Russian Empire
63-741: The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 (also known as The War of the Hats ) was instigated by the Hats , a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War , and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession . The war
126-674: A coup d'etat in 1772 and moved towards an absolute monarchy . During the political upheavals of the ensuing decades, both Hats and Caps disappeared as political forces. These representatives of the Hats were elected as Lantmarskalk (speaker) of the Riksdag of the Estates , signifying a parliamentary majority. Peter Lacy Peter Graf von Lacy (Russian: Пётр Петрович Ласси , romanized: Pyotr Petrovich Lassi ; English: Pierce Edmond de Lacy ; Irish : Peadar (Piarais Éamonn) de Lása ; 26 September 1678 – 30 April 1751)
189-517: A Russian cavalry detachment at Kemi . All of Finland fell under Russian occupation (1742–1743) which became later known as the Lesser Wrath ( Finnish : Pikkuviha ). The Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743 and at the start of May, a fleet of 16 ships of the line and 5 frigates under Admiral Jean von Utfall arrived to block the coastal sea route past Hangö. Admiral Falkengren's galley fleet
252-629: A foreigner, his salary was 3,600 Roubles a year, 15% higher than Russian generals. Higher salaries for foreign-born generals were seen in other ranks too. Lacy's signature, even on documents in Cyrillic script , always appears in English and Latin script which would suggest he never gained proficiency in Russian. When Catherine was Empress Lacy was given responsibility for removing Maurice de Saxe from Courland . Saxe had managed to gain support and
315-507: A kinsman. It appears that Count Peter's grandfather John Lacy of Ballingarry was of the House of Bruff, and possibly the brother of Pierce (Peter) Oge (the young) Lacy of Bruff (−1607, executed) celebrated from the wars against Elizabeth I , the son of Sir Hempon Pierce de Lacy, who maintained that he was 18th in direct descent from William Gorm de Lacy, son of Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath , and great-great-grandson of Walter I de Lacy (–c.1085),
378-567: The Baltic provinces to Sweden and continued the vigorous prosecution of the war, under the guidance of her pro-Austrian chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev . While Swedish troops were being deployed at the Russian border, near Villmanstrand ( Finnish : Lappeenranta ) and Frederikshamn ( Finnish : Hamina ), Swedish naval forces consisting of ten ships of the line and four frigates under Admiral Tomas von Rajalin and 20 galley strong rowing fleet under Admiral Abraham Falkengren moved on 20 May 1741 to
441-695: The Irish Brigade in France . After his relatives lost their lives fighting for Louis XIV in Italy, Peter was induced to seek his fortune elsewhere. After two years of service in the Austrian army, Lacy followed his commander, Charles Eugène de Croÿ , into the Russian service. His first taste of land battle in Russia was the disastrous defeat at Narva , in which Lacy commanded a unit of musketeers , holding
504-591: The Seven Years' War in the Pomeranian theatre , and the result was ruinous. The French had not provided nearly enough money for a long war, and, after several years of unsuccessful fighting, the unhappy Hats made peace, withdrawing from a war which had cost the country 40,000 men. When the Riksdag met in 1760, the indignation against the Hat leaders was so violent that an impeachment seemed inevitable; but once more
567-485: The Caps represented liberals . The Hats, who ruled Sweden from 1738 to 1765, advocated an alliance with France and an assertive foreign policy, especially towards Russia . During their tenure, they involved Sweden in two expensive and disastrous wars, in the 1740s and 1750s . Count Arvid Horn , leader of the Caps, had governed Sweden since 1719. Following Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War , he had reversed
630-514: The Caps, Ture Rudbeck , was elected marshal of the Diet over Frederick Axel von Fersen , the Hat candidate, by a large majority; and, out of the hundred seats in the secret committee, the Hats succeeded in getting only ten. The Hats returned briefly to power in the Riksdag of 1769, but were soon once again defeated by the Caps. Against a backdrop of Russian encroachment, King Gustav III carried out
693-497: The Hats aimed at restoring Sweden to her former position as a great power, and sought to renew the traditional alliance with France . France welcomed the rise of a Swedish government which would uphold French interests in northern Europe, and Versailles generously financed the Hat party for the next two generations. The first sign of weakness in the Hats' government came after the war with Russia , which ended in Swedish defeat. In
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#1732764819959756-668: The Military Collegium (modelled by Peter I upon the Swedish administrative reforms introduced by Axel Oxenstierna ) – as the Russian Ministry of Defense was then known – in 1723. Three years later, Lacy succeeded Repnin in command of the Russian forces quartered in Livland, and in 1729 he was appointed Governor of Riga. These positions brought him in contact with the Duchess of Courland , who before long ascended
819-597: The Norman soldier. His uncle was Lieutenant-Colonel John Lacy of the House of Bruff, and this was the uncle John with whom Count Peter served at the age of 13 in the defence of Limerick, who had rescued Count Peter by buying him off at the capitulation of Limerick, then fled overseas with Count Peter and the rest of his regiment (which included Count Peter's father and brother) to join the Irish Brigade in France, and who
882-469: The Riksdag, an inquiry into the conduct of the war was proposed. The Hats managed to avoid this prospect by obtaining precedence for the succession question. King Frederick I had no legitimate children, and it fell to the Riksdag to elect his successor. Negotiations were opened with the Russian empress, Elizabeth of Russia , who agreed to restore the greater part of Finland to Sweden if her heir's uncle, Adolph Frederick of Holstein, were elected successor to
945-585: The Russian throne as Empress Anna . During her reign, Lacy's capacity for supreme command would never be doubted. Lacy was one of the first recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky when it was established, furthermore, he was given command of all infantry in St Petersburg, Ingria and Novgorod. By 1728 he was ranked third of only six full generals in the Russian Army and the only foreigner. As
1008-473: The Russians again seized the initiative and moved onto the offensive. With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn. The Swedes had prepared a strong defensive position outside of Frederikshamn, at Mäntlahti. The Swedish colonel defending
1071-572: The Russians inflicted in the Battle of Villmanstrand a major defeat on the Swedish garrison led by General Carl Henrik Wrangel . Blame for the defeat at Villmanstrand was placed on General von Buddenbrock who had not believed that the Russians were seriously attacking and did not move to aid Wrangel. Lewenhaupt, who arrived ten days after the defeat, tried to organize a joint operation by both land and naval forces towards Vyborg but Admiral Aron Sjöstierna, who took von Rajalin's position, made it clear that
1134-497: The Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier. The Swedish withdrawal, which had lasted nearly two months, finally ended in Helsingfors on 11 August. A couple of days later, the Russians had managed to completely surround the town on land. The Swedish galley fleet was stationed east of Helsingfors but judged its position to be untenable and withdraw into the town as well, allowing the Russian galley fleet to complete encirclement of
1197-533: The Swedish crown. The Hats eagerly caught at the opportunity of recovering the grand duchy and their own prestige along with it. By the Treaty of Åbo , on 7 May 1743, the terms of the empress were accepted and only a small part which lay beyond the Kymi river , often called Old Finland , was retained by Russia. In the 1750s, the Hats saw the utter collapse of their foreign system. At the instigation of France they entered
1260-510: The Swedish fleet to move to the west of Åland and hastened the peace negotiations. Admiral Golovin later faced a military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he referred to an edict from Peter the Great which stated that a Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3:2 superiority or better. Swedish generals Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock were both beheaded primarily as scapegoats for
1323-490: The Swedish rearguard and Russian cavalry patrols, took place. On 18 July after learning that Swedish garrisons further inland had left their posts, Lewenhaupt and the army council judged it to be best to withdraw to Helsingfors to prepare its defenses. The Swedes started to dismantle and transport away the food and supply stores concentrated in Borgå. On 27 July Russians arrived in the vicinity and moved into Borgå on 30 July, which
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#17327648199591386-402: The army, the bulk of the fleet sailed directly to Hangö when the army started its withdrawal. Galleys sailed to Pellinge ( Finnish : Pellinki ). This in turn cut off the army from its supply lines and Lewenhaupt started withdrawing further towards the army's supply depots at Borgå . Russians followed the withdrawing Swedes but no real action between the armies, apart from skirmishes between
1449-459: The capital of Livland and he was appointed the first Russian chatelain of Riga Castle in the aftermath. In 1719 as a Major General Apraksin 's fleet landed Lacy with 5,000 infantry and 370 cavalry near Umeå in Sweden , where they proceeded to devastate a dozen iron foundries and a number of mills. Two years later he led a similar action against Sundsvall. Soon promoted to General, he entered
1512-580: The command of Woldemar Lowendal , also attempted to raid the Swedish anchorage near Frederikshamn over ice, but the harsh weather made it impossible. Swedish General Lewenhaupt planned to renew the attack against Vyborg in the spring of 1742. Swedish naval units required to support the attack started to arrive in mid May. However, since the naval commanders had been ordered to patrol between Reval and Helsingfors they refused to follow Lewenhaupt's orders. The main Swedish fleet arrived on 3 June from Sweden under Admiral Sjöstierna and consisted of fifteen ships of
1575-519: The conflict, Wisiczin and Busawitza. In the latter battle, he was outnumbered ten to one but nevertheless prevailed. For this victory, he was awarded Order of the White Eagle . After Busawitza Lacy was ordered to reinforce the Austrians at Mannheim. however, when he reached Mannheim peace had been declared. Lacy was received by Emperor Charles and Viennese society. On his return from Vienna, he
1638-510: The defenses. The Swedish war plan was to first capture Vyborg and then advance further towards Saint Petersburg . The objective of these maneuvers was to threaten Saint Petersburg and to set the stage for a coup d'état engineered by French and Swedish diplomats and aimed at toppling the pro-Austrian regime of Anna Leopoldovna . The coup did take place in December, but the new empress, Elizaveta Petrovna , reneged on her promises to return
1701-699: The diplomatic mission was kept in high secrecy the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary in Stockholm , Bestuzhev-Ryumin , became aware of it and forwarded the information to the Russian government. Sinclair accomplished his mission and at the beginning of April 1739 left Constantinople. On 17 June, between Grüneberg ( Zielona Góra ) and Neustadt ( Prudnik ), he was overtaken by two Russian officers, captain Kütler and lieutenant Lewitzki, who were dispatched by Münnich with an order to "catch up"
1764-485: The envoy. The officers took away from Sinclair his diplomatic papers, pulled him out of the coach and took him aside to a forest where he was killed and looted. The Russian government denied the responsibility for the assassination. In Sweden the assassination brought tremendous resentment around the country and hatred towards Russia. In the summer of 1740, the commander of Swedish forces in Finland, General Carl Cronstedt,
1827-468: The fact that Lewenhaupt arrived in Finland two months after the declaration of war and command of the army fell to General Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock . Due to Swedish inaction, the Russians seized the initiative and struck first with an army of 16,000 men under Field-Marshal Peter Lacy advancing from Vyborg ( Swedish : Viborg , Finnish : Viipuri ) towards Villmanstrand ( Finnish : Lappeenranta ). Using nearly fourfold superiority in numbers,
1890-417: The failed war-policy of the ruling "Hat" faction . As soon as hostilities ceased and the Russian army entered Turku ( Swedish : Åbo ), the statesmen Alexander Rumyantsev and Erik Mathias von Nolcken [ sv ] arrived at the city in order to discuss a peace settlement. The Tsarina promised to evacuate her army from Finland on the condition that Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp —that is,
1953-419: The fleet would not be able to do it. The Russian fleet had also fallen into disrepair and was unable to take part in the fighting in 1741. Sjöstierna sailed home on 22 September and the commander of the remaining Swedish vessels ignored Lewenhaupt's attempts to persuade him to sail to Beryozovye Islands ( Swedish : Björkö , Finnish : Koivisto ) and instead sailed back to Sweden on 27 October. Operations on
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-473: The headquarters of Charles XII. He gained fame at this stage by advising the Czar that musketeers should wait until they were within a few yards of the enemy before opening fire. Prior to this, the Russians were known for uncoordinated fire. From this point began his fame as a soldier. His next active service, still under Prince Repnin , was the siege of Riga . Lacy was reputedly the first Russian officer to enter
2079-620: The hostilities to an end. The war over, Lacy withdrew to Riga and resumed the command of the Russian forces stationed in Livland . He administered what is now Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia until his death on 30 April 1751 in Riga . His son Franz Moritz von Lacy had entered the Austrian service in 1743 and became one of the most successful imperial commanders of the 18th century. Count Peter married Baltic German noblewoman Maret Philippine ("Martha") von Funcken from Liezere , widow of
2142-415: The islands near the border. While standing idle an epidemic broke out in the fleet largely paralyzing it and claiming the life of Admiral von Rajalin. The Swedish declaration of war in late July had been intended to coincide with the invasion but now it failed to do so since the fleet was unable to take action and concentration of the ground forces had not yet been carried out. The situation was not improved by
2205-405: The land front also came to a halt when an armistice was agreed to with Russia in early December. The Russians reneged on their ceasefire agreement early in March 1742 but a harsh winter made it impossible for the main armies to operate. Light Russian cavalry forces (cossacks and hussars) raided the Swedish side of the border but were often repulsed by local populations. In March, the Russians, under
2268-469: The line and five frigates. The fleet sailed to Äspö ( Finnish : Haapasaaret ) (25 km SSE from modern-day Kotka ). A week later, a galley fleet commanded by Admiral Falkengren joined the main fleet, bringing 25 galleys and some support ships. However, unlike in the previous year, the Russian fleet was also active with a galley fleet of 45 galleys under General Vasily Yakovlevich Levashov [ ru ] and an open sea fleet of at least 12 ships of
2331-483: The line under Admiral Zahar Danilovich Mishukov [ ru ] . Regardless, Lewenhaupt held a council of war on 5 June in an attempt to get naval units to sail to the Beryozovye Islands ( Swedish : Björkö , Finnish : Koivisto ) but the naval commanders judged the risk for the fleet to be too great and Lewenhaupt was forced to back down from his plan. Since the Swedish army remained inactive,
2394-425: The passage of Field-Marshal Peter Lacy 's 50 galley strong coastal fleet. However, on 7 June, a Russian fleet led by Admiral Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin managed to draw the Swedish fleet out of its anchorage while not actually engaging in a fight. This allowed the Russian galley fleet to safely pass the cape. The result was overwhelming Russian naval superiority in south-western Finland and areas near Åland, which forced
2457-456: The position had become aware of the Russian approach and withdrew all his forces from the fortified positions to Frederikshamn a day before the Russian attack, which was to take place on 25 June. However, the abandoned position was critical for the town's defense and by 28 June, the Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town on fire and started withdrawing. Co-operation with Swedish naval and land forces did not go smoothly and instead of supporting
2520-477: The rank of poruchik . During the Great Northern War he was seriously wounded on two occasions, also gaining the rank of colonel in 1706. In the same year, Peter gave him command of the Polotskii regiment and three new regiments raising him to colonel status. The following year he led his brigade at Poltava , in which battle he greatly distinguished himself. In the battle of Rumna, 1708 he attacked and captured
2583-404: The superiority of their parliamentary tactics prevailed, and when, after a session of twenty months, the Riksdag was brought to a close by the mutual consent of both the exhausted factions, the Hat government was bolstered up for another four years. But the day of reckoning could not be postponed forever; and when the estates met in 1765 the Hats were comprehensively removed from power. The leader of
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-532: The terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home. All guns, supplies, and even fodder stores were to be given over to the Russians. All Swedish naval forces returned to Sweden in early September 1742. The Russians advanced all the way to Åland and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. At about this time a small Swedish detachment attacked
2709-412: The town after 20 August. Before the town was completely cut off, on 19 August General Lewenhaupt and General Buddenbrock were summoned to proceed immediately to Stockholm for an inquiry into their actions. Both generals were imprisoned on their arrival and they were placed on trial. The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet , signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to
2772-548: The towns of Lappeenranta and Hamina and a strip of Finland to the northwest of Saint Petersburg. The Kymi River was to form part of the border between the two powers. The treaty marked the further decline of Sweden as a great power in Northern Europe. The territory ceded to Russia was added to the Russian gains in the Treaty of Nystad ( Finnish : Uusikaupunki ) in 1721, under the Governorate of Vyborg . This
2835-438: The traditional policy of Sweden by keeping France at a distance, drawing near to Great Britain , and making no significant effort to regain Sweden's lost Baltic empire. Those opposed to this peaceful policy derisively nicknamed his adherents "Night-caps", and these epithets became party badges when the estates met in 1738. The Hats routed the government, and Horn was compelled to retire after 33 years in high office. Now in power,
2898-410: The uncle of her own heir apparent —was named as the heir to the throne of Sweden. (The latter had been offered the crown of Finland by the local lantdag ). The Hats acquiesced in her proposal in the hope that Adolf Frederick would be able to obtain better terms from her. Elizabeth also wanted Russian forces to occupy Sweden in order to ensure Adolf Frederick's peaceful election, but this plan aroused
2961-559: The vehement opposition of the Swedish representatives and was abandoned. While peace negotiations lumbered on Lacy—who had distinguished himself in similar operations during the Great Northern War—embarked from Kronstadt in order to effect a landing in Sweden proper . When the Baltic Fleet was approaching Umeå , news came that the Treaty of Åbo ( Finnish : Turku ) had been finalized, with Sweden ceding to Russia
3024-467: The young Count Hannes Kristof Frölich (d 1710), and daughter of general Remmert von Funcken, lord of Liezere, and his second wife baroness Helena Üksküla. They had 5 daughters and 2 sons. One son was Count Franz Moritz von Lacy , the famous Austrian field marshal who was also a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. Nothing is known about the other, supposedly older, son and in some references, he
3087-616: Was Count Franz Moritz von Lacy , who went on to serve in the Imperial Habsburg Army , while his nephew George Browne (1698-1792) was also a general in the Russian army. Peter Lacy was born Pierce Edmond de Lacy on 26 September 1678 in Killeedy near Limerick into a noble Irish family. In an autobiography preserved by his descendants, Lacy claimed that his father Peter was the son of John Lacy of Ballingarry. Count Peter also claimed Pierce Oge de Lacy of Bruff as
3150-628: Was a disaster for Sweden , which lost more territory to Russia. Swedish officer Malcolm Sinclair undertook a trip with the aim of trying to arrange a safer way of diplomatic communications between Sweden and the Ottoman Empire in 1738. He brought an extra copy of a letter intended for the Swedish ministers in Constantinople on the subject of negotiations with the Ottoman Empire on a possible alliance against Russia. Although
3213-475: Was an Irish -born soldier who later served in the Imperial Russian army . Considered one of the most successful Russian Imperial commanders before Rumyantsev and Suvorov , in a military career that spanned half a century he claimed to have participated in 31 campaigns, 18 battles, and 18 sieges. He died on his private estate in Riga , where he served as governor for many years. One of his sons
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#17327648199593276-497: Was awarded the Order of St. Andrew . As soon as peace had been restored, Lacy was reinstated as the Governor of Livland, while Emperor Charles VI conferred on him the title of an imperial count. His indifference to politics prevented his downfall following Anna's death, when other foreign commanders, most notably von Münnich, fell into disgrace and were expelled from active service. In December 1741 Elizabeth seized power. Lacy
3339-592: Was commanded to march towards the Rhine and join his 13,500-strong contingent with the forces of Eugene of Savoy . To that end his corps advanced into Germany and, meeting the Austrians on 16 August, returned to winter quarters in Moravia with exemplary discipline. In 1734 he commanded Russian forces at the Siege of Gdańsk in which French and Polish forces were defeated. Lacy led the Russians in two other decisive battles of
3402-585: Was even mentioned as marrying Anna, Duchess of Courland . Having saved her from marriage to Saxe, Anna was very familiar with Lacy and he became one of her most trusted generals. The War of the Polish Succession again called him into the field. In 1733, Lacy and Munnich expelled the Polish king, Stanisław I , from Warsaw to Danzig , which was besieged by them in 1734. Thereupon the Irishman
3465-799: Was excluded from amnesty after the 1st Siege of Limerick. He was Deputy Governor of Limerick 1685–86, and one of the representatives of Kilmallock in the Parliament of Dublin in 1689. At the age of 13, during the Williamite war in Ireland Peter was attached to the Jacobite defence of Limerick against the Williamites with the rank of Lieutenant. The Flight of the Wild Geese followed, with Peter, his father and his brother joining
3528-675: Was killed in October 1693 while fighting with Count Peter in the battle of the "Val de Marseilles". Lieutenant-Colonel John Lacy of the House of Bruff who had resided in Kilmallock had, before 1647, been an officer in the time of Charles I of England , had fought in France and Flanders, and been a prisoner in England for 2 years. In 1647 he was the only Lacy to be a member of the Supreme Council of Confederate Catholics, and in 1651 he
3591-669: Was largely down to the prompt actions of Lacy. When the Russo-Swedish War broke out in 1741, the government of Anna Leopoldovna appointed him Commander-in-Chief as the most experienced among Russian generals. Lacy quickly struck against Finland and won his last brilliant victory at Lappeenranta (August 1741). Lacy's force, however, was poorly supplied and he was forced to withdraw to St Petersburg. The following year he rallied his forces and proceeded to capture Hamina , Porvoo and Hämeenlinna , by August encircling more than 17,000 Swedes near Helsinki and effectively bringing
3654-536: Was later incorporated into the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812. Hats (party) The Hats ( Swedish : hattarna ) were a Swedish political faction active during the Age of Liberty (1719–1772). Their name derives from the tricorne hat worn by officers and gentlemen. They vied for power with the opposing Caps party. In 18th century Swedish politics, the Hats represented conservatives ,
3717-479: Was met by a courier from St Petersburg who delivered to him his patent honouring him as Field Marshal. With the patent of Field Marshal was the news that Russia was at war with Turkey and Lacy was ordered at once to capture Azov Fortress . This he did despite being wounded in the fray. Lacy's rival, Burkhard Christoph von Münnich , had been campaigning in the Crimea with little success. Thus, after taking Azov, Lacy
3780-628: Was ordered to capture Crimea. Lacy bridged the Sea of Azov at a narrow point near Perekop. Within four days, aided by favourable winds and tides, his entire army crossed it and began marching on Arabat. The Russians met the Khan's much larger Crimean army and routed them in two battles, on 12 and 14 June. In 1738, Lacy's corps again landed in Crimea and took the fortress of Çufut Qale near the Khan's capital, Bakhchisaray . For his success in Poland and Crimea Lacy
3843-488: Was removed from his post due to his opposition to the planned war and Charles Emil Lewenhaupt was elevated to the vacant position. However, Finnish defenses had fallen into disrepair as most of the funds for their support were used elsewhere in the kingdom. Neither had any preparations been made as a result of what had taken place in the Great Northern War . In the end what funds that were allocated for Finland were used for preparations for offensive war instead of strengthening
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#17327648199593906-531: Was roused from bed in the early hours of the morning in a test of his loyalty. He was not aware if the men sent to him were from Elizabeth or Grand Duchess Anna . Lacy was asked what party he was of, Anne or Elizabeth, Lacy answered "Of the party of the reigning Empress." A period of unrest followed and Lacy was called upon to restore order. Most of what was known as the German Faction fell out of favour at this stage. The restoration of order in St Petersburg
3969-472: Was sent to Åland. The task of these naval forces was to prevent Russian forces from reaching Sweden. However, before the Swedish forces arrived, a Russian galley fleet under General James Francis Edward Keith passed Hangö. The Swedish galley fleet attacked the Russian galley fleet at the narrows of Korpoström, just south of the island of Korpo , where the Swedish attack was repulsed. Falkengren returned to Åland. The Swedish open sea fleet at Hangö still blocked
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