Paris would begin public consultations regarding the remodeling of the area, calling Les Halles "a soulless, architecturally bombastic concrete jungle". A design competition for

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770-523: The fact that it still has a few logistical problems to be worked out. He outlined a plan for an autolib, whereby small cars would be shared. He was reelected in 2008 (57.7%) for a new six-year-term (2008–2014). Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2008 convention in Reims , Delanoë publicly endorsed Martine Aubry as candidate to succeed François Hollande at the party's leadership. In 2009, Delanoë criticized statements by Pope Benedict XVI , which were of

805-516: The foot of the historic church of Saint-Eustache . The construction on Paris's new central railway hub was completed in 1977. The Forum des Halles , a partially underground multiple story commercial and shopping centre, designed by Claude Vasconi and Georges Pencreac'h, opened at the east end of the site on 4 September 1979 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac . A public garden covering 4 hectares (9.9 acres) opened in 1986. Many of

840-455: The late 1800s there were hundreds and thousands of dry goods wholesaling stores and retail stores in America throughout towns and villages, engaging over one million people into the industry of dry goods trades. Beginning in the early 20th century, many dry goods stores expanded into other lines of merchandise, and the term largely disappeared from both everyday usage and the official names of

875-442: The letter, which had been sent by email, had not been properly verified, and was a fake. Delanoë was one of the first major French politicians to announce that he was gay, during a 1998 television interview (before being elected mayor). Although a long-time politician, Delanoë is visible at cultural affairs. He attends film festivals, and he is sometimes quoted in the media or appears on television to speak about his friendship with

910-402: The main buildings and by the 15th century food prices at les Halles were being cited as significant for the whole city. The market would have ups and downs over the coming centuries and was rebuilt more than once. Over time, an increasing number of halls were built explicitly for food, but the dry goods market remained central to the (increasingly cramped) space. The church of Saint-Eustache

945-404: The market, including land which had recently been confiscated from exiled Jews that originally belonged to the church. When he then built walls around the city, these embraced the market, which quickly became the city's largest (and, over time, went from being at the edge of the city to at its center). Officially, it would remain a dry goods market for centuries, but food stalls soon grew up around

980-533: The products they carried to the area's needs. This continued to be the trend well into the early 20th century. With the rise of department stores and catalog sales, the decline of dry goods stores began, and the term has largely fallen out of use. Some dry goods stores became department stores especially around the turn of the 20th century. The term goes back to the 17th century and originally referred to any goods measured in dry measure , not liquid measure, of volume , such as stere , bushel or peck . Dry goods as

1015-532: The rest were destroyed. The site was chosen to host the station Châtelet–Les-Halles , the point of convergence of the RER , a new network of express underground railway lines through the city. Three lines leading out of the city to the south, east and west were to be extended and connected in the new underground station. For several years, the site of the markets was an enormous open pit, nicknamed le trou des Halles ("the hole of Les Halles"), regarded as an eyesore at

1050-600: The result in order to secure the games in London. However, Delanoë's popularity in fact rose during July 2005. The French public appeared to have laid more of the blame on President Jacques Chirac, who allegedly said that "the only worse food than British food is Finnish" which is widely believed to have offended two Finnish members of the International Olympic Committee . Delanoë was said to be considering challenging then-current president Sarkozy in

1085-504: The streets bordering the gardens. Another competition was held for the redesign of the Forum. Ten teams submitted plans, and the proposal by Patrick Berger and Jacques Anziutti was selected in 2007. Their design included a large undulating glass canopy covering the redesigned Forum. STIF and RATP began plans for the remodeling of the Châtelet-Les-Halles station in 2007, and the following year Berger and Anziutti were awarded

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1120-432: The surrounding streets were pedestrianized. The demolition of Baltard's market hall structure and the design of the spaces that replaced it proved highly controversial over the subsequent decades. The critic Oliver Wainwright called the razing "one of the worst acts of urban vandalism of the century", and that the place became a "national embarrassment" with the park "a magnet for drug dealing". Historian Donato Severo called

1155-476: Was constructed in the 16th century. The circular Halle aux Blés (Corn Exchange), designed by Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières , was built between 1763 and 1769 at the west end of Les Halles. Its circular central court was later covered with a dome, and it was converted into the Bourse de Commerce in 1889. In the 1850s, Victor Baltard designed the famous glass and iron structure which would house les Halles for over

1190-471: Was elected President of the French Republic . Delanoë won the mayorship of Paris at the head of a coalition of Socialists , Greens and Communists , over the conservative candidates Jean Tiberi and Philippe Séguin , who were unable to resolve their differences and thereby split the conservative vote. This success in a city which had traditionally been a stronghold of the right until the end of

1225-578: Was elected to the Senate , where he was secretary of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence. Delanoë became Mayor of Paris on 18 March 2001, when control of the Council of Paris was won by a left-wing alliance for the first time since 1977 (election with universal suffrage). His predecessors were Jean Tiberi (1995–2001) and Jacques Chirac (1977–1995), who resigned after 18 years as mayor when he

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